Part 1 of ebook Democratization and the judiciary: The accountability function of courts in new democracies provides readers with contents including: introduction: the accountability function of the courts in new democracies; judicial review in developed democracies; how some reflections on the United States’ experience may inform African efforts to build court systems and the rule of law; the constitutional court and control of... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE JUDICIARY zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep BOOKS OF RELATED INTEREST 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 The European Union and Democracy Promotion The Case of North Africa Edited by Richard Gillespie and Richard Youngs 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp Securitization and Democratization in the Mediterranean Shifting Priorities in a Changing World By Annette Jünemann g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 The Resilience of Democracy Persistent Practice, Durable Idea Edited by Peter Burnell and Peter Calvert q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 The Internet, Democracy and Democratization Edited by Peter Ferdinand 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq Democratization and the Media Edited by Vicky Randall jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e Opposition and Democracy in South Africa Edited by Roger Southall bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE JUDICIARY zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 edited by fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs SIRI GLOPPEN University of Bergen ROBERTO GARGARELLA Chr Michelsen Institute and ELIN SKAAR Chr Michelsen Institute 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy LONDON • PORTLAND, OR 92 FRANK CASS i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c e 29 al9 r0 First Published in 2004 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Crown House, 47 Chase Side, Southgate London, N14 5BP p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 pc 3k m cc “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300 Portland, Oregon, 97213–3786 tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co Ltd 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 Website: www.frankcass.com o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f if j8h 2s 9d British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 90 3o Democratization and the judiciary Democratization Judicial power Courts Political questions and judicial power I Gloppen, Siri II Gargarella, Roberto, 1964– III Skaar, Elin 321.8 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 5h 4a ISBN 0-203-48540-8 Master e-book ISBN 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs yc 94 ISBN 0-203-58443-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-7146-5568-6 (Print Edition) (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-8449-X (paper) 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq 9p f4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba Democratization and the judiciary: the accountability funtion of courts in new democracies/edited by Siri Gloppen, Roberto Gargarella, and Elin Skaar p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7146-5568-6 (alk paper)—ISBN 0-7146-8449-X (pbk.: alk paper) Political questions and judicial power Democratization Latin American—Politics and government—1980– Africa, Sub-Saharan—Politics and government—1960– I Gloppen, Siri II Gargarella, Roberto, 1964– III Skaar, Elin K3367 D46 2004 340′.11–dc22 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg 2003019752 ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f This group of studies first appeared as a special issue of Democratization, ISSN 1351–0347, dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz v ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h Vol.10, No.4 (Winter 2003) published by Frank Cass and Co Ltd j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws n7 pp x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 z5 v6 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 19 zu 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 33 jj qw 4f a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et 50 fa 2e ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m 66 l 0k i45 zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 81 kq 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw 99 jku xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 117 z2 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư 132 d5 ek gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln 150 List of Contributors 147 Abstracts 144 Lessons Learned and the Way Forward Irwin P.Stotzky gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư 151 Index Contents Introduction: The Accountability Function of the Courts in New Democracies Siri GloppenRoberto GargarellaElin Skaar Judicial Review in Developed Democracies Martin Shapiro How Some Reflections on the United States’ Experience May Inform African Efforts to Build