Nhận thức về bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học của cộng đồng địa phương là vấn đề có ảnh hưởng to lớn đến hiệu quả của công tác bảo tồn không chỉ ở Việt Nam mà còn ở phạm vi Thế giới. Đây cũng là vấn đề cấp thiết đối với Vườn quốc gia Cát Tiên, một trong những khu vực có giá trị đa dạng sinh học cao nhất cả nước. Đồ án được thực hiện dựa trên phương pháp khảo sát thực tế với mục đích đánh giá hiện trạng nhận thức của 100 người dân tại 3 xã vùng đệm Vườn quốc gia và xác định các tác động xã hội có ảnh hưởng đến đa dạng sinh học tại địa phương. Công tác điều tra khảo sát thực tế dựa trên các phương pháp đánh giá nhanh có sự tham gia (PRA) với hình thức phiếu phỏng vấn và phỏng vấn bán định hướng. Số liệu được tiến hành xử lý và phân tích định lượng bởi Excel 2010 và SPSS 22.0. Các kết quả được tổng hợp và đánh giá qua phương pháp SWOT, tạo tính xác thực cao cho đề tài và dễ dàng đánh giá được thực trạng cũng như rút ra nhận xét chung. Kết quả khảo sát tại 3 xã vùng đệm quan trọng của Vườn quốc gia là Nam Cát Tiên, Đak Lua và Phước Cát 2 cho thấy nhận thức bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học của người dân vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế. Đây là một trong những nguyên nhân gây nên các tác động hiện hữu có ảnh hưởng đến đa dạng sinh học của Vườn quốc gia như hoạt động trồng trọt có sử dụng phân bón hóa học, thuốc bảo vệ thực vật (chiếm 37,8%) và các hoạt động chặt phá rừng trái phép, thu hái lâm sản của một số người dân địa phương (chiếm 21,3%). Tuy nhiên, đáng chú ý là có đến 22% người dân cho rằng các tác động xã hội tại địa phương không có ảnh hưởng gì đến Vườn quốc gia. Điều này cho thấy có những lỗ hổng trong nhận thức của một bộ phận người dân về giá trị đa dạng sinh học và tác động xã hội lên đa dạng sinh học. Do đó, việc tổ chức đào tạo, tập huấn nâng cao nhận thức cho cộng đồng cư dân vùng đệm Vườn quốc gia Cát Tiên là việc làm cần thiết và cần được nhanh chóng triển khai.
Urgency of the study
Biodiversity serves as a vital resource and a key element in environmental regulation, essential for socio-economic growth and human development The World Bank's Environment and Development Commission highlights that conserving biodiversity is fundamental for sustainable development and is a responsibility that every nation and the global community must undertake.
Vietnam, located in a wet tropical monsoon climate, is rich in biodiversity; however, this variety has significantly diminished due to various factors The loss of biodiversity poses serious threats to the growth of multiple economic sectors and jeopardizes sustainable socio-economic development in the country Consequently, biodiversity conservation has become a critical issue for Vietnam as it modernizes Special emphasis must be placed on protecting forest resources, including protective forests, special-use forests, and national parks.
Cat Tien National Park (NP), established on January 13, 1992, by Decision No 01/CT from the Prime Minister, is situated within the Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve Recognized by UNESCO on November 11, 2001, it is the 411th biosphere reserve globally and the second in Vietnam.
Cat Tien National Park (NP) is a prime example of a humid tropical forest ecosystem, showcasing Vietnam's rich biodiversity and housing significant historical and cultural relics However, the park's buffer zone is predominantly inhabited by ethnic minority communities and a newly developed economic zone from the 1980s and 1990s, where low education levels and limited awareness of biodiversity conservation have led to serious threats These include encroachment on forest resources, illegal wildlife exploitation, and hunting, putting the area's natural resources at risk of degradation and jeopardizing future biodiversity Cat Tien NP offers both direct and indirect value; its direct use includes essential daily products like firewood, medicinal herbs, and materials, while its production value supports industry and agriculture through the provision of raw materials and improved livestock and plant varieties Indirectly, the park benefits the community through climate regulation, soil and water protection, ecotourism, scientific research, and preserving resources for future generations.
Vietnam's biodiversity, particularly in Cat Tien National Park (NP), faces significant degradation due to population growth and over-exploitation of resources Approximately 75% of households in the buffer zone rely on non-timber forest products for their livelihoods, with around 20% earning income from these resources, surpassing district averages where only 30% engage in such activities Local communities extensively harvest plants, animal foods, fibers, and medicines from the forest Additionally, illegal sand mining on the Dong Nai River has led to the erosion of over 27,000 m² of forest land This indiscriminate exploitation hampers the restoration of forest resources, preventing regeneration and causing widespread ecological damage In response, the global and national focus on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development has intensified, leading to the implementation of various solutions in national parks and nature reserves aimed at promoting economic growth while preserving biodiversity and addressing local community challenges.
Raising awareness and conserving biodiversity in Cat Tien National Park is crucial, requiring collaboration between the government and local communities Effective biodiversity conservation can only be achieved when the community understands its significance and importance To address this issue, I have undertaken a study titled "Assessing Local People's Awareness of Biodiversity Conservation in the Buffer Zone of Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai Province," aiming to provide an objective perspective on this vital conservation effort.
