lf there are any Trang 5 ''''---Edltorlal TeamEditor-in-ChiefManaging EditorSenior EditorEditorAssistant EditorsJohn SinclairGwyneth FoxRamesh KrishnamurthyJenny WatsonChristina RammellKei
COttINS ,S ST -''l ,SELF.STUDY WIIH EDITION ANSwERS Helping learners with real English J F{ t,r' J I lrf r t, , ,/ I { I l,| I *\ ( & *., u -:'\ THE COBUILD SERIES {",otttTHE BANK OF ENGLISH Practice Material by DaveWillis I J COBT]I ('0ILl\S llirmingham I nirersitr lnternational language l)atahase STUDENT'S GRAMMAR SETF.SIUDY EDIIION The Collins COBIIII,.I) Student's Grammar provides learners of English ftom intermediate level upwards with a wealth of referrcnce and practice material Clear and spacious layout Lo$cal organization of contents Grammar explanations on Ieft hand pages, with exercises on riglht hand pages Additional exercises at the back ofthe book Real examples from The Bank of Dng[ish show structures in use 'Warningt statements focus on areas ofpossible errors Lists of common words support the explanations Full index ensures easy access HE BirNh l)F El,{cLlSH is a unique computer database T which monitors and rccords the actmlly used in th€ expending dnd contains oler 200 langu&ge is 6/U3 7r4 POPULAS contempomry British, Arnerican, and newsp&pers, msgezines, books, coNersstions - tlle languege ss it is written fltrd u ^ MDS ISBN 0-00-370563-3 7Ar 7q ,(* popuLan ,tux[I[]il l[[|[ll COttINS C ) S SELF.STUDY WITH EDITION ANSWERS Practice Material by DaveWllis 0t j THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM COLLINS COBUILD H arperC olhns P ub lis h e r s ' - HarperCol I ins Publ ishers 77-85 Fulham Palace Road Hammersmith London W6 8JB COBUILO is a trademark of william Collins Sons & Co Ltd @ Harperoollins Publishers Ltd 1991 First published 1991 Reprinted 1991 , 1993 (twice), 1995 (twice), 1996, 1997 109 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system' or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, meqhanical, photocopying,, recording or otheMise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publisher ISBN 0O ISBN 00 370563 Self'studv Edition 370564 l Classroom Edition Computer typeset by Promenade Graphics, Cheltenham Printed and bound in Great Britain by Caledonian lntemational Book Manufacturing Ltd, Glasgow, G64 NOTEEntered words that we have reason to believe constitute lrademarks have been dgsignated as such However, neilher ths presollce nor absence ol such designation should be regarded as aflecfing the legal status ol any trademafi AcknorylcdScmcnt permission to reproduce The authorind publishers are gratetul to the following for matenal on the Pages indicated: from lhe The late Roald Dahl and Jonathan cape Ltd and Penguin Ltd for the extract Hitch-HikerlrcmTheMaveltousstoryofHenrySugatanclSixOthers'94: Fleetway Publications for the extract f@m The Eagle' 95: william Boyd and Hamish Hamilton Ltd for the extract trom on the Yankee station, 2t5 lf are any Every effort has been made to contact owners of copyri8,ht material there omiisions the pubtishers will be glad to rectity these, when the title is reprinted' Edltorlal Team Editor-in-Chief John Sinclair Managing Editor Gwyneth Fox Senior Editor Ramesh Krishnamurthy Editor Jenny Watson Assistant Editors Christina Rammell Keith Stuart Computational Assistance Tim Lane Zoe James Stephen Bullon Secretarial Staff Sue Smith Sue Crawley HaryeEolllns Publlsherc Annette Capel, Lorna Heaslip, Douglas Williamson lllustratorc John Batten, Gillian Martin, David Parkins, Clyde Pearson, Peter Schrank We would like to thank Dave Willis additionally for his valuable contributions to the grammar pages; Sylvia Chalker and Sue lnkster for their detailed comments and suggestions on the text; Annette Capel for writing the Key to the Exercises; Richard Fay and Paschalena Groutka for their part in the original drafting of the units; Kirsty Haynes for secretarial assistance during the earlier stages of the project; Sue lnkster, Anthony Harvey, John Curtin, John Dyson, Tom Stableford, Bob Walker, David Evans, and Angus Oliver for their comments on the initial list of Units We would also like to thank all the people who contributed to the Collins COBUILD English Grammar, whose original work provided the impetus for this book Gontents Note: numbers in bold are unit numbers lntroduction vii How to Use the Grammar viii Glossary of grammar terms x Corpus acknowledgements xv Comparlson 24 25 26 Comparatives and superlatives: