Research paper WAYS OF ACCEPTING INVITATIONS BY PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT GENDERS

WAYS OF ACCEPTING INVITATIONS BY PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT GENDERS Our study aims at studying the ways of accepting invitations used by the English. This study shows different ways of expressing acceptance of invitations between male and female to help English learners use them effectively. The research data are collected by means of English novels and stories. After selecting samples carefully, we choose 160 samples of accepting invitation in English. With the modest amount of informants, we do not dare to bring out the unframed conclusion; we only make comments on our topic. The methods that are used in this study are mainly the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were analyzed with discussion and the manual counting. Frequencies were counted and expressed as percentages. The data are collected randomly and has been carried out in an objective manner.

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

WAYS OF ACCEPTING INVITATIONS BY PEOPLE

OF DIFFERENT GENDERS

Supervisor : Luu Quy Khuong

Group 3 : Le Thi Hien

Nguyen Thi Luu Phan Thi Thu Nguyet

Pham Thi Phu Thuong

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, our group would like to express our deepest gratitude to our writingteacher, Mr Luu Quy Khuong, who has given us clear instructions and helpfulanswers to our curious questions

Secondly, we are also grateful to our classmates for their help andsuggestions

Finally, we take pride in themselves because of learning how to work ingroup, how to share information and how to sympathize with each other

Danang, 12/2008

Our study aims at studying the ways of accepting invitations used by theEnglish This study shows different ways of expressing acceptance of invitationsbetween male and female to help English learners use them effectively Theresearch data are collected by means of English novels and stories After selectingsamples carefully, we choose 160 samples of accepting invitation in English Withthe modest amount of informants, we do not dare to bring out the unframedconclusion; we only make comments on our topic

The methods that are used in this study are mainly the quantitative andqualitative approaches Data were analyzed with discussion and the manualcounting Frequencies were counted and expressed as percentages The data arecollected randomly and has been carried out in an objective manner

2 Aims and objectives

3 Scope of the study

4 The research questions

5 Research methodology

6 Data collection and analysis

7 Research design

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1 Review of previous studies

2 Theoretical background

2.1 Theory of speech act

2.2 Definition of invitations and acceptance of invitations in English

2.3 Theory of politeness

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

1 Defining properties of acceptance of invitations

2 Classifying acceptance of invitations based on genders

3 Establishing acceptance of invitations

1 Summary and Conclusions

2 Limitations

3 Suggestions in developing learners’ speaking skills

4 Recommendation for further research

Table 1: Using directness and indirectness as seen from male invitees

Table 2: Using directness and indirectness as seen from female invitees

Table 3: Using directness and indirectness as seen from informants’ genders

in acceptance of invitations in English

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale:

Invitation is one of popular functions of language in everydayconversation and plays an essential role in human beings’communicative life People use invitations for various purposes:establishing, maintaining, improving their relationship or only forsaving face and so forth However, invitation is just a part ofconversations or polite questions, which always look forward toanswers “yes” To create perfect conversations, acceptance ofinvitations is frequently expected Nevertheless, acceptance ofinvitations is not simple as an agreement but an art According tosexes, people have their own different ways of expressingacceptance of invitations What are therefore properties ofacceptance of invitations? Temporarily, what are the differences inaccepting invitations between male and female? In an attempt toanswer these questions, this research paper concentrates on studyingproperties of acceptance of invitations as well as theirsocioparagmatic functions In addition, to find the differences inmaking acceptance of invitation among genders, a comparisonbetween female and male acceptance of invitations is carried out

We hope that our research named “Ways of accepting invitations bypeople of different genders in English” will make a worthycontribution to the development of English learners’ speaking skills,especially in situations relating to accepting invitation

2 Aims and objectives:

Aim:

- To help English learners distinguish the different ways of acceptinginvitations in English

- To help English learners realize the differences in accepting invitations

of two genders in English

Objectives:

- To present properties of acceptance in English conversation.

