7–8 /ɪ/ thrilled, optimistic, astonished /i:/ relieved, pleased /eɪ/ impatient /aɪ/ delighted 9 Sample answers Francisco - confused ‘It took me a few seconds to realize what had happened
UNIT Because OPENER perhaps because That’s why Sample answer due to The artist could be trying to show how interesting ‘ordinary’ people are; that art is all about the experience of being a human; the public will be more interested in art if they are involved in creating it A simpler explanation is that Sample answers Nature sounds: ‘Humans need water That’s why natural water sounds like rain may be pleasant to us.’ a Tsiory b Tsiory c Francisco d Francisco Food sounds: ‘It’s easy to understand why people like food sounds because most people love eating!’ Francisco: happy – goes camping with his kids; impatient – when he’s stuck in traffic or when he has to wait for equipment at work Tsiory: excited – a project she is running about science education with young people; annoyed – people talking with no purpose or talking about people Sounds of happiness: ‘We love hearing others feeling happy perhaps because it gives us similar feelings.’ Sample answers strongest to weakest evidence: d (‘a great deal of scientific evidence to show’ – the evidence is based on plenty of scientific research); a (‘According to a survey’ - the fact that the survey had 2,000 respondents is an indication that the information is quite reliable); c (‘is likely to’ – suggests that scientists aren’t 100% sure); b (‘theory suggests … might have’ – vague language, suggests no real evidence) Students' own answers 1A 1g 2b 3c 4f 5h 6d 7j 8e 9i 10a Students' own answers Students' own answers Sample answers pleasant sounds include natural sounds, gentle sounds that make us feel relaxed; annoying sounds include sounds with negative associations, sounds that accompany bad habits, alarming sounds and other loud noises sounds mentioned in the article: someone eating with their mouth open (slapping their lips while eating) (line 3); someone humming (line 4); a baby crying (line 30); birds singing (line 55); rain (line 58); thunder (line 60) 1B 1 :-D happy :O shock, surprise ))))) very happy >:( angry D: unhappy (-_-) stressed (T_T) crying, sadness (^^) or ^^ happy a3 b5 c2 d1 e4 (눈_눈) dissatisfied, unhappy Sample answers: Normally not the nose (which is why noses are optional in emoticons) In Asia more importance is placed on the eyes, whilst in Europe it is more on the mouth 4–5 Adverbs that make emotions stronger: completely really tremendously totally more absolutely Adverbs that make emotions weaker: a bit slightly relatively Students' own answers F 2T 3F 4T Sample answer didn’t means haven’t you Don’t Who you smile at? I was really concerned when my aunt had to go to hospital last week, but she’s fine now 7–8 /ɪ/ thrilled, optimistic, astonished Question /i:/ relieved, pleased Question /eɪ/ impatient Question 4 Question /aɪ/ delighted Sample answers is don’t Isn’t are designs did Didn’t Francisco - confused (‘It took me a few seconds to realize what had happened to me’), shocked (‘I still could not believe my bad luck’), terrified (‘I tried to breathe and I couldn’t’), frustrated (‘I tried to say a few words to let them know I was actually not dead’), desperate (‘we had to drive around the village looking for help, a doctor, someone’), happy/joy (stated), relief (‘I was not paralyzed!’ and stated) surprised 1c 2b 3a 8–9 Students' own answers Tsiory - nervous (‘I wrote my speech … 50 times and repeated it in front of the mirror’), frightened (‘cold stream running down my back’), surprised (‘When the light turned to red, my mouth opened and words came out!’), confident (stated), proud (‘I had overcome one of my biggest fears’) 1C Sample answers the people are at a match; a player might be about to take a penalty shot excited, nervous, scared petrified concerned impatient thrilled relieved, angry optimistic astonished motivated furious 10 1T 2F 3F 4T 5T 6B 11 gets on my nerves I couldn’t believe my eyes let me down a thrilled b relieved c optimistic d furious e petrified f astonished g impatient h motivated i concerned lost his temper can’t stand 12–14 someone’s point of view, even if you disagree with it Students' own answers 1D Sample answers 1 You are probably feeling quite angry that someone has stolen your seat Is it possible that they didn’t see you? Or perhaps they were being rude but have had a very bad day You might be able to politely explain that you were going to sit there, but there’s a good chance that the woman isn’t in the mood to listen, and you can probably sit somewhere else If you are able to, though, you could ask her if she is OK Students' own answers Sample answers Empathy is trying to understand people by experiencing what they are experiencing / Empathy is feeling other people’s emotions / Empathy is really listening to people / Empathy is not the same as sympathizing / Empathy is seeing a situation from another person’s point of view / Empathy takes imagination / Empathy can be difficult / uncomfortable Do you show your support for your classmate in the middle of the lesson, by speaking against the bully? That may seem like the right thing to do, but he may not feel comfortable being the centre of attention Instead, you could talk to him after the lesson and check he’s OK Sample answers It’s possible that the neighbour didn’t hear about the party It may also be possible to enjoy the party but a bit more quietly The first thing to would be to find out why this neighbour in particular is upset By empathizing with Andrea, you can see the situation from her perspective rather than reacting immediately in a negative way She may be feeling under pressure in