forms 48 Comparatives and superlatives: uses 50 Other ways of comparing things 52 Possesslon Grammat unlts 27 Possession 54 Addlng to the noun grouP INTRODUCTORY UNITS Clause and sentence structure The noun grouP The verb group THE NOUN GROUP Nouns Count nouns Singular, plural, and collective nouns 10 Uncount nouns 12 Pronoung Personal pronouns 14 This, that, these, those, one, ones 16 Reflexive Pronouns 18 1O lndefinite pronouns 20 28 29 Nouns with prepositions 56 Nouns with '-ing', '-ed', or'to'-infinitive clauses 58 3O Other ways of addlng to a noun group 6O ADVERBIALS 31 Adverbials 62 32 Adverbials of manner 64 33 Adverbials of time 66 34 Adverbials of frequency and probability 68 35 Adverbials of duration-already, still, yet 70 36 Adverbials of degree 72 Preposltlons 37 38 39 Prepositions of place and direction 74 Prepositions of place-at, in, on 76 Prepositions with forms of transport 78 Determlners 11 Determiners 22 12 Main uses of 'lhe' 24 13 Other uses of 'the' 26 14 'A'and 'an' 28 15 All, most, no, none 30 16 Both, either, neither 32 17 Much, little, many, few, more, less, fewer 34 18 Some, any, another, other, each, every 36 Adlectlves 19 20 21 22 23 tv Position of adjectives 38 Order of adjectives 40 Adjectives with prepositions 42 Adjectives with 'to'-infinitive or'that'clauses 44 Adjectives ending in'-ing'or'-ed' 46 IHE VERB GROUP Tenses 4O Auxiliaryverbs-be, have, 80 41 The present tenses 82 42 The pasttenses 84 43 The continuous tenses 86 44 Theperfecttenses 88 45 Talking about the present 90 46 Talking about the past 92 47 Reportingthe past 94 48 Talking about the future using'will' and 'going to'96 49 Talking about the future using present tenses 98 Mood Verb complementatlon 5O Questions 100 80 51 'Wh'-words 102 52 Question tags: forms 104 53 Question tags: uses 106 54 lndirectand reported questions 108 55 Short answers 110 56 The imperative and 'let' 112 57 Negative sentences with 'not' 114 58 Negative words 116 Modals 59 lntroduction to modals 118 60 Modals-negatives and questions 120 61 Can, could, may, might-possibilily L22 62 Cannot, can't, must, ought, should, willprobability and certainty 124 Can, could, be able to-abilily L26 Can, could, may-permission 128 63 64 65 Can, could, will, would-instructions and 66 67 Could, may, might, shall-suggestions 132 Can, could, shall, will, would-offers and 68 69 Would like, would rather, wouldn't mindwants and wishes 136 Have to, have got to, must, mustn't- 70 obligationand necessity 138 Need to, needn't, not have to-obligation and requests 130 invitations 134 necessity 140 71 Should ought, should have, oughtto have, had better-mild obligation and advice 142 E1 82 83 84 Link verbs 160 Verbs with '-ing' clauses 162 Verbs with 'to'-infinitive clauses 164 Verbs with 'to'-infinitive or'-ing' clauses 166 Verbs with other types of clauses 168 The passlve 85 The passive voice 170 86 'lt'as impersonal subject 172 87 'There'as impersonal subject 174 Reportlng 88 89 Report structures: 'that'-clauses 176 Other report structures 178 SENTETICE STRUCTURE 90 91 92 Time clauses 180 Conditional clauses using'if' 182 Conditional clauses using modals and 'unless' 184 93 Purpose and reason clauses 186 94 Result clauses 188 95 Contrast clauses 190 96 Manner clauses 192 97 Defining relative clauses 194 98 Non-defining relative clauses 196 99 Changingthefocusof a sentence 198 100 Cohesion: making connections in speech and writinS 200 Appendix: Verb forms 202 Transltlvlty 72 lntransitive and transitive verbs 144 73 Verbs with two objects 146 74 Reflexive verbs 148 75 Reciprocal verbs 150 76 Ergative verbs 152 77 Common verbs with nouns for actions 154 78 Verbs with prepositions 156 79 Phrasal verbs 158 Bank of further exetcises See next page for full details lndex zss 204 Bank of further exercises ' contents Numbers in bold are exercise numbers At the Bank, each exercise has a cross-reference back to the relevant Unit and paragraph 37 lndirect questions 215 38 The imperative 216 39 Statements, questions, The noun grouP Plural nouns 2O4 Reflexive pronouns 204 lndefinitive pronouns 204 Determiners 205 'a, an, the' 205 'allof 205 'all, none, both, neither' 205 Position of adjectives 206 Adjectives ending in '-ing' 206 10 Comparative adjectives 206 11 Superlative adjectives 206 12 Comparative adjectives and other 4{J-4,2 Could certainty 217 2*27 Review of adverbials 211 vett troup 28 Past simple and past perted 212 29 Past continuous 213 30 Continuous tenses 