Objectives of study
This article evaluates the awareness of local communities regarding biodiversity conservation in the buffer zone of Cat Tien National Park, located in Dong Nai province It aims to propose effective solutions and programs to enhance the understanding of biodiversity conservation among residents, fostering greater community engagement in preserving the region's natural resources.
Research objects and scope of the study
Research object: local people in buffer zone communes of Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai province
Research scope: buffer zone of Cat Tien National Park
- Nam Cat Tien commune, Dak Lua commune (Tan Phu district, Dong Nai province)
- Phuoc Cat 2 commune (Cat Tien district, Lam Dong province)
Methods of implementation
- Quantitative processing and analysis methods using Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0
Details will be presented in chapter 2 of the report
The scientific and practical significance of the topic
The findings from the investigation into the conservation awareness of local communities in the buffer zone are crucial for enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts in Cat Tien National Park This data will not only improve current conservation strategies but also serve as a foundation for more comprehensive future research on this vital issue.
Recognizing and assessing the current awareness of biodiversity conservation among local communities highlights existing limitations in understanding This evaluation is crucial for developing more effective and practical solutions to enhance awareness of biodiversity conservation in the communes surrounding the national park's buffer zone.
OVERVIEW
Overview of the study problem
1.1.1 The concept of biodiversity conservation awareness
Biodiversity conservation awareness involves gaining knowledge about conservation through experiences and senses, which is then applied to practical efforts aimed at preserving ecosystems This process emphasizes the positive, dynamic, and creative role of humans in promoting conservation initiatives.
Awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation is growing within communities; however, translating this awareness into effective action remains a significant challenge In Vietnam, biodiversity resources are increasingly threatened, with ecosystems deteriorating and genetic diversity declining This depletion is largely driven by population growth and the unsustainable exploitation of biological resources Furthermore, existing legal regulations and management practices for biodiversity conservation are inadequate, and public awareness of the urgent need for conservation efforts is lacking To address these issues, various programs and projects aimed at enhancing public understanding of biodiversity conservation have been initiated.
1.1.2 The relationship between community awareness and biodiversity conservation
The sustainable management of natural resources has historically depended on the indigenous knowledge of local communities, which has been developed over generations through resource utilization Integrating this traditional wisdom with scientific research is crucial for creating effective community-based natural resource management solutions.
Research by Berkmuller in 1992 suggested that raising awareness of local communities is very important when mining activities have had a strong impact on
NR In order to successfully implement long-term solutions to environmental problems, environmental values need to be included in the education curriculum for
The proposed solution for the residents of NR involves empowering local communities by granting land rights, promoting tree planting, and enhancing agricultural management It is essential for the government to clearly define these land rights to ensure sustainable practices This approach aims to create more job opportunities, boost local incomes, and mitigate the negative impact on forest resources.
Established in 1872, Yellowstone National Park became the first national park in the United States and the world, situated on lands historically inhabited by the Crow and Shoshone peoples The establishment of the park involved the forced removal of these communities, a practice that later influenced the creation of protected areas globally This management approach restricts local access to natural resources, leading to ongoing conflicts between local populations and national parks.
Conservationists are adopting a new approach that balances conservation needs with economic benefits by promoting independent self-sufficiency activities linked to biodiversity This strategy emphasizes the vital connection between local communities and their surrounding ecosystems, enabling residents to gain from biodiversity while minimizing external threats Effective resource management should integrate conservation efforts with production activities to enhance the quality of life and align local interests with national goals in forest resource conservation and development Furthermore, this approach highlights the crucial role of local populations in preserving biodiversity (Nick Salafky, 2000).
Many Asian countries recognize that involving local communities in biodiversity conservation is crucial for success Government attempts to exclude residents from protected areas have proven ineffective for both resource management and local economies Relocating individuals from their ancestral lands poses significant challenges, as they possess valuable indigenous knowledge about resource utilization, making adaptation to new environments and customs difficult (Le Si Trung, 2005).
The relationship between biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development has sparked significant debate in recent years, particularly highlighted during the International United Nations Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro Governments aimed to enhance livelihoods while preserving the productivity of land and natural resources However, the management of protected areas and national parks faces challenges from local communities, many of whom live near or within these regions, exerting pressure on natural resources These communities often engage in practices such as moving homes, cultivating land, hunting, and harvesting forest products, which undermines conservation efforts Moreover, the perception among these mostly poor and low-educated populations is that protected areas offer no benefits, only restrictions on their traditional resource exploitation This situation has not been offset by alternative income-generating opportunities, leading to conflicts between conservation efforts and the livelihoods of local people who rely on forest resources.
Since the 1960s, Vietnam has issued numerous legal and policy documents aimed at forest conservation, yet biodiversity protection has often taken a backseat to poverty alleviation and socio-economic development Starting in the 1980s, the government began to emphasize sustainable development and the rational use of natural resources, leading to the introduction of various legal frameworks for protected areas and the implementation of significant projects These initiatives have helped raise awareness and disseminate knowledge about biodiversity conservation among the population However, challenges remain as many communities in remote areas still have limited understanding of conservation efforts, complicating effective communication and engagement.
