co2 emission and economic development in asean countries

- REPORT – on CO2 EMISSION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES Hand-in date: 11.03.2018 Prepared by: Vũ Hữu Quyền, 1613340141 Lê Quang Thế Anh, 1613340003 Hồ Thị Phương, 1613340073 Nguyễn Thị Hồng Hoài, 1613340043 Nguyễn Kỳ Mi, 1617340058 Lê Huyền Trang, 1613340096 Phạm Quang Minh, 1613340060 Course title: Environmental Economics TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION I Introduction II Objectives of the study TERMINOLOGY I CO2 Emssions II Environment Kuznet curve The environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Explanation of EKC shape Econometrics Framework CONTENT I Main sources of CO2 emissions Human resources Natural Sources II State of economy and CO2 emission in ASEAN countries State and classification of economy in ASEAN countries State of CO2 emssions in ASEAN countries 11 III Testing the Environment Kuznet Curve (EKC) in ASEAN countries 13 High and upper middle income ASEAN countries 13 Low – middle ASEAN countries 14 IV The effects of CO2 emission on the development in ASEAN countries 16 Greenhouse effect 16 Ocean acidification 17 Changes to plant nutrition & growth levels 17 Smog & ozone pollution 17 Ozone layer depletion 17 V Challenges of reducing CO2 emission in ASEAN countries 18 VI Recommendations 18 VII Conclusion 19 APPENDIX 19 APPENDIX 20 REFERENCES 21 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries TABLE OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1: An estimated Environment Kuznet Curve (EKC) Figure 2: A description of variables in the equation Figure 3: Main sources of CO2 emissions Figure 4: Human sources of Carbon Dioxide Figure 5: Carbon Dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion Figure 6: Natural sources of Carbon Dioxide Figure 7: Summary Statistic of GDP per capita and some emissions per capita in ASEAN countries 10 Figure 8:Classification of ASEAN countries in terms of income level 11 Figure 9: An analysis of CO2 per capita and population in ASEAN countries 11 Figure 10: An Environment Kuznet Curve of high and upper middle income ASEAN countries 13 Figure 11: An Environment Kuznet Curve of low middle income ASEAN countries 15 Figure 12: Temperature changes in ASEAN countries 16 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries CO2 EMISSION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES Vũ Hữu Quyền, 1613340141 Lê Quang Thế Anh, 1613340003 Hồ Thị Phương, 1613340073 Nguyễn Thị Hồng Hoài, 1613340043 Nguyễn Kỳ Mi, 1617340058 Lê Huyền Trang, 1613340096 Phạm Quang Minh, 1613340060 Foreign Trade University 91 Chùa Láng Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi ABSTRACT Development and urbanization are very important for developing countries, but rapid economic growth alone is not an indicator of development for a dynamic and sustainable economy Recently, studies on the environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) revealed that environmental degradation occurs in tandem with economic growth This profound result has led many economists interested to study about economic growth and environmental degradation Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis describes relationship between environmental degradation and level of income follows an upside down U path Our asignment aims to demonstrate EKC for the ASEAN case, using emissions data from variety sources In this article, we focus on emphasizing the relationship between economic development and environmental destruction Using realistic models and data, we will explain how fossil fuel combustion, transportation and industrialization massively increase CO2 concentrations in ASEAN countries, which further contributed to global warming We use time series data from 1990 - 2016 in 10 ASEAN countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar and Singapore At the end, we also implicate some the effect of CO2 emission that cause deterioration in the environment as well as holding a number of solutions to these issues and long-term plan to minimize its volume and effects Key words: ASEAN countries, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), CO2 emission co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries INTRODUCTION I INTRODUCTION Firstly, carbon dioxide (CO2) is never out of concern and related to global warming It is released into Earth’s atmosphere mostly by the burning of carbon-containing fuels and the decay of wood and other plant matter Under all conditions found naturally on Earth, CO2 is