213 31 Talkingaboutthe past 213 32-33 Reporting the past 214 34 Questions 214 35 'Wh-'words 215 36 Question tags 215 vl ProbabilitY and - ability 218 48 I wish wants and wishes 219 49-50 Ought to have, had better - mild obligation and advice 219 ways of 51 Verbs with two objects 220 52 Common verbs with nouns for actions 220 53-54 Verbs with prepositions 220 5+56 Phrasalverbs 221" 57 Linkverbs 222 58-60 Verbs with '-ing' clauses 222 61-62 Verbs with 'to'-infinitive clauses 223 63 Verbs with 'to'-infinitive or'-ing'clauses 224 6/t-€5 Verbs with other types of clauses 224 66 The passive voice 224 67 'lt'as impersonal subject 225 68 'There'as impersonal subject 225 6!r-70 Reporting 225 71 Reviewoftenses 226 72-74 Review of mood 227 7+76 The - 44-4iG Can, be able to, could have 47 Might- suggestions 219 15 Nouns with'to'-infinitive clauses 208 16-19 Reviewof the noun grouP 208 21 Adverbialsof time 210 22-23 Adverbials of degree 210 24 Prepositions of place 211 - have 43 Must, must comparing 207 13 Possession 207 14 Nouns with prepositions 207 Adverblals 2O Position of adverbials 209 and commands 216 possibility 216 Review of modals 228 Sentence structure 77 Time clauses 228 78 Conditional clauses 229 7$8O Purpose and reason clauses 229 81-82 Result clauses 23O 8}84 Contrast clauses 231 85 Defining relative clauses 232 86 Changing the focus of a sentence 232 lntroduction direct We study a large The coBUtLD approach to grammar is simple andpeople are actually using texts, and find out how I collection of English I the language We pick the most important points and we show how the words and phrases are used by quoting actual examples from our text collection As a student of English, you can be sure that you are presented with real English, as it is actually used ln this book we give explanations of the most important, frequent, and typical points of English grammar along with a lot of practice material so that you can put the knowledge to use immediately This makes the book suitable both as a classroom text, and also for private study This is a grammar of meanings as well as structures The exercises help you to link the meanings and structures, notjust to practise the structures There are two editions available: with or without a key to the exercises The grammar is often very direct and easy to understand Sometimes English speakers and writers prefer a simple structure and only very advanced students need to know more than that At other times we give more details, because they are necessary for clear understanding and accurate usage This book has developed from the same database which was used in the Collins Cobuild English Grammar Our first grammar book has been well received, and we are continuing full scale research on grammar in order to be ever more accurate and relevant to the needs of the teacher and student lwould be very glad to have your comments on this book, especially on how useful you find it lt is designed for use by anyone who has enough English to understand the explanations, which we expect to be intermediate and above John Sinclair Editor in Chief Cobuild Professor of Modern English Language University of Birmi ngham vii How to use the Grammar This book is designed so that you can find the answers to particular problems of English grammar You are not expected to start at Unit and study the Units one by one, or to study a whole Unit at a time Different people have different problems, so they need to look at d ifferent points in different Units Flndlng what you want Contents There is a complete list of contents on pages iv to v This gives the numbers and titles of all the Units The Units are grouped under various headings to help you, for example 'Nouns', 'Prepositions', and 'Modals' lndex There is an lndex at the back of the book on pages 233 to 240 The lndex is an alphabetical list of grammar points covered in this book For each point, the lndex gives the Unit number and paragraph number where the point is explained Grammar terms such as'adjectives', 'nouns', and lerbs'are in bold letters The ideas that you can express, such as 'ability' and 'certainty', are also in bold letters The actual words and forms explained in the grammar, such as 'able' and 'this', are in italic letters So you can find the point you want by looking in the index Glossary There is a Glossary on pages x to xiv The Glossary explains the meaning of the grammar terms used in this book, with examples The terms