WWF (2002), Proposed management strategy for the protected area system in Vietnam 2003 – 2010)
A report titled "Study on the Impact of Local Communities in the Buffer Zone on Forest Resources in Ba Vi National Park, Ha Tay Province" highlights that the limited agricultural land results in low rice yields, which significantly affects the local economy reliant on agriculture To enhance their financial situation, locals have turned to cattle farming and the utilization of forest products, making forest resource use a major income source for the community Consequently, it is crucial for local authorities to encourage sustainable practices that minimize forest impact while improving residents' quality of life Initiatives such as promoting high-yield, locally adapted rice varieties, implementing agroforestry, and managing forest resources sustainably are essential to alleviate pressure on forest ecosystems (Nguyen Thi Phuong, 2003).
Building a knowledge community that understands the rights and responsibilities for forest protection is challenging According to Le Qui An (2000), community-based management of buffer zones aims to enhance community benefits while minimizing local negative impacts on conservation efforts Established customs and practices within the community can aid in promoting effective conservation communication To foster a sustainable lifestyle focused on environmental protection, it is essential to recognize the intrinsic connection between people and nature, allowing for the sustainable use of resources and the development of economically viable plant and livestock varieties Communities play a crucial role in the conservation process as they directly benefit from forest resources Therefore, management strategies should align with local customs and practices to effectively engage the community.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) outlines essential provisions for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, urging stakeholders to incorporate biodiversity considerations into various sectoral plans and programs Prioritizing the identification of key components for preservation is crucial, as it provides a scientific foundation for informed decision-making The CBD emphasizes in-situ conservation, which includes managing and restoring ecosystems within protected areas, safeguarding species habitats, and protecting endangered populations Complementary to this, ex-situ conservation plays a vital role Article 10 mandates participants to sustainably manage biological resources and implement measures for their preservation Additionally, the convention highlights the importance of recognizing the rights and roles of local communities in biodiversity conservation and emphasizes the need to respect and share traditional knowledge.
1.1.3 Solutions to raise community awareness on biodiversity conservation
In recent years, solutions and programs have been implemented to raise public awareness of biodiversity conservation Some typical programs are:
The International Congress of Conservation of Nature 2021 (IUCN 2021), held in France, aimed to address biodiversity threats and initiate conservation actions The event featured open forums to engage the public in environmental issues, leading to the exchange of recommendations for the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, taking place in China from October 12 This conference is set to approve a global plan for the protection and restoration of essential ecosystems, with a vision extending to 2050 The outcomes are viewed positively, potentially driving the development of a comprehensive biodiversity conservation plan for 2021-2030.
World Environment Day, celebrated on June 5, is a global initiative established by the United Nations Environment Program to enhance community awareness regarding environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and climate change response.
In 2021, the United Nations initiated the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, focusing on the theme of "Ecosystem Restoration." This global effort aims to prevent and reverse ecosystem degradation across all continents and oceans, while also addressing poverty alleviation, combating climate change, and preventing mass extinctions.
Overview of the study area
1.2.1 Basis for selection of study area
Cat Tien National Park, a key component of the Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, spans an area of 71,187.9 hectares The biosphere reserve comprises a core zone of 212,700 hectares, a buffer zone of 306,350 hectares, and a transition zone of 450,710 hectares Additionally, the Dong Nai Cultural Nature Reserve covers 140,790 hectares, highlighting the region's rich biodiversity and ecological significance.
The buffer zone is home to various ethnic groups, including the indigenous S'Tieng and Chau Ma people, who have resided in the area for centuries This region features diverse communities such as Nam Cat Tien, Dak Lua, and Phuoc Cat 2, encompassing nine ethnic groups: Kinh, Muong, Sa Tieng, Chau Ma, Ede, Kho, Cham, Thai, and Cao Lan, many of whom have deep historical roots in the area Additionally, some groups have migrated from northern provinces of Vietnam, including the Tay, Nung, and Dao These buffer zone communes are located adjacent to the national park, significantly impacting the conservation of its resources.
Figure 1.2 : Administrative map of Tan Phu district, Dong Nai province
(Source: https://diaocthongthai.com/ban-do-huyen-tan-phu-dong-nai/)
Figure 1.3: Administrative map of Cat Tien district, Lam Dong province (Source: https://diaocthongthai.com/ban-do-huyen-cat-tien-lam-dong/)
Nam Cat Tien commune allocates 1.3 hectares of farming land to each household, including 0.55 hectares designated for forestry The local population relies heavily on the National Park for their livelihoods, with most households involved in trading and paid jobs However, agriculture remains a cornerstone of the local economy, and forest products serve as a vital source of income for the community.
Dak Lua commune, situated within the expansive forest area of the national park, spans 41,226 hectares, making it the largest buffer zone commune The Chau Ma people typically select land adjacent to the forest for agriculture, initially cultivating rice in new fields before transitioning to other crops such as cassava, cashew, coffee, corn, and squash The primary economic activities of the S'Tieng people revolve around farming and self-sufficient animal husbandry, supplemented by side incomes from fishing and gathering non-timber forest products like bamboo shoots and agarwood.
Phuoc Cat 2 commune boasts a rich and diverse forest ecosystem, primarily consisting of the special-use forests of Cat Tien National Park, which spans 12,529 hectares and represents 84.45% of the commune's natural area The predominant vegetation includes towering mixed forests, while the commune manages 175.5 hectares of production forest land, largely cleared for cashew cultivation Local residents frequently engage in forest encroachment and land conversion for agriculture, while also providing essential services such as material supply and affordable goods through community lending and trading practices.