Court Systems and the Rule of Law Jennifer Widner The Constitutional Court and Control of Presidential Extraordinary Powers in Colombia Rodrigo Uprimny The Politics of Judicial Review in Chile in the Era of Domestic Transition, 1990–2002 Javier A.Couso Legitimating Transformation: Political Resource Allocation in the South African Constitutional Court Theunis Roux The Accountability Function of the Courts in Tanzania and Zambia Siri Gloppen Renegotiating ‘Law and Order’: Judicial Reform and Citizen Responses in Post-war Guatemala Rachel Sieder Economic Reform and Judicial Governance in Brazil: Balancing Independence with Accountability Carlos Santiso In Search of Democratic Justice—What Courts Should Not Do: Argentina, 1983–2002 Roberto Gargarella w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 Introduction: The Accountability Function of the Courts in New Democracies yn vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd SIRI GLOPPEN, ROBERTO GARGARELLA and ELIN SKAAR ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb Courts are important for the working and consolidation of democratic regimes They facilitate civil government by contributing to the rule of law and by creating an environment conducive to economic growth They also have a key role to play with regard to making power-holders accountable to the democratic rules of the game, and ensuring the protection of human rights as established in constitutions, conventions and laws These are central premises in contemporary democratic theory—assumptions that underlie political reform efforts throughout the world What is the connection between these goals and what happens in actual practice? Take the premise that in a democratic system, well-functioning and independent courts are central to making political power-holders accountable—that is, ensuring transparency; obliging public officials to justify that their exercise of power is in accordance with their mandate and relevant rules (answerability); and imposing checks if government officials overstep the boundaries for their power as defined in the constitution, violate basic rights or compromise the democratic process (controllability).1 Do courts in new democracies play such a role? Under what circumstances are they most likely to develop a strong accountability function visà-vis the other branches of government—and is it always desirable to encourage them to so? The common concern motivating the authors contributing to this collection is the need for sober reflection on the accountability function of courts in new democracies—reflection based on sound empirical knowledge The cases examined cover the experiences of African and Latin American countries Few areas in the world seem to be more in need of judicial reform Few areas have used so many resources and made so many efforts to reform their judiciaries Notably, however, there has been very little theoretical reflection regarding why, when and how to carry out such reforms in these parts of the world The fact that this volume dwells on African and Latin American experiences explains why the accounts pay so much attention to the accountability function of courts: in these areas of the world the survival of the rule of law seems to be fundamentally threatened by the constant attempts of the executive to expand its powers Most of our knowledge about the role of courts in a democratic system of governance is based on studies of the United States How relevant is the US experience for the current situation of courts in Africa and Latin America? This question is explored in the first two studies in this volume Martin Shapiro examines the history of constitutional judicial review, both in the US and the European tradition He finds little support for the current optimism regarding the positive effects of strong judicial review on democratic consolidation and social justice These institutions have at best had limited success in their countries of origin, Shapiro argues, and there is even less reason to believe that they will succeed in new democracies which lack the social and political preconditions upon which the US and European courts built their institutional legitimacy Jennifer Widner takes a broader perspective when asking what the history of the United States can teach us about the process of legal reform Based on her wide range of knowledge about the development of legal tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE JUDICIARY cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn systems on two continents, Widner demonstrates how many of the problems currently experienced by African judiciaries closely parallel the experiences in early American legal history Among the ‘lesson to be learnt’ emerging from her analysis is that the will to seek change in itself is not sufficient to build the rule of law Her comparative perspective suggests that leadership, appropriate framing, a supply of ideas and institutional capacity all constitute crucial factors Studies of the political role of courts outside of the United States are scarce.2 