are listed in alphabetical order lf you are not sure what a term means, you can look at the Glossary Uslng the grammar unlts Each Unit has two parts The left-hand page contains the explanation of the grammar rules and patterns The right-hand page contains practice material Left-hand pages Maln polnts The left-hand page has two columns At the top of the first column you will find a section headed 'Main points' This is a summary of the important information given in the Unit Each Main point is introduced by a large bold dot You will find more detailed information about the point in the numbered paragraphs on the same page viii didyou were you was it Unlt 57 B were you 2a did it 3f dicl you A 4b 5g 6c 7d 8h are you will you 1O will you Unlt 54 We haven't been there often Mary wasn't very haPPY English isn't easy to understand I haven't been to San Francisco We mightn't be late He doesn't knorv her name They won't be arriving in time for c 2t A Where Tom and Mary live? What work does Tom do? Hovv can I get to the post office? How old is she? Who is in charge here? What I have to do? Who has left his car in front of our 3b 4c 5g 6d 7h 8e Where have they gone? 10 When will they be here? B They probably won't have telephoned Mary shouldn't have told You I couldn't have arrived earlier You shouldn't have asked Peter' They might not have done the so shopping I'm afraid so I imagine so c I hope so B She doesn't have any friends ls the shop still open? Will Mary be coming? Can I book a room? ls this seat free? Has anyone left anY messages for me? E don't expect so I don't suppose so I'm afraid not I don't have any sisters I wear We don't have anything to eat Unlt 56 Do you know where lwonder if you would look after the children this evening? Coulct you tell me where the nearest post office is? lwonder if you could give me Peter's address? Do you know where Simon will be staying? I wonder whyJack and Jill left so suddenly? Can you tell me whether the shops open at the weekend? Do you know what he would like for his birthdaf 10 I wonder whether you would like to come round for a cup of coffee sometime? Unlt 55 D Bill and Tessa live? A an insect spray a bottle of cough mixture a tube of toothpaste a bottle of orange squash a packet of breakfast cereal a bottle of cooking oil a tin of milk a box of cheese biscuits Yes, hewas Yes, it will No, I don't Yes, I am No, I don't B First you dial 999 for emergencY, wait for the emergency service to answer, and tell the operator which service you want Then You give the telephone number shown on the phone, give the address where help is needed, and give any other necessary information c don't wake her up 250 Let's telephone for help E I didn't I haven't they will 5lcan I hadn't Unlt 58 A None no Nothing Nowhere Nobody none Neither never noone Don't tell anyone Don't bother me now D Let me carry that bag for Doesn't he earn more than that? Didn't they give you more than that? Can't you stay later than thaP Haven't you met his brother too? she hasn't lam Don't keep him waiting A No, it isn't money They didn't have any new clothes to Will you be staying long? in London He doesn't have any brothers or I hope not Did Bill call this evening? c We can't go by train 10 John may not be coming with his wife D I suppose lunch I I expect so house? I Let me help you Let's start now No, it isn't No, he wasn't 10 Yes, I have! B none 1O neither nor You B anybody no one anything something ever never any none 10 nobody Unlt 59 A They could have seen us They might have seen us He might have said that I don't remember He could have said that I don't remember We're lost lthink we must have taken the wrong road You should have seen it, lt was wonderful I should have knourn that would happen Perhaps when I am fifty I will have forgotten it I could have prevented that, but I You ought to have listened to her the should shouldn't will won't 10 would wouldn't 11 oughtn't ought D can't may not speak to Nicky please? give me a far examples? have a word with you please? be so nasty to me? give them for dinnef shut the dool? A you tonigh0 I see about my teaching programme? Unlt 61 shopping./ You should have done the shopping You ought not to have spent so much money./ You shouldn't have spent so much money lt ought not to have taken you so long./ lt shouldn't have taken you so long They ought not to have done that./ They shouldn't have done that 1O She ought not to have left so early./ She