- To classify acceptance of invitations

- To find out the differences in accepting invitations of different genders

in English

3 Scope of the study:

Because of the limited ability and time, the study just focuses on ways

of accepting invitations of different genders in English stories andnovels, not daily conversation

4 The research questions:

1 What are properties of acceptance of invitations?

2 What are differences in ways of accepting invitations betweenmale and female?

5 Research methodology:

 The first step _ collecting materials and data: concepts, definitions,viewpoints and samples are collected from a lot of kinds of books,novels and stories

 The second step_ analyzing data: collected samples of acceptance ofinvitations are analyzed and classified

 The third step_ discussing problems: differences in makingacceptance of invitation are discussed

6 Data collection and analysis:

This study based on the materials, which are collected from manysources We carried out looking for all the samples in a long time fromnovels, short stories in books and on websites It takes the researchgroup less time to gather the information Then, 160 samples areanalyzed and interpreted in the light of research objectives The datawill be analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to show the difference

in accepting invitations of two genders in English

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1 Review of previous study:

In the past, there were some valuable materials and writing related toinvitations in English These studies provide a body of information whichwill be of interest to us who work in the fields of acceptance of invitations

in English Here is a description of what was done in the past by the writers

in English and Vietnamese

+ The study of Chu Thi Thanh Tam (1995) [1] was a firstexperiment to put the aims, methods, strategies of the conversationalresearch in Western linguistics into the conversational research inVietnamese The paper gives us a specific definition of inviting act

+ In the paper of Truong Thi Anh Tuyet (2003) [2], she discussedcaus es of Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure of Invitations in English andVietnamese The study has well-done tables and figures that we can have alook at and consult

+ In the study of Luu Quy Khuong (2005) [3], he investigatesindirect acceptance of invitations in English and Vietnamese to enhance theeffectiveness of teaching, learning and translating this kind of speech act.The research provides us with a significant definition of acceptance ofinvitation

+ In the research of Do Thi Chau Loan (2003) [4], she disputessimilarities and differences in making a genuine invitation in conversationsbetween English and Vietnamese culture The paper supplies us for anobvious outline and helpful theory of speech act so that we can perfect ourresearch

In conclusion, each of these studies above has it own advantages aswell as certain limitations However, what we can learn from these studies

is considerable They are all theories of invitations, acceptances and refusal.Thanks to them, we have general ideas about acceptance - the topic of thisresearch proposal

2 Theoretical background:

2.1 Theory of speech act :

2.1.1 The notion of speech acts:

When a person utters a sequence of words, the speakers are often trying

to achieve some effects with those words; an effect which in some caseshave been might accomplished by an alternative action

According to Sinclair and Coulthar, speech act is an utterance described

in terms of its function In other words, speech acts are simply thingspeople do through language

Bach in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry stated that speechacts, in general, are acts of communication To communicate is toexpress a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performedcorresponds to the type of attitude being expressed

Learners of all languages tend to have difficulties understanding theintended meaning communicated by a speech act, or producing a speechact using appropriate language and manner in the language beinglearned Learning and understanding speech act can help learners toimprove their performance of speech acts and thus their interaction withnative speakers

2.1.2 Types of Speech Acts :

According to Bach and Harnish, there are four major categories ofcommunicative illocutionary acts:

2.1.3 Direct, Indirect and Non-literal Speech Acts :

According to Austin (1969) [5], the content of an illocutionary act (what

is said) is not always determined by what is meant by the sentence.Moreover, what is said does not determine the illocutionary act(s) beingperformed We can perform a speech act directly or indirectly, by way

of performing another speech act, literally or non-literally, depending onhow we are using our words and explicitly or inexplicitly, depending onwhether we fully spell out what we mean

Direct and indirect speech acts concern the relation between theutterance and the speech act thereby performed Direct speech acts arethe acts are expressed overtly by the most obvious linguistic means.Direct speech acts have the same illocutionary force as the literalreading of the sentence (no hidden intension) Indirect speech acts are

ones possess the syntactic structure more usually associated withanother acts In indirect speech acts, the intended meaning is not thesame as its literal meaning In the case of non-literal utterances, we donot mean what our words mean but something else instead With non-literality, the illocutionary act we are performing is not the one thatwould be predicted just from the meanings of the words being used.Occasionally, utterances are both non-literal and indirect.