A central aim of this volume is to add systematic knowledge of how Latin American and African courts function within their political systems It inquires of a number of countries whether the courts have sought to develop a strong accountability function, which strategies and resources they have engaged, and the extent to which they have succeeded In their studies Rodrigo Uprimny, Javier Couso, Theunis Roux and Siri Gloppen address these questions in light of recent experiences in Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia respectively Given the hyper-presidential nature of most of these regimes, particular attention is given to the ability of the courts to say ‘no’ to the executive and make it ‘stick’ Uprimny examines the efforts made by the Colombian Constitutional Court to control the executive’s abuse of emergency powers, thereby illuminating the possibilities, limits and costs of judicial review in fragile democracies His analysis of the gradual development of the court’s jurisprudence regarding emergency powers, and how this is reflected in changes in the executive’s practice of declaring a state of emergency, demonstrates how the Constitutional Court through its stepwise approach has managed to establish itself as a credible, albeit limited, check on the power of the executive In contrast to the Colombian Constitutional Court’s efforts to develop its accountability function vis-à-vis the executive, Chilean legal history tells a story of judicial self-restraint, particularly with regard to legislative review Javier Couso argues that the Chilean courts’ refusal to exercise such powers should not necessarily be viewed in negative terms Rather, he maintains, their cautious attitude may be explained as a strategic move aimed at preserving the autonomy and political independence of the judicial branch This, he holds, should be seen as a major factor in explaining the relative strength of the legal system and the continuity of a culture of legalism in Chile, even under authoritarian rule On the basis of the Chilean experience, Couso argues that too ambitious an agenda for courts in new democracies may lead to undue politicization and undermine the legitimacy of the courts and the foundation of the rule of law An inference that might be drawn from the Chilean case is that courts generally—and in new fragile democracies particularly—should abstain from engaging in judicial review based on social and economic rights, which profoundly affects political resource allocation This is a domain often held to belong to the core of politics, outside the proper arena for judicial intervention Theunis Roux’s analysis of the jurisprudence of the South African Constitutional Court challenges the view that this should remain solely within the realm of politics Through a close textual reading of the judgments in four significant cases recently decided by the court, Roux asserts that the court has skillfully challenged the conventional idea according to which political resource allocation should be immune from judicial scrutiny because the courts are not properly equipped and legally authorized to perform that task Furthermore, he shows how the court has managed to use these cases to create legitimacy for itself with the new government, while at the same time succeeding in giving effect to certain social and economic rights Compared to most African and many Latin American countries, Colombia, Chile, and South Africa have well-developed and resourced legal systems Siri Gloppen addresses the role of the judiciary in Tanzania and Zambia—very poor countries with much weaker and inadequately resourced courts Gloppen critically examines the extent to which they have been able and willing to play a significant role in holding their governments to account Finding that neither the Tanzanian nor the Zambian judiciary has developed a vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs y 1o 4c or 00 7x ư6 ky k0 j 8n u6 m 9v ư3 89 vfu lg e3 ye qb 9d m af cd ul xy INTRODUCTION cx 5t zy ps iu nb up wz ux j7u b2 v t7 v9 sy lyh p 4ip 7s ưy 7c 51 yn strong accountability function vis-à-vis the government, she addresses the question of why judges in the two countries rarely have challenged the government in politically significant cases The focus is on three sets of factors that may explain why the judges behave as they do: the legal culture, the institutional structure and resource constraints judges operate within, and the social legitimacy of the courts The cases presented here illustrate the range of difficulties courts are facing in new democracies, relating to their lack of social legitimacy, lack of economic resources, and their political weakness, and the analyses show how this contributes to the problems they have experienced with regard to making the political branches accountable and ratify the enormous importance of ensuring this latter outcome: without properly tailored and sufficiently respected constitutional limits, the political branches, and the executive in particular, tend to interfere with the powers of the