shouldn't have left so early 11 He ought not to have made so much noise,/ He shouldn't have made so 12 much noise He ought not to have been so upset.,/ He shouldn't have been so upset Unlt 6O painful Travelling can occasionally be boring You must be very proud of him B George may / / might help if you give might be a mistake after all / might not be so bad She may not / might not recognize you even if she sees you lt may / mighl be broken Past: / might have helped if you had given him a ring lt may might have been a mistake Things may not ,z might not have been so bad after all She may not might not have recognized you even if she had seen George may / / you lt may / rnight have been broken They must be tired out c He must have done it You must have seen him You must have enjoyed your holiday They must have gone shopping Someone must have taken it by mistake, D lt can't be ten o'clock She can't be her sister He can't be very well even now They can't be in you can't be very far from Birming- ham He can't be feeling very well Unlt 63 c A lt could be a wild animal lt could be one of the neighbours Example sentences: I can count to twenty in Spanish, but my daughter can't My friend John can run a marathon, but lt could be the wincl in the trees lt could be a car passing lt could be someone snoring lt could be someone at the door lt could be a ghost Last night: lt could have been a wild animal lt could have been one of the I can't My son can't swim, but I can I can't play chess, but my brother can Example questions: Can you swim like a fish? Can you understand sign language? neighbours lt could have been the wind in the A cannot can could couldn't may not may might might not lt could have been a car passing lt could have been someone snoring must ,mustn't lt could have been a ghost shall.,.shan't / He must be delighted You must be very worried, They should have gone by car You ought to have done the / work Going to the dentist can sometimes be Things may not help.,/ You should have asked John / B They ought to have gone by cat./ to help / Example sentences: Learning English can often be hard him a ring should have telephoned / ought to be should be an exciting game should be ought to be a comfort able trip ought to be should be a nice day should be ought to be very profitable ought to be should be nice and quiet A lt may You ought to have asked John to 1O have a drink, DoctoA 11 please tell her that Adrian phoned? B You ought to have telephoned./ You Unlt 62 I meet didn't first time can't may not can't B trees B Example sentence: When lwas ten years old, I could swim, but I couldn't ride a bike lt could have been someone at the door G can't couldn't 251 Would you mind paying cash, can please? Would you mind telling them that I called? Would you mind closing the door behind you, please Would you mind doing the shopping on your way home? Would you mind helping me, please Woulcl you mind doing the cooking could Can can't Unlt 64 A Can I ask you just one more tonighO Would you mind coming ten minutes question? before the meeting starts? Can I give you a ring sometime late? 10 Would you mind telling me when Can we go swimming? you're Can I sit do^,n? Can I have an icetream please? Can I go home no/? you could give Joan a message? Example request with 'may': May I give you a ring sometime later? Example request with 'could': Could I come back later? You're allowed to have visitors after three o'clock You can all go home as soon as you've finished work You can come back late as long as you don't make too much noise With this card you are allowed to cash a cheque for uP to f,250 You can use my pen until I need it myself D get married vote drive a car drive a taxi a car vote drive a car drive a taxi Unlt 65 A Example requests: Could I have a look atyour newspaper please? May I have one of those biscuits please? Could you let me have a little more time please? Could you give me another cup of coffee please? B Would you mind helping this lady with 252 you could repeat that? you could stand up? holding this for me? you could open the door? Unlt 66 c her bags giving me your full name? doing it again? all of you could sit down quietlr? 