her new role and may feel more valued if she is listened to It will help build a good working relationship between you, Andrea and the rest of the team If you don’t show empathy, this could damage your relationship and prevent you from resolving the issue/working together effectively Your flatmate is understandably upset, and telling her how much cleaner the city will be now probably won’t help But it might help if you can say how sorry you are that this has happened to her By listening you may discover other information that helps you suggest some practical solutions Sample answers Why empathy is important: By really listening to each other in a team, you show that other people’s opinions are important If you don’t fully understand their point of view, it may be harder to look for a solution to problems In negotiations and other situations when people might feel they are on opposite sides, everyone can feel they got what they wanted if they have been listened to Sample answers Ways of empathizing effectively: It’s easier to listen if you don’t speak Focus on what the person is saying rather than planning your response One way to show that you are listening and to check you understand is to summarize what they have said and repeat it back to them Remember to consider • Try not to make negative judgements about people based on their actions or how they express themselves • Do not assume that other people will have the same reactions and feelings as you in a certain situation • Remember that aspects of a person’s personality might make them more sensitive to certain things or situations than you may be Sample answers Laurent could have apologized immediately and not shown surprise that Gurpreet has been waiting; they could have discussed the problem more constructively and talked about how to improve the situation for next time; Gurpreet could have shown understanding about the fact that Laurent is very busy at work Ioana’s email will probably include: congratulations on the new job; one or two questions about the job; information about the reunion party; an update about Aida’s health; a promise to arrange to get together greeting and introductory phrase; questions about the other person’s current situation and their recent activities; details of the good news; enquiry about a friend; invitation to meet I’m sorry to hear that It must be hard for you / I can see how that would be difficult Have you thought about how they might feel? / I imagine they’re feeling quite … Hi!, been in touch, drop you a line, been up to, chatted, couldn’t make it, what’s the latest?, Guess what?, couldn’t believe my ears, etc I’m glad you told me Let me know if I can help I want to make sure I understand Are you saying that … ? / It sounds like you’re feeling … Is that right? been in touch drop you a line up to the latest went for getting wind of keep you posted had no idea catch up 10 ages Sample answers (If Student A is Gurpreet) Yes, it is B: Are you OK? You seem a bit down No, the language is very formal A: Yeah, well, I met up with Laurent I’m really fed up because he’s always late when we arrange to go out together B: I can see how that might be frustrating, but have you thought about how Laurent might be feeling? He’s probably worrying that he’s lost a good friend Maybe it isn’t his fault he’s always late A: Yes, you could be right there 10 Sample answer: Erik may not be happy to receive this email because the style is too formal, suggesting that they don’t know each other very well, or even that Ioana is unsympathetic Sample answer Hi Erik! Great to hear from you! Students' own answers 1E The man has just received good news The woman has just received bad news Students' own answers They are old university friends He’s got a new job, one he’s wanted for a long time That’s brilliant news about the new job! Do you have any idea where you’ll be working yet? Please keep me posted once you start work I’d love to hear how it goes You wanted to know how the party was I chatted with Jenny for ages and it was good to catch up She also has a new job, which she’s happy about We are planning to meet up soon She said she’d love to catch up with you too, so I’ll let you know our plans I’ll give you a ring next week Thanks for asking about Aida She is better now and went back to college last week Looking forward to seeing you very soon! Ioana 8–11 communication; Paragraph explains that even plants communicate using sound; Paragraph describes extraordinary findings that wild dogs make democratic decisions Students' own answers UNIT OPENER Sample answer I’ve just read an interesting article about animal communication It talks about all the amazing means of communication that animals (and plants) use and the clever things that they can with language It suggests that perhaps human communication is not unique Did you know that plants listen to other plants, for example, or that some animals have different accents? Sample answers Knowing another language might have helped the women to integrate, to make friends, find work/set up a business, communicate with customers /people from other countries who work in shops, hair salons, etc 1A 2M 3M 4A Students' own answers Students' own answers 2A 2B Students' own answers 1C 2E 3B 4D 5A English, French, Spanish and German 2 Since she was eleven Paragraph contains out of answers No German 1d 2g 3f 4a 5e 6c 7b studied using speak been had not (n’t) been trying taking means of communication aspects varies Sentence adapt Sentences 1,2 and dialect Sentence mimics signal sneeze b The writer supports this message in: Paragraph - sentences and (Paragraph introduces the point explicitly); Paragraphs 2, and describe how