an invisible, odorless gas Although other gases are also causing Earth’s climate to warm, CO2 alone is responsible for about three-fourths of global warming Emissions of CO2 predate the human race by billions of years and are essential to life on Earth, since the natural greenhouse effect keeps Earth’s average surface temperature above freezing In the deep geological past, atmospheric CO2 has sometimes been much higher than today On the other hand, until human beings began to burn large amounts of fossil fuel in the late eighteenth century, CO2 had been stable for about 20 million years Due to anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions, atmospheric CO2 is now significantly higher than at any time in the last 800,000 years and probably in the last 20 million This change has happened in a mere 200 years, which is instantaneous by geological standards Secondly, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased greatly since human beings began burning large amounts of coal and petroleum in the nineteenth century In more recent times, this source of CO2 emissions has increased rapidly, while destruction of forests has also become a major source of CO2 Atmospheric concentrations of several other gases, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have also been increased recently by human activities and are contributing to greenhouse warming of the planet Thirdly, to ASEAN countries, this problem has become serious recently According to the data in the IEA report, in 2005, the total emissions from transport in Vietnam were 20.3 million tons; national road transport emissions totaled 16.8 million tons Motorcycles are the largest emitters in Vietnam, contributing 53 percent of CO2 emissions in 2005 Under the business as usual scenario, carbon emissions from transport sector are expected to be increase to 144 million tons while road transport will have reached 126 million tons It is estimated that there will be an annual increase in total CO2 e missions of 4.5 percent A later report provided that, in 2009, Indonesia ranked sixteenth in the world, and also the first in ASEAN for carbon dioxide emissions with total 413.29 million tons The next was Thailand (253.58 million tons, 3.8 tons per capital) and then Vietnam (98.76 million tons in total, 1.12 tons per capital ) If the International Energy Agency (IEA) is to be believed, the amount of carbon emissions from transport in ASEAN nations will double by 2050 At the same time, carbon emissions from transport in developed world will remain almost unchanged The current emissions from transport account for nearly one-fourth of the total amount of artificially released CO2 IEA predicts that the share of emissions from developing countries, which is 35 per cent today, will nearly double to 66 per cent by 2050 Therefore, we realise the impacts of Carbon Dioxide CO2 in our lives, especially to ASEAN countries, including Vietnam Our assignment is aimed at an analysis of effects of CO2 Besides, we use Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) to test and analyse the facts of ASEAN countries II OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to prove Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) with the figures of ASEAN countries We pointed out basic terms related to CO2 emissions and EKC, afterwards answering the following issues: How is the state of CO2 emissions and economy in ASEAN countries? co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries What is the main source of CO2 emissions? We analyse the effects of CO2 emissions in ASEAN countries Finally we suggest to implement policies to government as well as measurements to corporations Thereby, we will help corporations manage the quality of enivironment and make it better TERMINOLOGY I CO2 EMSSIONS Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas Under all conditions found naturally on Earth, CO2 is an invisible, odorless gas It is removed from the atmosphere mostly by plants, which extract carbon from CO2 to build their tissues, and by the oceans, in which CO2 dissolves Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming II ENVIRONMENT KUZNET CURVE The environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita In the early stages of economic growth degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some level of income per capita (which will vary for different indicators) the trend reverses, so that at high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement This implies that the environmental impact indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita An example of an estimated EKC is shown in Figure Figure 1: An estimated Environment Kuznet Curve (EKC) co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries Figure 11: An Environment Kuznet Curve of low middle income ASEAN countries Because the variable ln(GDPpercapita) is insignificant with the confidence of 90%, so we removed that variable and have the new model with the increase of adjust R2: 15 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries The same method is used to analyse the data collection from low middle income ASEAN countries including Vietnam, Cambodia, Philippines, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Indonesia The outcome of statistics leads to a log – log model: ln(CO2percapita) = 0.749 ln(GDPpercapita) – 5.665 It could be interpreted that 1% increase in GDP per capita can lead to 0.749% increase in CO2 per capita in low – middle income countries To some extents, the graph follows the hypothesis of Environment Kuznet Curve (EKC) In the recent years, low middle income countries and low countries gradually become gigiantic manufacturing industrial areas in the recent years IV THE EFFECTS OF CO2 EMISSION ON THE DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN COUNTRIES The main and the most noticeable effect of emission is the global warming Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases all help trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere as a part of the greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gas levels have been increasing since the start of the Industrial Revolution, but over the last few decades growth has been particularly fast Total greenhouse gas emissions have increased by about 80% since 1970 With increasing levels of greenhouse gases being added daily, the greenhouse effect is now enhanced to the point where too much heat is being kept in the Earth's atmosphere The heat trapped by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases has increased surface temperatures by 0.75°C (1.4°F) over the last 100 years These changes have affected many regions of the world, including Southeast Asia (IPCC, 2007) The latter has witnessed climatic changes which affected the areas of water resources, agricultural production, forestry, and industry To deal with, the ASEAN region has noticed climate changes in the first half of the 20th century Like other regions in the world, the average temperature in ASEAN countries has been subject to increase by a degree from 0.1 to 0.3° C per decade over the last 50 years Figure 12: Temperature changes in ASEAN countries From the data in the table above, there is evidence that temperature increases became more pronounced in recent years in the ASEAN region In Indonesia, it is reported that the mean temperature recorded in Jakarta increased about 04° C per century in January (the wet season) and 40° C per century in July (the dry season) This, in fact, has caused snow, which covers Mount Jayawijaya of Irian Jaya, to disappear, as a clear evidence of the coming of the warming period Meanwhile, the Philippines has noticed increases in the mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures up to 14° C per decade (IPCC, 2007) Also, climate studies have supported this 16 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries evidence by revealing increases in the average temperatures (from 1961 to 1990) from 0.61° C to 0.34° C and 0.89° C Accordingly, the frequency of hot days and warm nights has increased, in addition to the fact that the number of cold days and cool nights decreased In Singapore, temperature increased by 0.6° C from 1987 to 2007 (about 0.3° C per decade) In accordance with the global trend, temperature in Thailand increased, ranging between 0.10° C and 0.18° C per decade The country has experienced an average daytime temperature of up to 40° C, especially in April In Viet Nam, the annual average temperature increased by 0.1° C (1900 – 2000), and 0.7°C to 0.14°C from 1951 to 2000 So, since temperature rose faster in the latter half of the century, summers have become hotter in recent years, with average monthly temperatures increasing from 0.1 to 0.3°C per decade Sign of greenhouse consequence:     Desertification Increased melting of snow and ice Sea level rise Stronger storms and extreme events Ocean acidification Increases in carbon dioxide levels have made the world's oceans 30% more acidic since the Industrial Revolution The ocean serves as a sink for this gas and absorbs