1O you could give me a little more time? B Do you think I could start now? Do you mind if I listen to the radio while you're workin8 ls it all right if I come in now'? Do you think I could speak nexr? B You must come round for a game of chess some time You must bring your wife with You next time You must me€t my brother next time he's here You must have another cup of coffee You must stay a little longer' You must see my holiday Photographs You must come to the theatre with me some time next weok c Can lcome back latef drive a car vote get married / leave school drive readr 7h 8g A always use a word processor borrow the money from the banlo get the information from the local You must stay for lunch 10 You must have another piece of cake c 2h 3a 4b 5d 6e 7c 8f Unlt 68 A go with me? No thanks, I'd like to Eo alone.,/ I'd Would you like to rather go alone library take a later train Would you like to start no,r? No thanks, I'd like to wait a feu, minutes./ l'd rather wait B to get started as soon as possible write and ask her yourself taking a winter holiday for a change? just pay at the end of the month take a week off in July about asking Bill to help? I could ring and tell them You're a fe!r/ minutes Would you like to go shopping this moming? No thanks, I'd like to go this afternoon./ t'd rather go this afternoon Would you like to that c 2t 3g 4h 5d 6b 7a 8e pay cash? No thanks, I'd like to pay by coming we borrov the equipment from Peter? 10 be a good idea to keep quiet about B to find a better Job to start all o/er again to see them more often to understand more about it to have a bigger garden c learning English being chairman Unlt 67 going back to work going into politics catching an early train A D 2d d I wish he wouldn't 4e lwish we could lwish she should 5t b cheque./ I'd rather pay by cheque I wish he would lwish they could lwish she would A ticket You didn't need to bring your own They didn't need to clean it out 6l;Tchemistry Unlt 69 A You must stand to attention You have to keep your boots clean You have to get up early You must keep fit / You must themselves You didn't need to cook your own supper exercises You must salute your superiors You have to leam to use a rifle ,/ You I must learn to shoot You must keep your equipment clean./ You have to clean your Unlt 71 A You ought to You ought not to equipment B You ought not to You ought to You ought not to You ought to You ought not to 10 You ought to You must You mustn't You must You mustn't You must c B 2d 3a 4c 5b 4 We should have read the instructions carefully You shouldn't have spent so much money You should have told me you were 2a 3e 4b 5d 6c mess I ought to have 8ot home earlier Wha(r He needn't have sent it by fax She needn't have bought a first-class ticket Oh? You needn't have brought your Reallf own Wha(r coming They shoulcln't have made such a noise John should have paid his bill./ John shouldn't have left the restaurant without paying his bill Jack should have explained what he was doing 10 You should have sent Mary a birthday card You ought to have phoned They oughtn't to have made such a D They needn't have cleaned Save something to eat for the rest of us We've prepared a light snack for you I should have got home earlier c John sold his old car to Mary 1Oe He doesn't need to keep his boots sleep She doesn't need to drink lots of water Unlt 73 l'm going to book a really good table c B She doesn't need to stay in bed She doesn't need to take any more tablets, She doesn't need to get plenty of watch 1O heard 7d 8a short He doesn't need to get up early He doesn't need to keep fit understand leave 4t ej clean B choose know phone remember forget Could you show those old photographs to your grandfathef 5i 6g He doesn't need to keep his hair 7l;Tthehandle 8l;Tme 9l;TWhat l0Tthebus;l A A 2T acar il 3Tanyone;l 4l;Thumannature 5Tacourse;l 2h 3b Unlt 7O Unlt 72 out themselves Really? You needn't have cooked your own supper Note that in 2-6'you can use any of the exclamations given You didn't need to send it by fax She didn't need to buy a'first+lass We ought to have read the instructions carefully You oughtn't to have spent so much money for your guests We'll leave some food in the fridge for you I taught French to Peter's children when they were younger I'll try to find those books for you 10 We must remember to send a card to George and Alice B She cooked them a wonderful meal He passed him the money Cut them some bread Give her this letter She used to teach them arithmetic l'd like to keep them something You must show them these papers, He always reads her a story before she goes to sleep 10 I'm going to write her a short note c Mrs Brown left some money for the milkman, We sent a Christmas card to