Research Scope This research paper aims to explore the impacts of the energy crisis in 2022 on Vietnam and provide recommendations to mitigate the negative effects.. The paper will provi
Introduction
Viet Nam has confronted intense supply rivalry when the energy crisis hit Europe and other parts of the world, and the crisis will have a significant influence on the nation's energy investment plans and socioeconomic development goals The global energy crisis 2021-2023 began after the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, with much of the world facing shortages and inflated prices for oil, gas and electricity markets The crisis was caused by a number of economic factors, including a rapid post-pandemic economic recovery that outstripped energy supplies and expanded into a widespread global energy crisis following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine The price of natural gas has risen to a record high, and as a result, the price of electricity in some markets Oil prices reached their highest level since 2008 As energy is an important input to the economy, Viet Nam’s economical welfare has suffered inevitably In the worst case, Viet Nam may face the scenario that there is no available optimal plan to handle the energy crisis This essay begins by discussing how Viet Nam has been dealing with the effect of this global event especially in 2022 It then suggests recommendations of mitigation towards the current complication, following by explaining the validity and reliability of the study, along with its limitations.
Research overview
Research scope
This research paper aims to explore the impacts of the energy crisis in 2022 on Vietnam and provide recommendations to mitigate the negative effects The paper will provide an overview of Vietnam's energy sector and its current energy crisis, as well as the potential impacts of the crisis on the country's economy and society.
Research objectives
The paper will provide recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to mitigate the negative impacts of the energy crisis The recommendations will be based on the research findings and will focus on strategies to diversify energy sources, increase energy efficiency, develop energy storage infrastructure, and promote public awareness of energy conservation.
Research questions
The paper will present the findings of the research, including the impacts of the energy crisis on Vietnam's economy and society, as well as the potential solutions to mitigate these negative effects The findings will be presented in a clear and concise manner, using references from highly qualified scientific papers in order to illustrate key points
Research methodology
The paper will use the qualitative method, which will include information from scientific papers and interviews with key stakeholders in the energy sector, such as government officials, energy experts, and industry representatives
All of the data used in this report is collected from the official websites of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, OECD National Accounts, International Energy Agency, World Energy, UN World Food Programme, PV Oil, Vietnam National Coal-Mineral Industries Group The State bank of Vietnam and the Electricity of Vietnam data files.
Literature review
Many studies in the past have examined the association of renewable energy with crucial factors of carbon emission, economic growth and financial development The overview of the empirical findings, however, have established mixed results and in this way given rise to ambiguities and uncertainties in establishing the specific connection of renewable energy consumption with well-being of the country, especially in the energy crisis happening in 2022
The article “Pandemic, War and Global Energy Transitions” analyzes the impacts throughout the energy system, including upstream fuel supply, renewable energy investments, demand for energy services, and implications for energy equity, by reviewing recent studies and consulting experts in the field The research shows that both crises initially appeared as opportunities for low-carbon energy transitions: the pandemic by showing the extent of lifestyle and behavioral change in a short period and the role of science-based policy advice, and the war by highlighting the need for greater energy diversification and reliance on local, renewable energy sources However, the early evidence suggests that policymaking worldwide is focused on short-term, seemingly quicker solutions, such as supporting the incumbent energy industry in the post-pandemic era to save the economy and looking for new fossil fuel supply routes for enhancing energy security following the war As such, the fossil fuel industry may emerge even stronger after these energy crises creating new lock-ins This implies that the public sentiment against dependency on fossil fuels may end as a lost opportunity to translate into actions toward climate-friendly energy transitions, without ambitious plans for phasing out such fuels altogether The paper “Stock Prices and the Russia-Ukraine War: Sanctions, Energy and ESG” published in 2022 illustrates that stocks with opportunities in the low-carbon transition benefited, arguably because market participants expect stronger policy responses supporting renewable energy sources in the face of the pronounced dependence of Europe on Russian oil and gas In sum, investors thus expect the speed of transition to a low-carbon economy to diverge between the US and Europe The analysis controls for a range of different Environmental, Social, and Governance
(ESG) measures (for which we obtain mixed results) Companies that more frequently refer to inflation in their conference calls with analysts performed worse Internationally oriented firms did poorly, and investors were particularly concerned regarding companies' exposure to China Overall, the results offer a preview of the challenging economic impact of the Russia-Ukraine war
In November 2020, Koushan Das wrote in the article “Renewables in Vietnam: Current Opportunities and Future Outlook”: Vietnam’s renewable energy sector is one of the most vibrant in Southeast Asia presenting significant opportunities for investors The country has achieved around 99 percent electrification with relatively low cost in comparison to neighboring countries With electricity demand projected to increase by eight percent annually until 2025, the government is moving forward to develop renewable energy sources to ensure energy security and addressing the growing power demand.