about a quarter of human carbon dioxide emissions, which then goes on to react with seawater to form carbonic acid So as the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rises, the acidification of the oceans increases Changes to plant nutrition & growth levels Since plants need carbon dioxide to grow, if there are higher amounts in the air, plant growth can increase Experiments where carbon dioxide concentrations were raised by around 50% increased crop growth by around 15% Higher levels of carbon dioxide makes carbon more available, but plants also need other nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) to grow and survive Without increases in those nutrients as well, the nutritional quality of many plants will decrease In different experiments with elevated carbon dioxide levels, protein concentrations in wheat, rice, barley, and potato tubers, decreased by 5-14% Smog & ozone pollution Over the last century, global background ozone concentrations have become times larger due mainly to increases in methane and nitrogen oxides caused by human emissions At ground level, ozone is an air pollutant that is a major component of smog which is dangerous for both humans and plants Long-term ozone exposure has also been shown to reduce life expectancy 362000-700000 of annual premature cardiopulmonary deaths worldwide are attributable to ozone Recent studies estimate that the global yields of key staple crops, like soybean, maize (corn), and wheat, are being reduced by 2-15% due to present-day ozone exposure Ozone layer depletion Nitrous oxide damages the ozone layer and is now the most important ozone depleting substance and the largest cause of ozone layer depletion This is because CFCs and many other gases that are harmful for the ozone layer were banned by the Montreal Protocol (MP) which has reduced their 17 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries atmospheric concentration Nitrous oxide is not restricted by the MP, so while the levels of other ozone depleting substances are declining, nitrous oxide levels are continuing to grow V CHALLENGES OF REDUCING CO2 EMISSION IN ASEAN COUNTRIES It is important to consider the economic prosperity, social development and environmental preservation background for discussing the challenges of reducing CO2 emission and utilization combined with sustainable energy development in ASEAN Challenges come from three areas The first area is accessibility and affordability 56% of ASEAN people are actually living in the rural areas, and most of them use traditional biomass Therefore, the first priority is to ensure the need of energy in the ASEAN people At meanwhile, an appropriate incentive scheme is necessary for supply affordable energy Besides, the vital thing is how to encourage ASEAN people to use renewable energy Thereby, we will create a sustainable economy with the low level of CO2 emission The second area is sustainability Technology is the main factor that is going to change our aspect of bringing cleaner energy ASEAN is relying on more developed countries to bring their technologies into the area At the same time, the knowhow and the requirement for the support system to make the technology sustainable over a long period has to be developed within ASEAN There are also non-technical issues ASEAN at some point needs to go into the development design of other technology issues that suits their countries VI RECOMMENDATIONS From the finding and analysis section we recommend the following proposals: Government should take urgent climate-conscious decisions It is obvious that the strong and urgent action needed to lessen the impact of climate change will require much human resources and expenditures Climate change should be a totally non-partisan issue since it affects all people and all countries People should attach much importance to energy efficiency We all unintentionally waste energy as leaving the lights on all day, turning on air conditioner even though the weather is not bad, or turning on the TV unused Such bad habit can be easily broken to reduce individual carbon footprint It not only can save the environment but also save our money in use Public transportation should be wisely used As living standard increase with the economic growth, people are depending too much on cars Undoubtedly large cities face up with heavy traffic and serious air pollution Public transportation is the most effective way to reduce the CO2 emissions and saving taxes on environment problems But in fact, public transport is in short