Indirect speech acts are considered to be more polite ways ofperforming certain speech act Indirect speech acts are generallyassociated with greater politeness in English than direct speech acts.(Yule) [9]

2.2 Definition of invitations and acceptance of invitations in English :

Inviting act is one of the acts that express directive attitude politely.Invitation can show the speakers’ different levels of politeness It is apolite utterance, which urges someone to work out This act is benefit tothe speaker and the hearer Invitation is an utterance that presentsfriendly, polite, honorable, hospitable attitude of the speaker

Acceptance, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [10] isthe act of accepting a gift, an invitation, an offer, etc

2.3 Theory of politeness :

2.2.1 Face:

2.2.1.1 Face – Only view:

According to Kasper (1997) [7], face is considered as the public image that every member wants to claim for himself (i.e face as social –psychological notion with emphasis on individuals’ self-generatedprotection of their persona) In this notion of face, politeness is seen as

self-an activity serving to enhself-ance, maintain, or to protect the face (Brown &Levinson, 1978, 1987) [6]

2.2.1.2 Face and Place view:

Face is seen as a public rather than personal property, on loan fromsociety rather than an unalienable possession and a negotiable outcome

of social interaction (Goffman: 1967, Aston: 1988)

2.2.1.3 Positive Face:

Positive face is people’s want that their goals, possessions, andachievements be ratified, understood, approved of, a liked, or admired(Kasper, 1997) According to Goffman (1967), positive face is the want

to be thought of as a desirable human being Brown and Levinson(1987) state that positive face refer to the positive self-image that people

have and want to be appreciated and approved of by at least somepeople.

2.2.2 Face – Saving:

Face saving (or saving face) refers to maintaining a good self-image.Goffman claims that both speakers and hearers have certain amount offace to maintain in any conversation Therefore, each participant notonly establishes his own face but also secures the co-participant’s face

In fact, people in interaction try to maintain the face of the others, notjust of themselves

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

1 Defining properties of acceptance of invitations:

In order to achieve success in making acceptance of invitations, it isnecessary to master characteristics of accepting invitations In setting theseproperties, some dialogues of invitations and acceptance of invitations areused as illustrative examples

(1) Koenigsman said, shuffling to the stove: “You want coffee?”

Mezivosky: “Please.” [9:141]

(2) The man smiled: “Would you like to look round the house while you’rehere?

Mr Hollins said: “Good idea Thank you.” [7:33]

Two underlined sentences in two above samples are viewed asacceptance of invitations because they include properties of acceptance ofinvitations: directness and indirectness, definiteness and politeness

1.1 Directness and Indirectness:

1.1.1 Directness :

Direct acceptance is the way people accept the invitation withouthidden intension It is expressed overtly by the most obvious linguisticmeans such as “yes, yeah, ok, all right…”or “I accept…”

(3) Holmes: “A drink, Inspectator?”

Lestrade: “Yes, please, Mr Holmes…” [15:20]

(4) Presently Wilkins entered “Shall I serve your dinner, sir?”

“Yes, Wilkins.” Professor Yarborough replied [4:56]

1.1.2 Indirectness :

Indirect acceptance is the way people accept the invitation by usingsome words or phrases to show their acceptance such as “I’d love to, Thatsounds nice/ lovely/ interesting,…”Through the context, the inviter canunderstand the acceptance of the speaker

(5) "Champagne?" she asked, lifting questioning eyes to his

"It seemed appropriate for such a special occasion," Michael said.

[1:1026](6) Martha: “Let’s go up to the Stone.”