(Source:https://lamdong.gov.vn/sites/cattien/ubnd-huyen/xa-thitran/SitePages/xa- phuoc-cat-2.aspx)
1.2.2 Natural features of Cat Tien National Park
Cat Tien National Park is a significant nature reserve situated across several districts, including Vinh Cuu, Tan Phu, and Dinh Quan in Dong Nai province, as well as Cat Tien, Bao Lam, Da Teh in Lam Dong province, and Bu Dang in Binh Phuoc province This park is a vital ecological area in the Southeast region and Central Highlands of Vietnam, offering a rich biodiversity and a unique natural landscape.
Vietnam Cat Tien National Park is located in the area from 11°17′17" to 11°50′20" North latitude, and from 107°09′05" to 107°35′20" East longitude
Cat Loc area, located in Lam Dong province, shares its northern and western borders with Dak Nong province, delineated by the Dong Nai River To the south, it adjoins the Cat Tien district of Lam Dong province, while its eastern boundaries meet the Da Teh and Bao Lam districts within the same province.
- South Cat Tien and West Cat Tien areas (Dong Nai province and Binh Phuoc province): To the north, it borders Cat Tien district, Lam Dong province and
Bu Dang district, located in Binh Phuoc province, shares its southern boundary with La Nga Forestry One Member Limited Liability Company in Dinh Quan district, Dong Nai province To the east, it is bordered by Tan Phu district, with the Dong Nai River marking the border On the west, Bu Dang district is adjacent to the Dong Nai Nature-Culture Reserve in Dong Nai province.
Figure 1.4: Current map of Cat Tien NP
(Source: Sub-Institute of Investigation, Southern Forest Planning 2021)
Cat Tien National Park features a semi-mountainous landscape, serving as a transitional zone between the plateau and the midland With an average elevation ranging from 150 to 300 meters above sea level, the park's highest point reaches 500 meters, gradually declining from the Northeast to the Southwest The area is characterized by five primary types of terrain.
- High mountainous terrain, steep slopes;
- Average topography with little slope;
- Terrain terraces and hills adjacent to lagoons and lakes;
- The topography of the stream bed is interspersed with the lake and lagoon;
From the geology with three main tectonics: sedimentary, basalt and sandstone have developed into 3 main soil types of Cat Tien NP as follows:
- Feralit soil developed on basalt (Fk): accounting for about 60%
- Feralite soil developed on sandstone (Fq): about 20%
- Feralite soil developed on ancient alluvium (faded gray soil on ancient alluvium) (Fo): also accounts for 20% of the area
Cat Tien National Park is situated in a sub-equatorial monsoon tropical climate, characterized by consistently high temperatures, minimal wind, and a lack of cold winters The park experiences hot and humid conditions with abundant rainfall, divided into two distinct seasons: the rainy season from May to October and the dry season from November to April.
The hydrological regime of Cat Tien National Park is characterized by a network of rivers, streams, and baus, with the Dong Nai River flowing approximately 82 km through the park, forming a natural boundary that encompasses one-third of its circumference to the north, west, and east The Dak Lua stream, the largest stream originating from the mountains on the southern border of Binh Phuoc province, serves as a vital link between the Dong Nai River and the park's wetlands This connection creates an open wetland ecosystem, allowing significant amounts of silt and aquatic organisms to nourish the baus, which are interconnected with the Dak Lua stream and the northern bau system, including Bau C4, Bau Thai, Bau Ngang, and parts of the lowland area along the Dak Lua Stream.
1.2.2.2 Biodiversity characteristics of the Cat Tien National Park
The results of the review and update have determined that up to now, Cat Tien
NP has recorded 1,729 animal species belonging to 238 families, 51 orders, of which
571 species of terrestrial vertebrates belong to 121 families, 33 sets Details are listed below:
Table 1.1 Statistics of fauna in Cat Tien NP
(Source: VNFOREST (2021), Plan for management, conservation and sustainable development of Cat Tien NP, period 2021-2030)
Figure 1.5: Diversity of animals in Cat Tien NP (Source: https://vnexpress.net/thien-nhien-hoang-da-o-cat-tien-4331371.html)
Cat Tien NP is characterized by tropical moist evergreen broad-leaved forests with a composition of woody species, mainly belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae and
Fabaceae families, representing the forest types vegetation, composition of plant species in the Southeast region
Cat Tien National Park is home to a diverse array of flora, featuring a total of 1,610 plant species across 724 genera, 162 families and subfamilies, and 75 higher vascular plant orders The park's dominant species include members of the Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, and Lythraceae families Notably, several rare tree species listed in the Red List can be found here, such as Sindora siamensis, Afzelia xylocarpa, D cochinchinensis, Dalbergia bariensis, Dalbergia mammosa, and Pterocarpus macrocarpus.
The flora of Cat Tien NP is divided into five main forest types
- Semi-deciduous evergreen broadleaf forest
- Mixed timber and bamboo forest
Cat Tien National Park is home to 28 endangered, precious, and rare species, representing 1.69% of its total flora Among these, three species are classified as critically endangered (CR) and 18 as endangered (EN) Notable species include Afzelia xylocarpa, Dalbergia oliveri, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Sindora siamensis, Decussocarpus fleuryi, and Diospyros maritiama.
