Nguyễn Thúy QuỳnhFaculty: International EconomicsKeyword: child mortality, female literacy rate, GDP per capita, total fertility rate, EuropeanOur essay titled: “Factors affecting child
FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS -*** ECONOMETRICS MID-TERM PAPER Major: International Economics Topic: Factors affecting child mortality in European countries from 2009 to 2018 Group: Class: KTEE218.1 Supervisor: Ms Nguyen Thuy Quynh Hanoi, December 2022 INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT No Name Student ID Contribution Vũ Hữu Bình 2112450017 20% Nguyễn Hoàng Dương 2112450023 20% Nguyễn Anh Đức 2112450025 20% + 1% Phạm An Hiếu 2112450033 20% + 1% Đặng Nhật Minh 2112450056 20% TABLE OF CONTENTS INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION .10 SECTION OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC .11 1.2 Variables Definition and Economic Theories related 11 1.3 Variable Relationship .13 1.4 Related published researches 13 1.5 Hypothesis .15 SECTION MODEL SPECIFICATION AND DATA METHODOLOGY 16 2.1 Methodology 16 2.2 Theoretical model specification .16 2.3 Data description .19 SECTION ESTIMATED MODEL AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE 22 3.1 Estimated model .22 3.2 Hypothesis testing 23 3.3 Recommendation 25 CONCLUSION 26 REFERENCES 27 APPENDIX 29 LIST OF TABLES Table Sample data statistics .19 Table Correlation matrix 20 Table STATA results 21 DECLARATION The research “Factors affecting child mortality in European countries from 2009 to 2018” was carried out by Group - class KTEE218.1, consisting of members Vu Huu Binh, Pham An Hieu, Dang Nhat Minh, Nguyen Anh Duc and Nguyen Hoang Duong We hereby declare that we have collected data and conducted the research ourselves This research has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other processional qualification and all used references are cited in the References of this Research Hanoi, 12/7/2022 Document continues below Discover more from: Econometrics Trường Đại học Ngoạ… 418 documents Go to course 74 Apparel and Footwear in Vietnam(Full Market… Econometrics 13 ON TAP KINH TE Luong revision Econometrics 46 97% (29) 100% (12) Kinh tế lượng - AAA Class Econometrics 100% (6) Ethics - SDaa 31 17 Econometrics 100% (5) A collection of past exams Econometrics 100% (5) Tut 9.1 trm Econometrics 100% (4) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our group would love to send the dearest thank to M.S Nguyen Thuy Quynh for your extraordinary assistance to this research All the knowledge during the course of Econometrics is our inspiration to conduct this research and we could not proceed without your valuable feedback and contribution For us, it is our precious honor and pleasure to have a lecturer like you We have made all efforts to complete this research, using all the methods and theories we gained from the course There may be shortcomings in our research but we are glad to receive any comments or suggestions from you so we can improve on our work for the next time Once again, we want to express our deepest gratitude and we hope to have more chances to learn from you and receive your invaluable advices in the nearest future Sincerely, Group SUMMARY Topic: Factors affecting child mortality in European countries from 2009 to 2018 Students – ID: Vũ Hữu Bình – 2112450017 Nguyễn Hồng Dương – 2112450023 Nguyễn Anh Đức – 2112450025 Phạm An Hiếu – 2112450033 Đặng Nhật Minh – 2112450056 Class: KTEE218.1 Instructor: M.S Nguyễn Thúy Quỳnh Faculty: International Economics Keyword: child mortality, female literacy rate, GDP per capita, total fertility rate, European Our essay titled: “Factors affecting child mortality rate in European countries from 2009 to 2018.” investigates the child mortality rate in 47 European countries during this period by using econometrics method We aim to measure the change in child mortality rate caused by factors: Female literacy rate, GDP per capita and fertility rate Data is collected from credible sources such as: World Bank and countryeconomy and then analyzed using STATA 16 Using regression analysis and the OLS method, we were able to find out that female literacy rate and GDP per capita have adverse relationships with child mortality rate while high fertility rate will increase child mortality The results are aligned with theoretical predictions and findings of previous research Our findings suggest that governments should create policies that directly impact the aforementioned factors in favorable directions in order to minimize child mortality rate 1.1.1.1 ABSTRACT Child mortality is an indicator of health as well as overall national development In this research, we aim to explore the impacts of female literacy, GDP per capita, and total fertility rate on the number of child deaths in Europe and Central Asia Literacy not only shows parents’ knowledge about childcare, but also allows them to have meaningful employment to provide for the young Total fertility