William: “Good idea.” [44:30]

“When exactly?” “Which day?” etc In addition, in order to lessenembarrassment of invitees if they are sometimes absent-minded,repetition of the place may also be considered necessary such as

“Where exactly?” In general, definiteness is an essential property in agenuine acceptance of invitation

(7) He nodded with satisfaction "Good, then you will not object to going to

the zoo with me tomorrow, will you?"

"Okay," she feigned "What time?" "I will come for you at ten o'clock

in the morning." [13:36]

(8) "Hi," he said "Shall we get going then?"

"Oh yes," she said happily "Where is the party?" [2:206]

1.3 Politeness:

Politeness is also a significant element in accepting invitations It helps us

to communicate successfully and effectively Normally, when people areinvited, they always wish to show their interests and gratefulness toinviters by using facial expressions or some structures as follows: I’d likethat very much, That would be very nice, I’d love to…

(9) Sue Ellen said to Tracy, "Warden Brannigan and I would like it very much if you moved into the cottage We have a spare bedroom in back You could take care of Amy full-time."

"Thank you," Tracy said gratefully "I would like that." [30:74]

(10) "Want some coffee?" Donna volunteered "You look as though youhaven't been to bed since Friday

Katie managed a wan smile in reply to Donna's banter "I'd love somecoffee." [13:141]

In conclusion, acceptance of invitations often contains three abovedescribed properties: directness and indirectness, definiteness, politeness.However, directness and indirectness are the main property of acceptinginvitations

2 Classifying acceptance of invitations based on genders:

It is significant to divide acceptance of invitations into identified groups

to find ways of accepting invitations successfully In this study, we carry out

to classify ways of accepting invitations based on genders and illustrate themwith collected samples

2.1 Ways of accepting invitations by male :

Ways of accepting invitations by male can be divided into two smalltypes: male inviter and female inviter

2.1.1 Male inviters :

When male invitees accept invitations from male inviters, acceptances tend

to be direct Moreover, English people usually get into the point and avoidgoing around Hence, answers of the male invitees are often clear Below aresome illustrative samples:

(11) “Come on, Joe,” said Harry’s voice “Nobody will bother it here.” “Right,” Joe answered [4:258]

(12) Sampson met me outside one of the dilapidated row houses, and we went in together

"Just like bad old times," John said, shaking his head "That why you're here, Dragonslayer? Are you nostalgic for the old days? Want to come back

to the Washington PD?"

I nodded and gestured around "Yeah I missed this Bad homicide scenes

in the middle of the night." [6:219]

(13) 'Come whenever you like, we shall be glad,' called he

'Thank you very much,' called he [13:1128]

In three above samples, the male invitees give direct acceptances by usingsuch words or phrases as “right”, “yeah”, “thank you very much” Thesesamples not only approve straight and strong characteristics of men but alsoagree with our opinion

However, male English people sometimes use indirect acceptances ofinvitations In stead of saying the above direct acceptances, they give positivecomments such as “good idea”, you’re right”, etc or show their interest Hereare two typical examples:

(14) The man smiled: “But would you like to look round the house whileyou’re here?

Mr Hollins said: “Good idea Thank you.” [7:33]

(15) The man in the brown hat said: “Let’s go down to the restaurant, eh? Ineed a drink too.”

Bill laughed: “You’re right It’s thirsty work, telling stories.” [8:9]

In conclusion, although male invitees occasionally accept invitations ofmen indirectly in some special situations, direct acceptance of invitations isstill a general trend of men

(16) Jackie: “Would you like some sandwiches and coffee, Inspector?”