Impacts of the energy crisis in 2022 on Vietnam
Overview about energy crisis in 2022
5.1.1 Causes of energy crisis in 2022
5.1.1.1 Slow supply recovery after pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2020 caused a rapid decrease in energy demand and a corresponding cut in oil production, and despite the 2020 Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war, OPEC responded slowly to the demand recovery under the new normal, resulting in a supply-demand imbalance The 2021-2022 global supply chain crisis, which put additional strain on the delivery of extracted petroleum
Furthermore, as Europe sought to replace Russian gas, it bid up the prices of ship-borne liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the United States, Australia, and Qatar, diverting supply away from traditional LNG customers in Asia Because gas frequently sets the price at which electricity is sold, power prices rose as well Both LNG producers and importers rushed to build new infrastructure to increase LNG export/import capacity, but these costly projects take years to come online
5.1.1.2 Climate abnormality impact on renewable energy
In 2021, Brazil's worst drought in almost a century threatened its electricity supply It relies on hydropower for two-thirds of its electricity.
According to Euractiv, about one fifth of the increase in energy prices can be attributed to rising CO2 pricing on the EU's carbon market The driest summer in Europe in 500 years in 2022 had serious consequences for hydropower generation and power plant cooling systems The drought reduced hydropower in Norway, threatened nuclear reactors in France, and crimped coal transport in Germany Droughts of unprecedented proportions in China and California also posed a threat to hydropower generation.
Russia is a major producer and exporter of oil and natural gas It was the world's third largest oil producer in 2020, trailing only the United States and Saud
Arabia, with 60% of its oil exports going to Europe In 2021, the country produced
62 billion cubic meters of natural gas and exported approximately 210 billion cubic meters via pipeline
The Russian military buildup outside Ukraine and subsequent invasion posed a threat to Russia's energy supply to Europe International sanctions were imposed following Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, and were later tightened following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022; certification of the new Nord Stream
2 pipeline was later suspended Russia had already refused to increase exports to Europe prior to its invasion, and in response to European sanctions, the state reduced gas deliveries to Germany via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, which it completely halted in early September, despite the pipelines still containing natural gas Gas leaks in late September rendered the pipes inoperable The leaks were caused by sabotage, according to European Union and NATO officials, but no one was identified as the perpetrator.
In October 2022, OPEC+ cut oil production by two million barrels per day OPEC+ claimed it is trying to prevent price volatility, although some analysts believe the goal is to increase oil prices, which had decreased over the previous few months Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry stated that the OPEC+ decision was "purely economic" and taken unanimously by all members of the conglomerate
With the lifting of the Covid lockdowns, food costs soared even more, putting the lives of millions of people at risk The World Food Programme estimates that between 2017 and 2021, the number of people experiencing severe food insecurity more than tripled, and that number might rise by 17% to 323 million by 2022 Together, the two nations contribute significantly to the supply of fertilizer around the world and export about 30% of the world's wheat Food and other commodity exports from Ukraine were halted by Russia's blockade of Black Sea ports, and the larger military operation endangered the 2022 harvest
Chart 2 Fertilizer input costs Natural gas is a significant key component in producing fertilizers.The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth—it has been estimated that almost half of the world's population is currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.
Global food prices are rising as a result of rising energy costs driving up agriculture costs Energy is used for a variety of things in the food and agriculture industries A few examples of direct energy use are the power used for automated irrigation systems, the gasoline used for farm equipment, and the energy needed for various steps in food processing, packing, shipping, and distribution Since it takes a lot of energy to make herbicides and mineral fertilizers, their use leads to significant indirect energy consumption In industrialized economies like the United States, direct and non-direct energy expenses can make up 40% to 50% of the total variable costs of cropping, while the percentage varies greatly between locations depending on factors like weather and crop kinds Higher energy and fertilizer prices therefore inevitably translate into higher production costs, and ultimately into higher food prices.