accent, deception and creativity are not unique to humans; Paragraph emphasizes the variety of animals’ means of Sentence 5 She’s been studying languages since 2015 I’ve watched this film several times already Technology is currently changing how people study languages She’s been reading this book all day without stopping – it must be really fascinating I can’t talk right now because I’m still writing the report Eighty per cent of people who speak Arabic and Chinese are first language users, but eighty per cent of those who speak English are not first language users My parents have never learned a foreign language I call my parents every Saturday She used to believe English was only spoken in the UK, the US and Australia She also thought it was important to speak like first language users 1A 2A She realized that most people who use English aren’t first language users and that using British or American idioms does not always help her communicate How long have you been learning English? Are you currently studying another foreign language? Have you ever met someone who speaks lots of languages? A foreign accent isn’t usually a problem First language users might often be the most difficult to understand in international contexts What is the most difficult language you have learned? She now feels much more comfortable about her accent She doesn’t try to imitate others’ pronunciation but tries to be herself What you enjoy most about studying a foreign language? Speaking to people Watching things in their original language Cutting out all the other languages you speak Changing the language on your laptop and phone Students' own answers 1d 2f 3a 4e 5h 6g 7b 8c Students' own answers Students' own answers 2C At first I believed her, but then it turned out she’d made it up Students' own answers When I’m nervous, I find it difficult to get my meaning across Basically She’s incredibly creative and comes up with new ideas all the time 2 On the other hand 10 brought up making up get … across point out picked up Interestingly According to This brings me to 2D a2 b5 c1 d4 e3 Students' own answers Suggested additional topics: weather, your age, TV shows, things you know about the other person’s country such as politics, celebrities, beautiful places, etc Similarities: share their love of capoeira, the reason they are together The male speaker is interested in capoeira in Sibel’s home country They share their tiredness and hunger Both languages have an idiom for hungry Differences: hunger is expressed differently in each language (but they share an interest in these differences) Similarities: Both enjoy football and play with friends; José Luis is interested in football in Hassan’s country Differences: Spanish has a specific word for a good goal that doesn’t exist in Hassan’s first language first language, and don’t be afraid to use it sometimes Students' own answers practised much would say equivalent for that quite get Sample answers Is capoeira popular in Turkey? I’m as hungry as a wolf / I could eat my arm We have a similar expression in my language that translates as ‘I’m as hungry as a wolf’ What its football scene is like It sounds a bit like a phrase that goes ‘I could eat my arm’ a) conversation (‘golazo’); b) conversation (football); c) conversations and 2 Sample answers: if the word is clear in context because it is so expressive (e.g ‘golazo’, Wow!); if it refers to something unique to the first language culture (e.g karaoke, paella); if you don’t know the word in the language you are speaking; if you prefer the word in the other language; if you are having fun and playing with languages; if you want to avoid stopping the flow of conversation How you say that in Arabic? It’s on the tip of my tongue! 9-11 Students' own answers 2E 1–2 Students' own answers Son asks about course start date, number of hours per week and the course duration; certificate; course fee and how to pay; accommodation; necessary language level Students’ own answers Sample answers: people’s sense of national pride; the national personality; sense of humour Sample answers a3 b2 c1 d5 e4 Reasons: people are often interested in other cultures, and your identity is a source of information; by sharing aspects of your cultural identity, you can find things you have in common with another person; by showing curiosity about differences, you make someone feel valued Advice: ask lots of questions; look for things in common, and don’t be afraid to ask about differences; be proud of your accent and your advertisement; enquire; (course) fees; currently; accommodation; concerning, regarding; whether; I look forward to hearing from you in the near future; 10 Yours faithfully Firstly, please could you confirm the start date of the next course? I would be interested to know how many hours per week this is and what the course duration is I would also like to know whether I will receive a formal certificate … pyramids (Giza) and Egyptian Museum (Cairo); New York – positive energy, landmarks, food Ellie: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia – different environment; Dewil Valley – National Geographic project, fun with friends; University of Philippines Diliman campus – fond memories I am not entirely sure how I would need to pay and whether I would need to this in advance … please also let me know whether a host family or hotel would be preferable for someone who is very keen to improve their Arabic quickly and whether you can arrange the accommodation for me I was wondering whether you have courses for complete beginners Students' own answers 3A The expression means that we often like and are interested in things that are far away or very different from our own culture