the people we met on holiday He gave her some floivers on her birthday Jack and Mary promised the children a day at the seaside Nobody told us what to it 253 Unlt 74 crack A sell stops Help yourself / yourselves behave themselves repeating himself cook began I enjoy myself 11 increased 12 handles teaching herself describe myself blame yourself / yourselves 10 express himself 11 excelled themselves 12 kill herself You ought to behave yourself better You must learn to adapt yourself / yourselves to new ideas The children tried to hide themselves in the cupboard You can dry yourself on that towel Billy undressed himself before going to bed Unlt 75 A attack fight cooperate argue compete talk bumped communicate 10 part B 2ot 3to with 5at 6to into 8at/to 9of 10 at 11 on 1-2 on water material vase pace cat shirt building t hand 10 window 11 train 12 potatoes Unlt 77 A make give give have have B 2go 3do 4go are going did does 8go 2do done make making make themselves D take give ,/ make have Unlt 76 A tear 254 have gave made took 10 had t7 belonged to depend on hoping for insist on 10 qualify for 11 pay for B to about about about to about about about to to about about c at at into at D with for tor for' with for Unlt 79 A stay on wait up give in keep up speak up Watch out cool off I c c each other themselves each other themselves suffered from resulted in appealing to / lor sympathize with have give make each other themselves A I B B than that rang 10 wash introduce myself Unlt 78 boiled Eive 12 made catch up 10 fall behind B ask us in call him back pull them apart invite you in get it back catch her out invite them out work it out 10 show you out c bumped into an old friend looking after the house invite them out take after my mother Unlt 8O c drcad going A sounds goes feels gets smells detest getting stuck carry on driving fancies taking up can't bear being told give up playing Unlt 82 B The fruit smelled awful, but it proved to be very tasty The problem seemed simple, but it proved to be extremely difficult lt was a long programme, but it proved to be very interesting lt was only a short walk, but it proved to be rather tiring The animal lookedquietenough, but it proved to be quite vicious Thejacket seemed to be the right size, but it proved to be much too small The food smelled all right, but it proved to be uneatable c too dark too young too late too hot too tired too colcl too expensive Unlt 81 A Judy remembered noticing him be- 2togo 3A: 5to be 6to hear 4A: let 7to be 8to finish They delayed starting the game price, for example to f6,O00? because of the rain I want to avoid paying monthly if possible They didn't finish preparing for the party until after 9pm This new production process might involve increasing staff B: make 5A: let B: made B B: asked expected invited allowed encouraged warned reminded c to to to to to have broken your leg, have locked everything away be waiting for the doctor have spent the money be living at home now D not to see not to miss let B: make 6A: made let B burning playing lying making c have my hair cut had that suit made have the house redecorated have another room built on had a lot of money stolen Unlt 85 not to make A not to write not to be had been presented B B: let made to drive to sell Unlt 8il Could you consider reducing the Unlt 84 A 2Az made A hind the building When his Dad asked, did you mention seeing him? I coulch't recall saying anything about him at all May I suggest givingthem a present A of f,,500 each? playing Sorry, but I can't imagine ever to phone agreeing to that! raining / lo rcin He then described escaping from knocking ,/ to knock prison shouting / to shout They ought to admit stealing the fruit to enjoy staying door needs painting tyre needs mending shirt needs ironing trousers need shortening shoes need polishing feel like having tastes grours c The The The The The was owned was given cannot be named was stolen was arranged was to be flown in exchanged had been staffed was shown I was taken 10 was arrested B e made PAST a won FUruRE f killed P c disconnected B paying; to pay working ; to work complaining ; to complain leaving ; to leave telling ; to tell going ; to go visiting ; to visit P 6hpaidP TdsentF SjtoldP I g permitted 10 i rebuilt c 2be obtained 3be considered 4be expected 5be funded 255 be given c be held There appears to be something wrong with the engine There seems to be nothing left There seems to have been an be made be