Midway through 2021, there was a global rise in inflation, with many nations experiencing their highest rates in many years It has been ascribed to a number of factors, including the pandemic's impact on the global economy and the fiscal and monetary stimulus measures that were implemented in 2020 and 2021 in reaction to the pandemic Through 2021, an unexpected demand rebound resulted in historic and widespread supply constraints (including chip and energy shortages), which were accompanied by rising consumer demand The global building industry also took a knock.
Chart 3 Inflation rate by countries
The situation was made worse in early 2022 by the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on world oil, natural gas, fertilizer, and food prices Inflation was greatly aided by higher gas prices as oil companies experienced record profits The question of whether inflationary pressures were temporary or enduring arose In response, central banks sharply raised interest rates
According to economists, even if the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in the
US as of February 2023, inflation persisted because consumers still had far greater average household savings than before the pandemic, had pay gains, and were willing to keep spending despite price increases.
Chart 4 Terawatt Hours of electricity generated
In addition to increasing inflationary pressures, the global consumption of coal for energy generation has expanded as a result of the energy crisis In 2021, the usage of coal in Europe climbed by 14%, and 7% more growth was anticipated in 2022 Coal has become more competitive in many markets as natural gas costs have risen, and several countries have turned to coal as a replacement for probable energy rationing in the winter of 2022–2023 For the first time in history, worldwide coal consumption increased by 1.2% to more than 8 billion tonnes in 2022 due to rising coal demand in Asia and other regions Coal-fired power facilities have also been reopened or had their decommissioning delayed, and coal output limits have been lifted The high prices of fossil fuels due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, however, have made renewable-energy sources more attractive.
Impacts of the energy crisis in 2022 on Vietnam
Energy is a key input to many industries, so any significant disruption in energy supply can lead to a decline in economic output Decreased output can lead to a reduction in GDP.
Chart 5 Share of energy consumption by source, Vietnam Vietnam heavily relies on a variety of energy sources The main energy sources in the country are traditional biomass, oil, coal, and hydropower Additionally, there has been an increased focus on developing renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal From 2021’s data, it can be expected that in 2022 the main resources for energy-related sectors are still fossil fuels Under the impact of the crisis, the rise in price was continuous
However, GDP in 2022 increased by 8,02% compared to the previous year, achieving the highest increase in the period 2011-2022 due to the economic recovery
Of the increase in the total added value of the whole economy, the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector increased by 3.36%, contributing 5.11%; the industry and construction sector increased by 7.78%, contributing 38.24%; the service sector increased by 9.99%, contributing 56.65%
Based on the data presented, it appears that Vietnam's GDP was not significantly affected by the negative impacts of the 2022 energy crisis, as the numbers indicate a positive trend
Interest rates play a crucial role in a country's economy, especially in the energy industry where significant capital investment is required Interest rates affect the cost of financing these investments
In 2022, due to global usage pressure, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) adjusted interest rates to match the international context and maintain macroeconomic stability The SBV has actively and flexibly stabilized the money market, responding to development trends and rising interest rates worldwide On
October 24, 2022, the State Bank adjusted a series of operating interest rates for the second time, with the maximum interest rate for indefinite and term deposits below 1 month increasing from 0.5% to 1% per year and for term deposits from 1 month to less than 6 months increasing from 5% to 6% per year The increase in lending interest rates affected the production and business activities of enterprises Therefore, the
State Bank directed credit institutions to reduce costs and share difficulties with businesses Many signal organizations have reduced interest rates by 0.5 to 3.0% per year while focusing on disbursing priority areas such as agriculture, rural areas, export, production of auxiliary goods, and other areas of the economy's growth engine.
The decrease in domestic petrol and oil prices in line with world fuel prices was the main reason for the Consumer Price Index to decrease by 0.01% in December
2022 compared to the previous month, and increase by 4.55% compared to December
2021 The average CPI in the fourth quarter of 2022 increased by 4.41% over the same period last year In 2022, CPI increased by 3.15% compared to 2021, meeting the target set by the National Assembly.