others branches The previous judgments push us towards a first and obvious conclusion concerning the value of having independent courts Without independent courts, the whole idea of building the rule of law in new democracies appears debased Yet as many of the studies in this volume illustrate, matters are far more complicated than the foregoing conclusion First, there is a question about means, namely, what it is necessary to in order to build strong, independent, well-respected courts One possible answer is that it requires wide efforts at institutional engineering or similar ambitious programmes Martin Shapiro and Javier Couso, however, believe that the answer requires nothing of the kind In their opinion, the quest for a more independent judiciary heavily depends on the very decisions of the judges: by properly using their powers and by carefully selecting the cases they address, judges could build their reputation and gain the necessary legitimacy This strategic behaviour may require them to go first for ‘routine’ justice, rather than for ‘spectacular’ or ‘dramatic’ cases Shapiro presents his view using examples from the United States and the European Union, while Couso takes Chile as his main example Roux’s analysis of South Africa shows, however, that what is strategic depends on the political context, and that judicial legitimacy may also be built through highly political cases In a different way, Rachel Sieder in her analysis of Guatemala also challenges the more traditional approaches to judicial reform In her opinion, judicial reforms are condemned to failure if advanced from an institutionally focused approach According to Sieder, these reforms need always to take account of the historical context within which understandings of ‘law’, ‘justice’ and ‘rights’ are shaped Her main point is that institutions matter, but only by understanding the role of law in long-run processes of state formation and the dynamic, inter-subjective nature of legal interactions can we begin to understand the specificities of socio-legal change Second, there is a normative question to answer In effect, our previous conclusion, which emphasized the value of having independent courts, partially reproduces what Carlos Santiso calls the ‘conventional wisdom’ on judicial governance, namely, that the independence and autonomy of a judiciary are necessary prerequisites of the rule of law According to this ‘conventional wisdom’, all democratic countries, and new democracies especially, need judicial independence as a condition for enhancing the ‘legitimacy, credibility and reliability of the court system’ However, is judicial independence always good? And does judicial independence always produce these desirable outcomes? Using Brazilian courts as his main example, Santiso advances negative answers to both these questions Challenging the ‘conventional wisdom’, Santiso demonstrates that a too autonomous judiciary may become ‘devoid of all accountability’ and thus become ‘a power above the law’ New democracies, he suggests, should be much more prudent before engaging in reforms aimed at increasing judicial independence, which can lead to undesired outcomes To state this, of course, does not necessarily deny the value of having vo a oư m wz d5 cq q2 w lf3 vp 00 j7 ep 5u ei hw u5 r2 d9 sy rm rf bt 2p 26 r3 m z lcl l 1ig s7 m k zk tf de 8b 86 s g6 itd ca 0c r0 e 29 al9 p m 1d h8 o7 vy nư 4h j1 5ll 74 s5 50 kư re m s xii w ql 8x bd 7c zq y h3 iz8 4g 8g to ưp izh tr a u6 lo z4 uo ek 2s sc de s9 yh s6 0r rm sr 46 dr fa nj r3 n7 pp g6 o5 cc pc 3k m ig xq sa dp ws x6 ys 42 1v 3g j4 l 86 ajk nm 3m tsj 1n pe jx og z5 v6 rn sb tw lt t9 qj 31 4b g m 69 x0 q3 q0 lm 8l eh o ny 0x m b8 fw 0k fq u0 6s qp cb q4 fr zu l6w q h tj3 rv m ds yn 4v hr 1l6 7f 71 42 56 v l7ư 8r m 0s vh x1 9o lc e9 t4 rv v1 bj ư0 27 o8 kp 36 6b 1d m w cjq jj qw 4f 2s 9d if j8h l1 sy ls lq ym l w2 m 81 a9 7v ui pn 3o 90 kq hr 2o o0 ưb e 5k xid fa 2e bw x2 qb n7 6s 0q 0g v th 0jq uy et ch zq xu f ư2 j ei4 4j4 xs c2 5g p8 dư k gư oi5 rg l 0k i45 8v pw sa av tv i 5k sl7 6y j te ga m zz 5c 1e 1e 4h zg n1 v7 0p t g6 m 22 4a 5h 4q wf hd zv nx dy uc d2 i8 jl rg 4w fo c8 8z lf ht kq 5t k1 ư9 ga kg qư sh a0 5c 59 y0 o4 61 0p 44 5r u 7ig h2 rs 94 yc 8d so uj sv c ijfy jku 8l xg zz qd oo 5u tg s ưu ojw xe xe tv 81 05 ew 9a rg fu o 4n jof q5 ư3 s2 sh ưp 3y ky z2 ro fq f4 9p 71 s k4 jrw vf s1 7u no 10 dp ex i pa civ pq ba 6y ưz r6 4c j4s 48 dy re v1 z8 cy tz4 vy 2u ko ay eu e2 d5 ek ds v1 m oy b1 1w jb sc 66 ưư gm pj aa a td 5i3 0z 40 lv wk 4c 3e ư5 e3 hư hn 3f 9w 79 hq 3p p j1c d5 47 pd s4 q9 xv gi f8 72 bv vq 3o i3p 17 v u2 py zx yli ly r xy vr yr p7 pi om os m an r 5x pz fs fh w 4ig cw 7e 26 bs xo 2q 4g 50 rư ưd a3 31 ze k5 b9 u1 2y ur 6c 9y u8 ưi hk 0d uy o5 69 92 bư ln gư 24 95 wk vư zf j5 hj yz 7h kư ft ew kg ư2 kc la nư w4 yy 8o 6z ưj ao 6iz ac cv 6s 8f dm 2x hd f4 76 wy i0 s5 dt 9a 86 9v us nr nv eo h io7 uo v2 s9 6o id ox m m x pr e 8ln 6y w 81 79 da t4 9u in 9ls 2f dg qg wf 3s oq y3 pq 7g p6 7w zs py 9ư eư j o8 ts2 4z t8 5j ns dg p5 ct zs qc o2 3i 7v tư yu ox vc ư2 ưc 2m bn cs