of investment to enhance the service and support large volumes of commuters That is another problems the government have to deal with We should use local recycling service rather than throw too much away and recycle too litle of what discarded The ability of natural support is not eternal , large amounts of energy and water go into use endlessly will probably leave us less resources to use in the future It is recommended to avoid buying useless trinkets and get tools fixed rather than replaced, as the carbon footprint is fare lower than making new thing from scratch Plant more tree is classic but one of the most efficient ways to cut individual carbon footprint Trees provide shade and oxygen while consuming carbon dioxide According to the scientists, a single young tree absorbs 13 pounds of carbon dioxide each year That 18 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries amount will climb up to 48 pounds annually as trees mature Just one 10-year-old tree releases enough oxygen into the air to support two human beings Buying local products is surprisingly an effective method Considered food miles are now a part of new carbon lingo, as carbon dioxides are emitted to food during storage Purchasing foods that are both in season and grown locally can drastically cut down the carbon emissions of the vehicles used to transport your winter watermelon across the country Research shows that travels 1,500 miles on average between the farm and the supermarket VII CONCLUSION Through the above data collecting, analysis and literature review with practical research, this research has shown the general hazards of carbon dioxide and the usage of Environment Kuznets Curve We emphasize the relation of carbon dioxide to global warming Concentrations of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere surged to a record high in 2016, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) From empirical models, we include variables such as fossil fuel combustion, transportation sector, industrial processes as factors increase CO2 concentrations Moreover, this problem has become serious to the ASEAN countries Especially those developing countries, estimated 35 percents the share of emissions will redouble to 66 percents by 2050 Concentrating on recycling progress along with controlling human industrial activities is the key to improve the quality of the environment We use a structured model to explain the relation between economic development and deterioration in the environment Furthermore it could implicate other pollutants and human activities for other factors, and construct longterm plan to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations APPENDIX CO2 per capita of 10 ASEAN countries 1990 – 2016 (metric tons per capita) Indonesia Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Lao PDR Philippines Malaysia Cambodia Brunei Singapore 1990 0.824342 0.105245 1.604832 0.313855 0.049944 0.674177 3.137366 0.140577 23.93324 14.60238 1991 0.973538 0.10149 1.742674 0.307904 0.053581 0.691729 3.701741 0.140568 19.94117 14.43953 1992 1.078875 0.117189 1.898046 0.301947 0.057012 0.749173 3.96041 0.140254 19.0335 14.98945 1993 1.14523 0.126578 2.140831 0.31707 0.055521 0.74242 4.704941 0.139054 17.63538 15.44835 1994 1.141629 0.146209 2.362564 0.354819 0.058018 0.803087 4.703626 0.143262 16.21193 18.04087 1995 1.142077 0.16097 2.708838 0.386845 0.071799 0.869338 5.910148 0.145598 16.11451 11.96598 1996 1.266993 0.16571 2.996686 0.453929 0.096166 0.870068 5.963603 0.147277 15.98225 13.53932 1997 1.373879 0.169005 3.054653 0.582292 0.120384 0.973905 5.788042 0.136345 16.21745 15.39236 1998 1.041246 0.17968 2.668098 0.605629 0.133132 0.92699 5.163674 0.168209 16.50726 12.37954 1999 1.159992 0.196961 2.826761 0.600733 0.177008 0.905992 4.763997 0.159534 11.98024 12.64782 2000 1.245242 0.218848 2.879233 0.668172 0.176149 0.939935 5.422937 0.162644 14.1402 12.16662 2001 1.374818 0.187093 3.062483 0.753512 0.161185 0.891879 5.722641 0.181539 13.25057 11.97222 19 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries 2002 1.410234 0.195329 3.251319 0.863947 0.209456 0.876902 5.526835 0.17472 12.6227 11.31023 2003 1.436404 0.206738 3.47881 0.951896 0.197163 0.860221 6.410086 0.18516 12.99159 7.566014 2004 1.509898 0.258661 3.741227 1.084063 0.245994 0.874674 6.507753 0.187233 13.90209 6.833826 2005 1.508481 0.239235 3.782434 1.164096 0.244083 0.867379 6.800116 0.209184 13.70764 7.116921 2006 1.501577 0.263052 3.829104 1.207429 0.265182 0.770906 6.414692 0.222614 13.13286 6.997632 2007 1.611855 