Inspector Walsh: “Ah! Yes, please!” “I would like sandwiches and

(17) Shrader was on his cell phone, so Leigh spoke to Littleton "Thank you for being here, and for… everything Would you like some tea or coffee?" she added "I'll have a cup with you." [1:328]

"Thanks, coffee would be great," Detective Littleton replied,

(18) She said, “Sit down and have a drink”

Howard’s face went red again He gave a shy little laugh “Oh, er…thank

Nevertheless, to some extent, female inviters have an influence on ways

of accepting invitations of men This will be illustrated by following sample.(20) "Champagne?" she asked, lifting questioning eyes to his [1:1026]

"It seemed appropriate for such a special occasion," Michael said

In this sample, the male inviter does not use a statement of accepting butgive a positive regard together with good facial expression

In conclusion, despite male or female inviters, direct acceptance ofinvitation is still a major trend of male invitees Below is a statistical table ofways of accepting invitations by male invitees

Table 1: Using directness and indirectness as seen from male invitees

In this table, 77 acceptances of male invitees are divided into two groups:

33 to male inviters and 44 to female ones In 33 acceptances of male invitees

to male inviters, there are 22 persons to give direct acceptances and make up

66, 7%; 11 remaining persons use indirect acceptances and get 33,3 % In 44acceptances of male invitees to female inviters, there are 31 persons to agreeinvitations directly and take 70,5 %; and 13 persons only accept invitationsindirectly, make up 29,5 % Based on above analysis and statistical table, wecannot defy that men like to accept invitations directly

2.2 Ways of accepting invitations by female:

Female, in general, is said to be beautiful, gentle, and profound.Therefore, in ways of accepting invitations, women are usually thought togive indirect acceptance However, this is not always true to any women,especially to English women There are two small types in ways of acceptinginvitations by female: female inviter and male inviter

2.2.1 Female inviters :

When female people accept invitations of female inviters, they have atendency to give direct acceptance Below are some illustrative samples:

(21) The nurse smiled at Jane: “Would you like a cup of tea, miss?”

Jane said: “Yes, please.” [36:8]

(22) Shall we get to business?" Aringarosa said.

"Of course," the secretariat said [31:129]

(24) “I think," Whitney Westmoreland said, "Oh—and, welcome to thefamily I—I've always wanted a sister!" [33:193] Sherry: "Thank you."

In three above samples, female invitees respond invitations of femaleinviters directly For example, in the first sample, when the nurse invitesJane, she gets into the point to answer by using “yes, please” The second andthe third are the same as the first, just using “of course” or “thank you”.However, in certain situations, they use indirect acceptances to show theirinterest and polite attitude Two following samples will illustrate this

(25) Nessa asked: “Will you come, then?”

Jo said: “Please I’d like to very much.” [32:7](26) "Want some coffee?" Donna volunteered "You look as though youhaven't been to bed since Friday

Katie managed a wan smile in reply to Donna's banter "I'd love some

(27) Archie said: “Will you come to the concert in Exeter with me, Agatha?

We can go to the Redcliffe Hotel for tea after the concert.”

Agatha said: “I’d love to.” [46:10+11](28) A few minutes later he telephoned her from his room "How would youlike to spend tomorrow with me in Segovia? It's a fascinating old city just afew hours outside of Madrid."

"It sounds wonderful Thanks for a lovely evening," Tracy said "Good

(29) Drew said: “Can I buy you a pizza or not? What do you say?”

Karen smiled: “I never miss a free meal.” [60:21]

In three above samples, we can observe the relationship betweeninviters and invitees They are either trying to understand each other orfalling in love with each other Thus, language used in accepting invitations

by female invitees is selective The girls give indirect acceptances, forexamples, “I’d love to”, “It sounds wonderful”, “I never miss a free meal” Nevertheless, it is not always true for women to use indirectacceptances According to the relationship between inviters and invitees,women sometimes or, in certain circumstance, often accept invitationsdirectly These following samples will make it clear

(30) Drew said: “Poor Karen You look very tired Let’s go home, have abeer and listen to some music Forget the factory for one evening.”

Karen said: “Ok What about a pizza at our favorite restaurant?” [60:21]

(31) Mrs Stanhope held out her hand "My dear, so good of you to join us.We've asked Charles to give us a few minutes alone with you You don'tmind?"