(2021), Plan for management, conservation and sustainable development of Cat Tien
1.2.2.3 Biodiversity conservation in Cat Tien NP in recent years
• Organization for the management and conservation of biodiversity
Cat Tien National Park (NP) is overseen by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (BNNPTNN) through VNFOREST, with the Cat Tien NP Management Board responsible for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation VNFOREST collaborates closely with local authorities across three provinces and key national agencies, including the Forest Protection Department, CITES Management Authority, and the National Biodiversity Conservation Area (BTNMT) All forest management, protection, and development plans for the NP must receive approval from VNFOREST.
Figure 1.6: Management structure of Cat Tien NP
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND SERVICES
CENTER FOR RESCUE, CONSERVATION AND CREATURE DEVELOPMENT
Mobile ranger station 20 local ranger stations and 3 guard posts
(Source: VNFOREST (2021), Plan for management, conservation and sustainable development of Cat Tien NP, period 2021-2030)
Successful conservation efforts require collaboration among forest rangers, local authorities, international organizations, and active community involvement The National Park Management Board partners with local residents and various organizations to enforce laws and safeguard the park against illegal activities, ensuring effective protection and conservation.
Figure 1.7: Arresting illegal Dalbergia oliveri mining group in Cat Tien NP
(Source: https://ccd.org.vn/hoat-dong/phat-tu-nhom-khai-thac-cam-lai-trai-phep- tai-vuon-quoc-gia-cat-tien/
• Planning for tourism development and tourism services
RESEARCH METHOD
Retrospective method
- An overview report and inheritance of previous research materials and results to serve the topic
- Results of research works related to natural conditions and biodiversity in Cat Tien National Park
- Plan for management, conservation and sustainable development of Cat Tien National Park, period 2021-2030
- Summary report on socio-economic development of Nam Cat Tien, Dak Lua and Phuoc Cat 2 communes over the years
- System of legal documents on forest management and protection
Actual survey method
A field survey in Cat Tien National Park and surrounding buffer zone communes aims to enhance the data system for improved accuracy in scientific conclusions This traditional fieldwork method effectively addresses conflicts and inconsistencies in the collected data Based on the established research objectives and tasks, specific field routes have been identified for the survey.
- Identifying study routes and sites: Cat Tien National Park and three buffer zone communes (Nam Cat Tien, Dak Lua, Phuoc Cat 2)
- Survey by route, field point:
First day of April 10, 2022: present at Cat Tien NP, guided to visit the NP, collect images of biodiversity values to serve as documents for chapter 1
First time, April 11, 2022: conducting interviews with local people in Nam Cat Tien commune
Second time, April 12, 2022: conducting interviews with local people in Dak Lua commune
Third time, April 13, 2022: move to Cat Tien district, Lam Dong province Conduct interviews with local people in Phuoc Cat 2 commune
During the fieldwork at the research area, collect, take photos and record necessary data and issues as a basis for scientific conclusions.
Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA)
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a community-based learning approach that utilizes effective tools to foster active participation and gather reliable information from the community This study employs key methods and tools associated with PRA to enhance the accuracy and trustworthiness of the data collected.
A questionnaire survey was conducted involving 90 individuals residing in the buffer zone of the national park, aiming to gather a concise profile of their personal information The interview questions were thoughtfully designed to resonate with the local population and were systematically organized by topic, incorporating both open and closed question formats.
The selection of survey questions is grounded in the understanding that local livelihoods, primarily dependent on agriculture and forestry, significantly influence biodiversity within the national park (NP) Building on previous research, the aim is to assess the current awareness levels among the local population regarding labor structure, occupations, and income Local training courses play a vital role in engaging the community, making it crucial to evaluate participation and individual responsibilities in conservation efforts This approach enables the identification of existing challenges within the locality and the formulation of practical, effective solutions for biodiversity conservation (Vo Van Cuong, 2012).
The interview form is divided into three specific sections as follows:
- General information about assessment participants
- Understanding the value of biodiversity and social impacts
- Information about the training courses attended
The interview form is attached in Appendix II
A semi-structured interview is a valuable method for gathering information from stakeholders, allowing for the cross-checking of results obtained through questionnaires This interview style is characterized by a guided dialogue, featuring a limited number of predefined questions while utilizing a checklist of key inquiries as a flexible framework As the interview progresses, additional questions may emerge, enabling the interviewer to adapt the conversation If certain predetermined questions become irrelevant during the discussion, they can be omitted, ensuring a more fluid and relevant exchange of information.
Statistical methods and data analysis
In the actual investigation process, the selection of the number of sample units to conduct the investigation is a matter that needs to be calculated in detail and scientifically
The sample is calculated by the Slovin’s formula (1984) n = 𝑁
N is the total population of three communes in the buffer zone, N = 15.459 people e is tolerance, e = 10%
Sample size using the Slovin’s formula (1984): n = 15459
Based on the calculation method, a survey sample size of 100 votes is required for the population of 15,459 people across three communes This includes 90 participants completing questionnaires and 10 individuals undergoing in-depth interviews.