Two groups of goods and services experienced declining price indexes The transportation group saw the largest decrease with 2.78%, contributing to the overall
CPI decrease by 0.27 percentage points This was due to the influence of the adjustments made to reduce domestic gasoline prices according to world fuel prices on December 1st, 2022, December 12nd, 2022 and December 21st, 2022, which led to a decrease in gasoline prices by 7.29% and diesel oil by 10.64% The post and telecommunications group decreased by 0.04%.
Nine groups of goods and services had increased price indexes The Housing and construction materials group increased by 0.66%, mainly due to a 4.08% increase in gas price from December 1st, 2022
Chart 6.Vietnam Consumer Price Index (CPI) from 2014 – 2022
Vietnam Producer Price Index (PPI) grew 2.8 % in Dec 2022, compared with a growth of 4.6 % in the previous quarter
The world commodity market in 2022 encountered numerous challenges and difficulties The production and consumption supply chains were disrupted by broken links Energy shortages led to inflation in many countries, which resulted in countries implementing tight monetary policies Furthermore, extreme weather conditions, natural disasters, and climate change complicated the situation and made it unpredictable On a domestic level, the economy recovered quickly, and there was an increase in demand for the production of goods for consumption and export The impact of raw material prices on the world market pushed up domestic producer prices of goods and services The producer price index, input producer price index used for production, and the merchandise export and import price index in the fourth quarter and 2022 all increased over the same period in 2021.
In general, the PPI for agricultural, forestry, and fishery products increased by 3.89% compared to 2021 Specifically:
The PPI for agricultural products and related services increased by 2.44%; forestry and related services increased by 3.98%; and exploited and farmed aquatic products increased by 8.43%.
The PPI for industrial products increased by 4.24% compared to 2021 Specifically, the PPI of mining and quarrying increased by 18.9%; manufacturing increased by 3.69%; production and distribution of electricity, gas, hot water, steam, and air conditioning increased by 5.54%; and water supply, sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities increased by 1.91%.
The PPI for services increased by 3.69% compared to 2021 Specifically, transport and storage services increased by 8.36%; accommodation and food service activities increased by 5.52%; information and communication decreased by 1.07%; education and training services increased by 3.3%; human health and social work activities increased by 0.69%; and arts, entertainment, and recreation increased by 0.57%
Price index of materials, fuels used for production
The cost index of materials and fuels used in production increased by 6.79% compared to the previous year This can be broken down as follows: the cost index of materials and fuels used in agriculture, forestry, and fishing increased by 9.88%; for manufacturing, it increased by 5.53%; for construction, it increased by 6.96%. The price index of goods exported increased by 7.09% compared to the previous year This can be broken down as follows: the price index for agricultural products and foodstuffs increased by 7.74%; the fuel group increased by 64.55%; other manufacturing products increased by 5.23%.
The price index of goods imported increased by 8.56% compared to 2021 This can be broken down as follows: the price index for agricultural products and foodstuffs increased by 9.74%; the fuel group increased by 35.51%; other manufacturing products increased by 7.41%.
Overall, in 2022, the terms of trade for goods decreased by 1.36% compared to the previous year The decrease in terms of trade was due to the export price index having a lower growth rate than the import price index, which reflects that Vietnam is at a disadvantage when the price of imported goods is more favorable than the price of exported goods.
The General Statistics Office of Vietnam (GSO) reports that, as of October
2022, 51.9 million Vietnamese individuals of working age were recorded, of whom 50.5 million were employed Based on the aforementioned figures, Vietnam's unemployment rate in 2022 is expected to reach 2.3%, which is equivalent to the pre- COVID-19 rate and significantly lower than the 3.9% rate recorded in 2021.
In 2022, both employers and employees in the manufacturing sector faced a range of challenges and difficulties In early 2022, many factories had to address backlogs due to the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2021 Meanwhile, workers were hesitant to return to work in big cities.