"Of course she doesn't mind," Charles's father declared "Sit down Tracy,isn't it?"

In two above samples, female invitees utter direct acceptance ofinvitations such as “Ok”, “Yes, sir” In the second sample, because theinviter is older than the invitee, the girl uses simple language to make himunderstand

In conclusion, like any women, female English invitees also have atendency to accept invitations of people of the opposite sex indirectlyalthough in some cases, they use direct acceptance of invitations

Table 2: Using directness and indirectness as seen from female invitees

on above analysis and statistical table, female English invitees acceptinvitations both directly and indirectly Below is a statistical table ofstrategies of accepting invitations by male and female

Table 3: Using directness and indirectness as seen from informants’ genders in acceptance of invitations in English

female invitees to male inviters, there are 39 persons to agree invitationsdirectly and take 57,4 %; and 29 persons only accept invitationsindirectly, make up 42,6 % In general, despite male or female invitees,direct acceptance of invitations is still dominant trend

3 Establishing acceptance of invitations:

3.1 Ways of accepting invitations:

Yes, I’d love to

I’d like to very much

I’d like that very much

That sounds nice/ lovely/

3.2.3 Making the acceptance of invitations:

While establishing the acceptance, the invitees should reveal theirattitude through the eyes, intonation, face, etc so that the inviters canunderstand verbal language the invitees use

 Eye contacts:

According to Levine and Adelman (1990) in Beyond Language, eyecontact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contactmay create communication barriers It is important in relationshipsbecause it serves to show intimacy, attention and influence AnEnglish proverb says that they never trust a person who cannot lookyou in the eyes

 Facial expressions:

Levine and Adelman stated that facial expressions such as smile,winks, grimace, etc carry meaning determined by contexts andrelationships In fact, our faces easily reveal emotions and attitudes Tothe invitee, a smiling face, a friendly and open attitude creates a goodimpression toward the inviter.

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

1 Summary and conclusions:

The research paper is carried out to study invitation acceptances in English Firstly, properties of acceptance of invitations are investigated Secondly, ways of accepting invitations of different genders in English are presented In conclusion, it is sometimes not simple to successfully respondinvitations Therefore, in order to help the learners have successes in

conversation relating accepting invitations; this study concentrates on properties of accepting ones and classifying them Finally, to help the learners understand how to accept invitations successfully in English

2 Limitations:

Firstly, this study only mentions verbal acceptance of invitations notrefers to non-verbal ones Secondly, because of the limited time, experienceand materials, it just focuses on accepting invitations in Englishconversation, not in written forms such as letters or cards Therefore, ittakes us much time to look for samples Thirdly, because year ofpublication of novels and stories is limited, the results from collected dataare not adequate to make research questions clear Finally, the amount ofsamples is so small that it does not reflect truthful the nature of theproblem Hence, we have many difficulties making a precise conclusion Infact, our results are not as good as expected

3 Suggestions in developing learners’ speaking skills:

Speaking is the most important skill that helps learners successfullycommunicate However, developing learners’ speaking skills are not paidmuch attention to, especially in teaching English at high school, even insome classes at colleges and universities Therefore, the first thing that wesuggest is that the time for speaking should be extended more than now.Moreover, teacher should create and maintain advantageous learningenvironment For example, teachers, sometimes, should have discussing orlecturing periods so that the learners are used to speaking, especially infront of people In addition, topics of speaking should be more selective andinteresting so that learners will be absorbed in discussing them, andtherefore, be stimulated This results in their creativeness and liveliness

After all, the speaking skill is really the essential one for dailycommunication Hence, spending time and selecting topics are should beimproved to develop this skill.

4 Recommendation for further research:

Because of the limited time and ability, the study just focuses on accepting invitations in English conversation, not in written forms such as letters or cards Therefore, we suggest that accepting invitations in written forms in English should be studied

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