SWOT is a data evaluation model based on the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to clarify objectives from which research problems are more effective and developed
Utilizing the SWOT analysis framework, this study examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to public awareness of biodiversity conservation among communities in the buffer zone of Cat Tien National Park The goal is to identify strategies that enhance strengths and mitigate weaknesses, while effectively leveraging opportunities and addressing challenges to improve conservation management outcomes.
2.4.3 Quantitative processing and analysis methods using Excel 2019 and SPSS
The data collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0, which is specifically designed for sociological research The statistical and analytical findings are presented through detailed analyses, models, tables, and charts.
Based on the information collected and analyzing the results, the following requirements must be met:
- Analyze the characteristics of the group of interviewees (for example: occupation, educational level, income, )
- Analyze the number of detailed answers of the interviewees, the graph is shown close to reality
- Analyze knowledge about biodiversity, compliance attitude and skills that need to be supplemented and enhanced through local biodiversity conservation programs and activities;
- Assess the strengths and weaknesses of each target group participating in the interview to serve the topic;
- Analyze data to be able to compare communes, clarify target groups;
- Analyze the needs and desires of the target groups;
- Propose a suitable program framework and activities to meet the requirements of the topic.
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Survey results
3.1.1 General information about surveyed households
A total of 90 individuals from three communes within the buffer zone were surveyed using a questionnaire The demographic breakdown revealed 47 males, comprising 52.2% of the respondents, and 43 females, making up 47.8%.
A recent survey of 90 individuals revealed that 48.9% had completed secondary school, significantly higher than the 10% who had only primary education Additionally, only five respondents attended university, while approximately one-third of the participants were studying at the high school level Remarkably, the illiteracy rate among the surveyed population was just 1.1% The findings on the education levels of the local community are illustrated in the accompanying graph.
Figure 3.1: Graph shows the education level of the local people
The majority of respondents in the buffer zone communes are long-term local settlers, having resided in the area for over a decade These communities showcase a rich diversity of ethnic groups, each with its unique history, traditions, customs, and culture The primary sources of income for most residents are farming and animal husbandry, although a few households engage in trading and services, hold positions as commune-level officials, work as teachers, are pensioners, or are contracted for forest protection The average household size in these areas is four individuals.
Percentage of local people’s education level
IlliteracyPrimary schoolJunior high schoolHigh schoolUniversity with two working age workers account for the largest proportion (28%) (The detailed statistics table is presented in Appendix 3)
In recent years, the lives of residents in the buffer zone communes have significantly evolved; however, their primary source of income remains agricultural production, which constitutes 60-80% of their total earnings The economic status of households across three communes in this buffer zone is detailed in the accompanying table.
Table 3.1 Statistics on economic situation of the households
Figure 3.2: Graph shows the economic situation of the households
In Nam Cat Tien commune, a survey revealed that 23.3% of the 30 households assessed are classified as poor, totaling 7 households The average annual income among these surveyed households is 83 million VND, highlighting the financial challenges faced by those with the lowest income levels in the area.
Nam Cat Tien Dak Lua Phuoc Cat 2
Economic situation of the households
Poor householdsWealthy households are 18 million, the highest is 200 million, mainly income sources from farming and shifting cultivation
Dak Lua commune, like Nam Cat Tien commune, has eight households classified as poor, making up 26.6% of the surveyed area The average annual income for the 30 households is 80 million, with the lowest income recorded at 20 million However, several households enjoy relatively stable incomes within this community.
100 million to 200 million and some households with an average annual income of up to 300 million
Wealthy households in Nam Cat Tien and Dak Lua communes primarily generate their income through farming, breeding, and trading, achieving an average annual income ranging from 100 million to 300 million VND.
In Phuoc Cat 2 commune, 6.6% of households are classified as poor, with 2 out of 30 families facing economic challenges The average annual income for the surveyed households is 87 million, ranging from a low of 25 million to a high of 280 million.
The survey of 82 households revealed that none are classified as extremely poor, with all livelihoods linked to farming activities The primary annual crops include rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and taro, with seasonal rotations featuring maize, green beans, black beans, cassava, and a small area dedicated to peanuts and vegetables Industrial crops, particularly cashews, coffee, pepper, mulberry, and various fruit trees, are also cultivated, with cashews being the predominant agricultural product Coffee, primarily grown in Phuoc Cat 2 commune, requires significant investment and raises concerns regarding the use of fertilizers and pesticides, especially in sensitive areas like Cat Tien National Park Among the surveyed farming households, 87.8% reported using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, including DAP, NPK, and Urea, while 12.2% abstained from their use.
Figure 3.3: Grap shows the habit of using fertilizers and pesticides
3.1.2 People's awareness about the value of biodiversity and social impacts
• The role of Cat Tien NP
A survey of 76 responses highlighted the significant role of Cat Tien National Park (NP) in the local community, with most participants acknowledging its importance in forest protection, ecosystem preservation, erosion prevention, water source safeguarding, and climate regulation Additionally, residents from Nam Cat Tien commune noted the potential for tourism development, while individuals in Phuoc Cat 2 commune recognized that the NP has contributed to increased incomes and opportunities for forest protection contracts The NP also supports local households by providing forest products, as indicated by feedback from Dak Lua commune However, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the NP's role among some residents, with seven individuals expressing uncertainty or declining to respond.