Recommendations to mitigate the negative effects
Overview about energy crisis impact control in Vietnam
Upon the turn of the century, the world energy demand has been accelerating its growing speed while clouds are beginning to spread over the world oil production increase Reflecting the development, the world oil price has soared more than triple in the past seven years The increasing energy consumption has also brought forward the issue of global warming as a matter of world concern In Vietnam, where the per capita energy consumption is less than 1/10 of that of the developed countries, the energy demand is expected to grow fast along with its economic growth Vietnam will shift from a net energy exporting to a net energy importing country sooner or later as the foregoing trend continues, to be more directly exposed to the rough movement of the world energy market If we take a little bit longer look, we notice that Vietnam is facing various issues on energy that is essential for development of the country
Since commencement of Doi Moi (economic Reform) policy in 1986, the Vietnamese economy was put on the track of extraordinary high economic growth and the domestic energy consumption also recorded a rapid increase Despite the fact, Vietnam steadily developed its indigenous energy resources and realized energy self- sufficiency as a total balance Vietnam is over-dependent on imports It imports crude oil for its two refinery plants of Dung Quat and Nghi Sơn About 30 percent of finished petroleum products in Viet Nam are also imported Since 2015, Việt Nam has become a coal importer Meanwhile, imported coal prices have risen remarkably due to the impacts of the energy crisis In this case, Viet Nam is facing double impacts as the prices of both petroleum and coal increase
Regarding hydropower, there is a low possibility that a new plant will be built as Việt Nam is located downstream so it has to depend on neighbouring countries for the water source like China, Laos or Cambodia This also affects the water reserve and regulation capacity for hydropower plants as well as the irrigation needs of Việt
Nam At present, however, its energy demand, in particular the electricity demand is not satisfied and therefore it is highly possible that the domestic energy demand may increase faster than past On the other hand, the domestic energy production is anticipated to be approaching the plateau As a result, Vietnam would change from an energy exporting to an energy importing country This suggests that energy issues of Vietnam will change its nature from those confined within the country to those exposed to rough fluctuation of the international market
Economists say the ongoing energy crisis has an impact on Vietnam, as fuel price hikes increase input costs for power plants using imported fuel Vietnam is transforming its energy structure towards increasing the proportion of renewable energy sources, but must ensure affordable electricity bills and adequate high-quality electricity supply for socioeconomic development – a huge challenge Due to the influence of climate change, hydroelectricity projects may not have sufficient water to produce power
The economy will suffer and inflation will be almost unavoidable as energy is an important input to the economy Soaring energy prices have led some businesses to curb production With the declining production, revenues of businesses also decline and the number of jobs also goes down
VietNam’s shift in energy mix means that it targets a greater proportion of renewables in the overall energy mix It is also shifting from coal to gas sources including domestic and imported ones like LNG When the energy crisis occurs in
Europe and other parts of the world, Viet Nam faces a great competition in the supply and the crisis will have big impacts on energy investment plan and socio-economic development plans of the country
Under the circumstance, Vietnam currently being still low in its economic development with less than 1/10 of energy consumption of developed countries shall need a big amount of energy for its construction of the economy and its per capita energy consumption would steadily increase along with economic development The international trend is against the increase of energy consumption While the
UNFCCC stipulates common but differentiated responsibilities of the nations toward the global warming, it is a very important policy issue for Vietnam how to accept and digest such circumstance in the course of constructing the economy
6.2 Suggestions given to mitigate the negative effects of the crisis on Vietnam:
Recently, the government has implemented a number of policies aimed at changing the energy structure and reducing reliance on imported sources The most visible example is Vietnam's strong encouragement of the development of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power However, in recent years, wind and solar power have developed too quickly and strongly, causing the power transmission system to fall behind As a result, finding a solution to gradually reduce reliance on imported energy sources while increasing active domestic energy sources is a significant challenge Therefore, instead of relying solely on imported technologies and foreign operating know-how, Vietnam must focus on mastering science and technology
It is also important for imported fuel sources to take the initiative in purchasing short-term and medium-term fuels; investment in storage infrastructure Power planning VIII is expected to reduce the capacity of coal power sources while increasing the use of LNG power sources; as a result, ensuring long-term fuel supply contracts at reasonable prices is essential