0.261835 3.813656 1.221016 0.152848 0.808236 6.941256 0.253374 22.45018 4.342606 2008 1.763895 0.198099 3.793534 1.360812 0.156321 0.86895 7.525778 0.280827 24.04688 7.466762 2009 1.865165 0.205438 4.001129 1.469013 0.20445 0.841112 7.20425 0.330259 20.48625 11.21442 2010 1.767908 0.249531 4.194782 1.61336 0.26242 0.905496 7.771555 0.350331 21.10595 10.96041 2011 2.456845 0.282824 4.121389 1.701422 0.256491 0.897334 7.697016 0.358177 24.60718 8.723797 2012 2.55975 0.217129 4.371765 1.572338 0.264657 0.941559 7.497559 0.369259 24.18076 6.846758 2013 1.945094 0.249963 4.403808 1.609112 0.242789 0.996425 7.961514 0.372981 19.23359 10.31198 2014 1.819363 0.4166 4.62186 1.803566 0.297201 1.055457 8.032992 0.43776 22.1247 10.30633 2015 1.8241 0.5114 4.7823 1.94302 0.3914 1.14302 8.14301 0.54313 23.65123 10.30651 2016 1.79413 0.69142 4.89124 1.9659 0.4319 1.20324 8.16593 0.50134 23.96384 10.24928 APPENDIX GDP per capita of 10 ASEAN countries 1990 – 2016 (measured in 2016 US dollars) Indonesia Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Lao PDR Philippines Malaysia Cambodia Brunei Singapore 1990 622.8660 30.1240 1508.2858 94.8802 203.2560 715.3106 2440.5918 201.9140 13604.1568 11864.2802 1991 672.5881 50.1430 1715.6381 137.9826 234.7194 715.1419 2652.1442 220.9140 13901.7217 14505.0204 1992 725.9761 90.4110 1926.9875 138.7168 250.4922 814.0753 3111.9769 238.1290 15270.4861 16144.0082 1993 881.3617 110.4320 2208.3453 181.6549 287.1876 815.7222 3431.3702 254.1791 14572.1085 18302.4304 1994 971.1076 130.4520 2490.3115 220.3100 325.6292 939.1559 3726.3407 270.6092 14117.3921 21578.4605 1995 1092.6972 135.4320 2845.4103 275.7506 363.4716 1061.3479 4328.0000 323.0100 15929.1638 24936.8308 1996 1210.9481 151.6920 3042.9040 322.8570 377.9713 1159.5893 4797.2914 319.3633 16789.0372 26263.0163 1997 1132.5625 155.9230 2467.4929 346.5790 345.4969 1127.0037 4637.3205 304.8380 16656.0899 26386.4575 1998 493.9996 160.6100 1845.4662 346.8272 248.5414 966.7084 3263.5210 269.0546 12690.6893 21824.0356 1999 714.5453 188.0000 2032.9921 361.2944 277.4951 1087.2374 3493.4652 295.9736 14097.9316 21795.6970 2000 830.5846 193.1875 2007.5648 388.2705 324.8450 1038.9110 4045.1705 300.6851 18008.4483 23792.6071 2001 796.3959 138.9249 1893.1454 402.8251 326.6408 957.2807 3915.1150 321.2263 16468.1289 21577.0782 2002 957.7806 143.7760 2096.0546 427.8380 319.8271 1000.0681 4167.3644 339.0677 16846.0220 22016.8328 2003 1133.4113 219.7823 2358.9306 477.9895 362.6253 1010.5532 4463.6759 362.4214 18555.5665 23573.6280 2004 1222.9118 219.8157 2659.8391 543.8659 417.7517 1079.0372 4955.4777 408.6105 21896.6053 27405.2714 2005 1342.5442 247.2427 2893.6514 683.5968 475.4165 1194.6972 5593.8230 474.2239 26102.1335 29869.8540 2006 1688.8743 296.9007 3368.9526 779.9749 590.3013 1391.7723 6222.9830 539.8792 30980.9669 33579.8595 2007 1975.1674 410.4500 3972.2065 901.3249 709.7671 1672.6854 7269.1711 631.6758 32672.3672 39223.5819 2008 2300.3707 643.9514 4378.6874 1143.2686 899.4951 1919.4662 8513.6295 745.7878 37951.2806 39721.0482 2009 2400.3676 741.0777 4212.0549 1210.6911 948.1276 1825.3415 7326.7444 738.2327 27965.4750 38577.5582 20 co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries 2010 3113.4806 987.7366 5075.3022 1310.3703 1141.1271 2129.4992 9071.3570 785.6929 35268.1012 46569.6795 2011 3634.2768 1186.4239 5491.1600 1515.4799 1381.4256 2352.5182 10405.1206 882.4901 47017.0273 53166.6758 2012 3687.9540 1175.5618 5859.9156 1722.6839 1588.6331 2581.8186 10779.5075 950.0244 47651.2591 54431.1620 2013 3620.6640 1171.4645 6171.2624 1871.3255 1838.8060 2760.2891 10882.2891 1028.4196 44597.2797 56029.1891 2014 3491.5959 1260.4224 5941.8407 2012.0463 2017.5878 2842.9384 11183.7294 1098.6871 41530.6690 56336.0723 2015 3336.1067 1138.9923 5814.8631 2065.1691 2159.4332 2878.3384 9648.5535 1163.1898 30967.8905 53629.7375 2016 3570.2949 1195.5154 5910.6209 2170.6481 2338.6922 2951.0719 9508.2378 1269.9072 26939.4175 52962.4916 REFERENCES CO2 levels reach record high for 30th year in a row, Scientific American, 2015 IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2009, Paris, France: International Energy Agency Metz, B., et al IPCC, 2005: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage, Prepared by Working Group III of the International Panel on Climate Change 2005, Cambridge: 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co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries co2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countriesco2.emission.and.economic.development.in.asean.countries