Table 3.2 Statistics on people's opinions on the role of the NP
Forest protection, ecosystem protection and provide a source of fresh air for the community
Having strengths in tourism, suitable for foreign tourists to visit, helping the local population to develop
Water regulation to reduce flooding 3
Cat Tien NP to prevent deforestation 3
Very important in daily life 2
Prevent flash floods, protect rare species and diversity of flora and fauna
Regularly train people and pay attention to people's lives
Conditioning the climate, cleaning the air, protecting the ecosystem
Protecting the environment, wildlife and water resources
Very important to the residential community 2 Preventing drought, keeping water sources from flooding
Having a great role with the community in terms of environment and climate
NP manages and protects the forest as well as the lungs of the people
Make the air fresh and protect human health 1
Forest protection, ecosystem protection and climate regulation
Bring water, prevent erosion and landslides 4 Increase income for people in the community and create favorable conditions for households to contract forest protection
Raise people's awareness about environmental issues and forest ecosystems
Very important for people: cool and for rare plants 2
NP offers pomelo and durian cultivar varieties to improve lives
NP has an impact on the community for good management of forest protection
Limit natural disasters and attract tourism development
• Local socio-economic activities impact on biodiversity
In recent years, the population and socio-economic conditions in the buffer zone communes have significantly improved, with farming and animal husbandry serving as the primary income sources for residents Additionally, households in these areas benefit from their proximity to the forest by engaging in activities such as collecting non-timber forest products and medicinal herbs for extra income However, the development of various socio-economic activities has also impacted the biodiversity of Cat Tien National Park Detailed survey results from 90 individuals in the buffer zone highlight these socio-economic activities and their effects on local biodiversity.
A recent survey reveals that a significant majority of respondents believe local socio-economic activities significantly impact biodiversity Key contributors include cultivation practices utilizing chemical fertilizers and pesticides (37.85%), livestock operations lacking wastewater treatment (19.1%), illegal deforestation and forest product collection (21.3%), and agricultural encroachment on forest land (10.1%) Conversely, spontaneous tourism activities (5.8%) and industrial or handicraft operations in buffer zones (2.7%) are perceived to have minimal effects Notably, 3.2% of participants asserted that no activities are affecting biodiversity in the national park For detailed statistics, refer to Appendix 4.
• Recognizing the effects of social impacts on the NP
Percentage of opinions on local socio-economic activities affecting biodiversity
Cultivation activities that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Livestock operations without wastewater treatment system
Industrial and cottage industry activities in the buffer zone
Activities of illegal deforestation and collection of forest products by some local people
Activities encroaching on forest land for agriculture
Understanding the social impacts on natural parks (NP) is closely linked to assessing public awareness levels This assessment serves as a crucial foundation for developing strategies to enhance local community awareness The survey results reflecting people's perceptions of these social impacts on the NP are illustrated in the accompanying graph.
Recent survey findings indicate a significant awareness of the negative effects of local social activities on the National Park (NP) ecosystem and biodiversity A notable 30.3% of respondents believe these activities reduce plant and animal species, while 26.5% acknowledge their impact on the NP's ecosystems Additionally, 19% of participants recognize a decrease in forest area due to these social influences However, 22% of respondents feel that there is no impact on the NP, and some individuals express a lack of understanding regarding the extent of these social effects For detailed statistics, please refer to Appendix 5.
• Identify the causes leading to local social impacts
A recent survey conducted among local residents revealed a variety of opinions regarding the factors contributing to local impacts Many individuals eagerly shared their insights, highlighting the diverse perspectives within the community.
Percentage of people's awareness about the effects of social impacts on the NP
Assessing the survey result
The buffer zone communes surrounding the national park are characterized by a high population density, predominantly comprising indigenous communities Each household typically has an average labor force of two individuals, reflecting the longstanding connection these families have with the area However, some households in this buffer zone face challenges in their livelihoods.
NP is still difficult, their main livelihood is based on agricultural production Nam Cat Tien commune has a lower income than the other two communes with the average
Percentage of local people attending the training course
The average household income in Dak Lua commune is 109 million, with 88 million derived from agriculture and 21 million from forestry In contrast, Phuoc Cat 2 commune shows a more stable economic situation, with an average household income of 130 million, where only 13 million comes from forestry The overall average income per household across these communes is 89 million, predominantly from agricultural production The reliance on swidden cultivation and forest products reflects the local community's familiarity with these practices, but it also poses significant pressure on the management and conservation of the natural resources within Cat Tien National Park, as highlighted in the VNFOREST (2021) report on sustainable development plans for the area.
High population density and a diverse labor structure present significant potential for economic development in the region This demographic advantage can supply the necessary human resources for activities related to the National Park, including forest protection, afforestation, forest care, and ecotourism development However, this growth also contributes to increasing pressure on the forest resources of Cat Tien.
Cat Tien National Park prioritizes wildlife and ecosystem conservation while actively engaging the community in management efforts, ultimately enhancing the livelihoods of local residents This approach underscores the park's commitment to sustainable development, making it a vital focus for the future of Cat Tien NP.