without showing the same interest in and respect for our own surroundings or culture I would like to know whether you would recommend I study first to become slightly more proficient in Arabic … Sample answer Dear Sir or Madam, 2–3 Students' own answers I am writing to enquire about the driving courses you run A friend has highly recommended your driving school First, I would like to ask about the course fee I could not find any information about it on your website I was also wondering whether you accept complete beginners I have never driven before nor attempted to learn Finally, could you also please let me know about the course start dates? I look forward to hearing back from you Yours faithfully, Eugenio 8–11 Students' own answers UNIT OPENER 1F 2T 3T 4F 5F 6T Students' own answers Sample answers Words/ expressions worth noting include: travel agenda, tourist destinations, more often than not, on my doorstep, see (something) through new eyes, hop-on, hop-off bus, in a whole new light, not only … but also …, a tried-and-tested way, set the mood, will only add to …, Take it from me:…, taking selfies, upcoming events, find out what’s on, wander around the block, test out, everyday routine, broaden your experiences, bearing in mind, contribute to the climate emergency, save the planet, your hometown 7–8 Students' own answers Students' own answers Andrej: Istanbul (Eminönü) – see the real Turkey there; Egypt – diving (Red Sea), 3B 8–10 Students' own answers 1 a shop in a market, perhaps in a tourist destination Sample answers: getting lost in the streets of an old city; buying something unusual, perhaps for a very low or high price; meeting someone 3C Sample answers exploration, curiosity and a sense of adventure; to find wealth, e.g gold; to start a new life elsewhere c starvation, drowning, illness at sea, getting lost, storms and other bad weather, war and fighting happened 2 had been studying Sample answers was walking, saw distances involved; long time ago so lack of technology; went to many islands; fast canoes; small crew; no navigation instruments had almost completely closed visited past simple past continuous, past perfect continuous Students' own answers past perfect continuous brought sweet potatoes back from South America; lightweight canoes for speed past perfect simple 5 had been going was working on wanted had been talking raced had forgotten/forgot was driving had taken/took went 10 dropped by 11 watching f d 3c 4e 5b 6a a they knew the position of the stars, how to interpret and use wind and wave direction; they also used the direction of bird flight, or the presence of leaves in the water b fishing hooks and other useful tools, animals such as chickens and the plants they would need to farm c they started in 1200 BCE and also made more voyages around 500 CE d Papua New Guinea e South America, 9,000 km away Students' own answers eventually surprisingly interestingly unexpectedly fortunately accidentally f they travelled without any modern technology; they used wooden canoes; they made their voyages a very long time ago; they reached places very far away went ended stopping set headed made reached steer turn Conversation 1: the message was disorganized; Conversation 2: the message was unnecessarily long and complicated; the message was disorganized; Conversation 3: the message relied on cultural information that the listener did not know holiday is British English, vacation is American English a journey is just one part of a trip, i.e the part when you are travelling from A to B, a trip includes the travel, and all the time you were there, i.e the whole experience an exchange is an arrangement in which students from different countries stay with each other in their homes, a field trip is where students of a particular subject go to a place to study simple, clear, organized summarize culture/country start Together, they start again from the beginning; identify the key information and repeat it back; check the listener has understood; summarize the instructions together; signpost the order clearly; the listener writes the directions down an expedition is a trip with a scientific or exploration purpose, a voyage is any long difficult journey, often by sea a city break is a short holiday in a city, a package holiday is organized by a company that arranges travel, accommodation, and other details for you mixed, saying 9–11 words, sense Students' own answers following, round 3D repeat, got Students' own answers Sample answer Conversation 2 Sample answers Other reasons include: the message is indirect (e.g ‘That jacket is gorgeous’ is an indirect way of saying ‘I want that jacket for my birthday’, but may be misunderstood); the message would be clearer if it was written down or shown visually (e.g directions might be clearer with a map); the message is forgotten (e.g because it was a long time ago, or the listener is forgetful); the message is ignored because it does not suit the listener’s point of view (in arguments you may misunderstand the other person because you expect to disagree with them) 1b 2c 3a D: You’re right, I wasn’t being very clear Let me start again from scratch I recently heard about a new kind of hotel that’s cheaper, and they’re cheaper because the rooms are very small C: Got it But you said something about the location? D: That’s right I think they’re usually not in the city centre, so we need to decide: we want a cheap hotel that’s far from the centre, or a more expensive hotel in town? C: I see what you mean And that depends on how expensive the hotel is because we could catch a taxi or bus into town each day D: Exactly, so shall I find out if there’s a hotel like that where we’re going?