rate indicates the healthcare level, as well as the responsibility level of the parents in using contraceptive and family planning The GDP per capita of a region reveals the economic growth and average income per capita in the area Through econometrics methods using the regression model, the research results reveal that child mortality has an inverse relationship with female literacy level and GDP per capita The study also finds a positive correlation between child mortality and total fertility rate divided by mid-year population We calculate it in USD According to the expenditure approach, GDP is calculated using this formula: GDP = C + G + I + NX C = all private consumption/consumer spending within a country’s economy, including, durable goods (items with a lifespan greater than three years), non-durable goods (food & clothing), and services G = total government expenditures, including salaries of government employees, road construction/repair, public schools, and military expenditure I = the sum of a country’s investments spent on capital equipment, inventories, and housing NX = Net country export – Net country import In this research, we analyze GDP per capita using real GDP to adjust for inflation and better reflect the economic development of the countries in the study - Fertility rate Fertility rate is the total number of children that would be born by a woman if she lived to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates It is measured in children per woman and indicate population growth, calculated by the following formula: TFR = Where TFR is total fertility rate per woman in a specific year and ASFR is agespecific fertility rate per 1000 women in a 5-year increment age group - Literacy rate Literacy rate is the percentage of the population of specific age groups that can read and write Measured by simple numeracy and reading/writing ability tests We calculate it as a percentage-based variable, with the following formula: 17 - Child mortality Child mortality is the mortality of children under the age of 5, it is calculated in the unit of people, with the following formula: Per 1000 per day Based on previous research and findings, child mortality depends on factors: Female literacy rate, GDP per capita and fertility rate Thus, we derived the following regression model: Mortality = + GDP + Fertility + Literacy + Therein: - Mortality : Child mortality (Children) - GDP : GDP per capita (USD) - Fertility : Fertility rate (Children) - Literacy : Female literacy rate (%) - 1, 2, 3: Partial regression coefficients - 0: Intercept terms Dependent variable: Child mortality Independent variables: GDP per capita, Fertility rate, Female literacy rate While GDP is not generally considered to be the mean, not the end of human development, a high GDP per capita indicates a higher standard of living for the citizens of a country, high GDP allows for each citizen to spend more on education and healthcare, lowering the risk of child mortality Furthermore, it will provide the government with 18 resources needed to improve its people’s quality of life Thus, there is an evident negative relationship between GDP per capita and child mortality It is generally agreed by health experts that high fertility rate pose a large threat to mothers and newborns’ health as there is a higher chance of complications among women who give birth too regularly or have too many children Having a lot of infants to take care of also worsen the financial conditions of households, especially poor households with limited access to healthcare and education Therefore, high fertility rate is positively related to child mortality A high female literacy rate means newborns are taken care of by mothers with adequate knowledge concerning the development of children and understanding how to deal with infants’ health problems, not to mention its effects on other factors that also impact child mortality It can be inferred that there is a negative relationship between this variable and child mortality To clarify the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable requiring calculation and hypothesis testing using econometrics method 2.3 Data description There are two main sources that we use to collect and analyze our dataset The Development Data Group of the World Bank organization, guided by professional standards in the collection, compilation and dissemination of data, provides us with quality and reliable sources of information Therefore, we chose to collect data on the World Bank official DataBank website in terms of child mortality, GDP and fertility rate across 47 European countries from 2009-2018 Another source of information for our research is countryeconomy.com – a website that provided us with information on female literacy rate from those European countries Europe is shared by 50 countries, in which we chose to collect 47 countries for our research Therefore, our sample data can represent the whole population of Europe 19