The surrounding national park (NP) is currently impacted by various socio-economic factors, including agriculture, livestock farming, hunting, and the trade of wildlife and forest products such as timber, rattan, and oil Encroachment for agricultural purposes has led to habitat destruction and degradation, while livestock grazing in adjacent areas exacerbates the issue Additionally, water pollution from agricultural chemicals, particularly pesticides, affects 87.8% of households, compromising local water sources and the environment A survey conducted among over 90 individuals in three communes within the buffer zone highlights the urgent need for an objective assessment of local awareness regarding biodiversity conservation, with detailed findings analyzed using the SWOT model.
Table 3.4 SWOT analysis on the status of awareness of local people
- Most of the people are literate and have the ability to absorb
(the majority of secondary schools, high schools and universities account for 88.9%)
- Most people understand the importance of the NP (76 comments were given)
- 5 people recognize the strength of tourism development in their locality
- Awareness of socio-economic activities affecting biodiversity
- Be aware of the impacts caused to the NP (75.8%)
- 14 people do not know the role of the NP
- 6 people believe that there are no local activities affecting biodiversity (including 4 farming households and 2 forestry farming households)
- 29 people think that there is no impact on the NP and 2 people are not sure about the above effects
A mere 6.3% of respondents believe that both the government and the public are uninformed about biodiversity, while 7% indicate a scarcity of local communication programs aimed at raising awareness Notably, one individual chose not to respond to the survey.
- Many people think that there are
2 or more reasons leading to social impacts in the locality, of which there are 2 main reasons
The education levels in the buffer zone are low, leading to 46 comments reflecting concerns about this issue Additionally, 64 comments highlight the challenging economic conditions faced by the communes in the buffer zone Furthermore, one individual expressed a lack of understanding regarding the social impacts affecting their local community.
- 16 people don't know, 5 people say no, 13 people refuse to answer about locally produced models
- Up to 48/90 people have never attended local training courses
- Lack of focus, indifferent to the amount of knowledge disseminated through the training course (3 people can't remember anything after the course and 21 people refuse to answer)
- Communication does not face many barriers to reading because most people are literate
- Raise community awareness and responsibility for biodiversity conservation
- Potential for community-based tourism development
- Improve the capacity of local communities to adapt to impacts affecting livelihoods
- Ingrained limited awareness makes it difficult to change
- The level of farming is still poor when effective production models have not been applied, leading to limited livelihoods
- The nature of work or lack of interest should not participate in training courses
- In order to spread the word to the whole area, it takes time to invest
- Develop the ability to think, apply knowledge and experience in daily life
- Creating a strong effect, forming a development community in all aspects and mobilize many people to attend
- Does not guarantee the effectiveness for the community when it is not done regularly
Awareness-raising communication in Cat Tien National Park has significantly increased, with many surveyed individuals demonstrating knowledge of biodiversity and its conservation However, some local residents still lack a proper understanding of biodiversity conservation and the individual responsibilities involved in protecting it.
A recent survey reveals that while most individuals recognize the factors contributing to biodiversity loss, such as agricultural practices, illegal deforestation, and encroachment on forest land, many believe that social impacts from these activities have not affected the three surveyed communes This disconnect may stem from the low educational levels and challenging economic conditions faced by residents in the buffer zone Therefore, enhancing awareness and improving the socio-economic conditions of these communities is crucial for addressing biodiversity loss effectively.
Disseminating production models can mitigate biodiversity impacts in Nam Cat Tien while promoting socio-economic benefits Despite local contributions to various models, one-third of surveyed residents, particularly agricultural households, lack awareness of any production model, indicating limited implementation in Nam Cat Tien compared to other communes Training courses aimed at enhancing knowledge about the NP's biodiversity and individual environmental responsibilities have been conducted, but awareness remains low, compounded by cultural barriers In Dak Lua commune, some participants struggle to retain information post-training, while Phuoc Cat 2 sees higher engagement Additionally, the low living conditions of households hinder participation in communication sessions, which require significant funding, ultimately affecting the effectiveness of outreach efforts.
• Lack of interest in local activities and limited awareness of some people
The limited awareness among local communities significantly impedes biodiversity conservation efforts in the national park Many individuals lack essential knowledge about effective forest management, leading to harmful customs and practices that undermine their ability to protect these vital ecosystems.
Indigenous communities in the region have inhabited the area for generations, yet they have observed detrimental practices impacting forest resources, including deforestation for agriculture, hunting, and logging Despite the low economic returns from these activities, longstanding habits persist, leading to ongoing damage to the forest ecosystem.
Many individuals lack a comprehensive understanding of the food chains and food webs in the national park, leading to resource exploitation that disrupts these ecological links at multiple levels Consequently, the value of the park's resources has been significantly diminished While indigenous knowledge surrounding resource management is abundant, it primarily focuses on resource utilization rather than conservation and sustainable development As a result, many view the forest as an endless resource, perpetuating exploitation without a sense of responsibility for its preservation and growth.
Local residents exhibit a concerning apathy towards community involvement, as evidenced by their lack of participation in local activities and low engagement in training courses designed to enhance knowledge and awareness To address this issue, it is crucial to develop a strategic plan aimed at boosting community participation, which will ultimately foster a greater sense of awareness and responsibility among the local population.
• Local people's livelihoods are not stable
Many individuals continue to experience low annual incomes, which significantly impacts the mindset of local communities To enhance the quality of life for numerous households, it is essential to focus on the sustainable development of resource extraction in the area.