Renewable energy power source development should be continued with a feasible roadmap that is consistent with the investment cost of renewable energy technology and the selling price of electricity Simultaneously, solutions to save and use energy efficiently must be promoted Furthermore, the task of developing import infrastructure for electricity and primary energy forms should be encouraged These factors must be implemented in tandem to ensure that Vietnam's energy transition proceeds smoothly and without incident For Vietnam, the short-term supply guarantee has not been affected thanks to long-term import contracts Therefore, ensuring fuel for domestic coal and gas power plants during this time requires unified management among domestic energy corporations to ensure the supply of coal and gas fuel sources
Under the pressure of increasing prices of input materials, Vietnam needs to save, control, calculate, and handle the problems related to costs to keep electricity prices stable The current energy crisis has not ended Energy sources continue to be volatile and demanding for production is increasing Green energy is one of the selected solutions to support countries and Vietnam in specific In recent years, renewable energy projects in Vietnam have attracted a lot of FDI and private investment In 2021, Vietnam attracted 5.7 billion USD, accounting for 18.3 percent of total registered investment capital, helping the electricity production and distribution industry to rank second among FDI industries in our country According to the World Bank's country report on climate and development for Vietnam, in order to implement the climate-resilient green growth and zero-emissions green growth roadmap, it is expected that Vietnam will need to invest approximately 6.8 percent of GDP, or $168 billion between now and 2040
The plan for developing and mobilizing these power sources should use synchronous solutions To begin, ensure project progress by actively removing difficulties and obstacles in construction, investing, and operating of power source and grid works Second, rapidly complete transmission lines and substations to free up capacity in existing projects, particularly renewable energy projects Third, develop traditional power sources rationally in a reasonable proportion to ensure electricity supply Fourth, create flexible power sources capable of quickly responding to changes in renewable energy generation capacity and electricity load changes Fifth, strongly implement Demand-side management (DSM) and Demand responses (DR) programs to manage and reduce electricity demand Sixth, accelerate the negotiation, signing, and implementation of electricity import agreements Seventh, reduce environmental protection tax, preferential import tax, increase national reserves, and closely monitor the supply security of key petroleum enterprises
Validity and reliability
All types of study, including qualitative research, must take validity and reliability into account It is essential to verify that the study is both valid and reliable in the case of a qualitative research study on the effects of the 2022 energy crisis on Vietnam and suggestions to mitigate negative repercussions
The accuracy and applicability of the research findings are referred to as validity In the case of this study, it's important to guarantee that the research questions are constructed in a way that would deliver precise and pertinent data about the effects of the energy crisis on Vietnam The validity of the results can be confirmed by the researchers using a variety of procedures, including triangulation, member verification, and peer review
On the other side, reliability refers to the consistency of the research findings
A methodical approach to data collecting and analysis, ensuring that the study is conducted consistently among all participants, and maintaining a thorough record of the research process are all ways to assure reliability in qualitative research.
Potential limitations
When attempting to comprehend how Vietnam will be affected by the energy problem in 2022, qualitative research is a useful technique It does have some restrictions, though Firstly, results may be skewed since the sample size may not be representative of the total population The lack of information and data is also a limitation to the subject as this is a new topic and there are no newspapers or reports that have adequately examined how the global energy crisis has affected Vietnam Secondly, the outcomes are arbitrary and might not be transferable to other situations Thirdly, the process of gathering data may lack impartiality because it heavily depends on the researcher's interpretation Furthermore, conducting research can be costly and time-consuming
To mitigate these constraints, many suggestions can be given Initially, the sample size should be carefully selected to guarantee representativeness Researchers should take a wide sample of participants with diverse locations and backgrounds into consideration Moreover, by utilizing many data sources, such as interviews and observation, triangulation can be used to improve the validity and reliability of the results Researchers can also adopt a participatory action research approach where stakeholders are engaged with the study process This strategy guarantees the incorporation of local expertise and the development of sustainable solutions Lastly, technology may be used by researchers to gather and evaluate data more effectively and efficiently
In conclusion, qualitative research has its limitations when attempting to understand how Vietnam will be affected by the energy crisis in 2022 Yet, by following the aforementioned suggestions, researchers can enhance the caliber of their work and offer insightful information to stakeholders and policymakers on how to lessen the harmful effects of the energy crisis.