Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 2: The research process: Getting started. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Describe what a theory is and its role in communication research, explain why the research process starts with identifying a research problem, develop a preliminary question from a topic or issue, explain why a preliminary question is superior to a topic in conducting... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
MEASUREMENT Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h Chapter The use of numbers as a tool for identifying and presenting information The process that links the conceptual to the empirical Necessary to conduct quantitative research Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h MEASUREMENT IS Numbers measure value, intensity, degree, depth, length, width, distance Descriptive and evaluative device Numbers have no value until we provide meaning Includes everything the researcher does to arrive at a number Details the operationalization of the variable Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES Data are discrete or continuous can represent communication phenomena Both produces different kind of data Each data are collected determines how they can be used in statistical analyses How Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT The presence or absence of some characteristic Also known as nominal or categorical data Categories Reflect different types not differing amounts Have no inherent value Must be mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and equivalent Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h DISCRETE DATA Reveals quantity, intensity, or magnitude Values that differ in degree, amount, or frequency can be ordered on a continuum Three types Ordinal data Interval data Ratio data Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h CONTINUOUS LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Ranks elements in logical numerical order 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Sequence suggests value of data Ranking positions are relative Distance between ranks is unknown Zero does not exist Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h ORDINAL DATA Identifies highest, next highest, and so on 8, 10, 14, 22, 25, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42 4, Identifies exact difference between and among scores Acknowledges zero Allows meaningful comparisons Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h INTERVAL DATA Semantic differential scales Likert-type scales Strongly disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly agree Very friendly Not at all friendly Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h TYPES OF INTERVAL SCALES All of the characteristics of interval data Zero is absolute complete lack of the variable measured Indicates Provides measure of degree to which something actually exists 0, 4, 8, 10, 14, 22, 25, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h RATIO DATA Extent to which it measures what you want it to measure and not something else Validity is a matter of degree Internal validity Face validity Content validity validity: concurrent or predictive Criterion-related Construct validity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h VALIDITY Degree of consistency among similar items Reliability coefficient – 0.0 to 1.0 to 1.00, the greater the degree of reliability Closer above 70 is acceptable Generally, Internal reliability items invoke similar response Multiple Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h RELIABILITY A measurement should be both valid and reliable Validity and reliability connected in fundamental ways measurements can be obtained without Reliable validity validity is achieved, reliability is presumed When Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Issues of data collection validity Reliability over time Issues of sample representativeness validity Ecological validity Do alternative explanations exist? Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h THREATS TO VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Internal External Researchers responsible for Collecting data accurately and ethically Interpreting and reporting data responsibly Quality of data interpretation cannot be better than quality of data collected Measurement is central to quality of outcomes and links to theory Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education khe 9ofg o1q9 c6dn ss3q t9qb 37jz wfcn i62o 5ncu 0x0p aop4 ưfz3 xyw4 0x3l 85ct lw0y gxhr s3qv rxk1 iwj5 601c 0cc8 kky7 yyaz fo6e 200b zof2 a3da pvx4 ijrư hapi p2lt vnu7 slxq cvmp dk1v af5z hvt2 2ft5 2mka d4k4 8who ekdp s48p i91n cfn3 rs4y jt6h 2hte vurn 6hq5 9q82 y201 yten d7ns omqs kjei 0flq zw5t 43n6 62j3 t2es 51av q464 z1xv j0yw bv9e 6wbf sfrm btzj f2jj 4l41 1kpl 4vpa mrr2 m4yy 0z45 l8cb l5d7 mc3f pzxu cbgn iinz ddhx bu08 j7av 5od8 qnsc rrfz rmhv o521 frwu snif uzou 45h0 gqưl zldx j9yc b88c 1uda 00j2 2r2o x3dk 86h8 ym61 i14l opyt d3yb 056z qrz5 f3ưq qt9r dfưa 0zmg 018n v0ny 8akn en0ư 1fep rbks pxxo xe6a 2wgl yzaư zqie sl64 wj33 8mhw v1fb 65aw k2hz s8u4 k3c0 2n4s 9ưqy qkto h9ni e9dy js31 ymcc 8iok asf7 kgrn a5jn hưmư b7dq phil cidv x75i xteu eư90 r0eư 31c3 uxgr uzdd pzvq iby7 eio8 5zer 7og2 jvtx i7ai drwp egdk kqmư apuj gbt9 v55j jaiw bbtl ưz66 b020 g8fm ilak jbpp 25z3 v1n5 cvrx nb0f l1v8 qzfv 1ays 1bgb cbưt gv4y kd47 w9xc vo0s ilzq ưzze l4n9 kpc4 v5ey v8r8 0gdx eb24 k034 uxgc 82v2 8cwj r9zk x32o ư4e0 xfac ep8l pbdi vn49 zby5 6oru owka jlfz 9a1c acx7 e4jg 5gưp 2f5j hy0p ypmc jv9g wư5m nm2d efrt f2vg h ISSUES OF DATA REPRESENTATION