offered accident Unit 86 A Example sentences: It is difficult travelling in the rush hour It can be fun meeting new people There appears to have been a lot of trouble There seems to be no one at home There appears to have been a fire Note that in all these sentences it is possible to use either'appears'or 'seems' B lt is a village near Birmingham but it is very difficult to understand lt opened about a month ago We went there last week but it was very expensive and we didn't like it very much lthink it is in the kitchen I put it back in the drawer she tried not to show it I really enjoyed it Yes I enjoyed it too I thought it was very interesting I didn't see it I went to bed before it started c Unit 88 2b 3f 4c 5a heard was writing 7d telephoned heard working 6g was writing heard 8e heard telephoned B admit admit deny denied announce announced lt's very annoying to miss a train complain complained mention mentioned f riend language lt's unhealthy to eat too much lt's tiring to look after chlldren lt's very dangerous to drive too fast Unit 87 explain explained argue argue c informed suggested told announced mentioned Unit 89 A to sleep to eat to spare A John's doctor advised him to get to help 6todo to read more sleep to ask I to watch 10 to see B Therc is a class every Friday There will be a meeting at three o'clock on Tuesday There will be lots of children at the concert, There will be a few friends coming round There are lots of parties given by people at Christmas There will be an accident if you're not careful There must have been a mistake 256 Unlt 9O A arrived were playing sat arrived arrived sat was working phoned phoned was A lt's nice to get a letter from an old lt's fun to go for a good night out lt's interesting to learn another Everybody asked us why the tickets were so expensive Frank asked his wife how old Mary's children were Mrs Jones asked her neighbour who was going to buy their house Bill asked his friend when he was planning to come to Darlington I asked'Maria what she was going to next ' Peter asked a policeman where he could get the bus to Liverpool We invited our friends to come round and see us any time Jack told me to take the moneyto the bank Mt Brown reminded the students to let phones be raining, set out tell see buy go c 2c 3e 4a 5b 6f We hadn't been to the cinema since we had seen Dracula at the Odeon last year He hadn't been able to play the piano since he had had his accident a month ago They had lived next door to us since they had moved here in 1987 Fred had been working at home ever since he had left hisjob at the factory Mary had been looking after the children ever since their mother had gone into hospital come half an hour early on Tuesday Bill begged Maria to write to him every day B will will will will I warned the children not to play with Unlt 91 fire My grandfather advised me not to go to England in the winter I They told the visitors not to go out alone after dark 10 The manager persuaded her not to make an official complaint B Joe asked Mary where she was going to spend the holiday A 2c 3i 4a 5f 6b 7e 8g th 10d B has are working goes to study in English a good doctor? She turned up early in order to get the room ready ln order to have 1OO students you will need at least three teachers I came to live in the country so as to have trees around me instead of buildings They had to eat grass and drink melted snow in order to stay alive ln order to keep his car out of sight he left it in the road 10 To get to Madrid I had to travel overnight from Barcelona 5is c 2i 3h 4b 5f 6a 7c 8d 9e 10c B Unlt 92 A lwould go abroad if lcould afford I it could buy that car if it wasn't so expensive We could go out if it wasn't raining She would come to the party if she wasn't away on holiday lf the central heating wasworking we could turn it on B lf he had passed his exams he could have gone to university lf he had realized what was happening he would have run away lf I had heard what she said I would have been very angry, They wouldn't have got in if you had locked the door properly ltwouldn't have happened ifyou had folloved the instructions lf she had found out she would have been furious lf we hadn't booked a room we would have had novhere to stay lf we had been going any faster someone could have been killed 10 he hadn't been so tired he She mored carefully to avoid waking the children He sat in the furthest corner to avoid being seen I gave up sugar and butter to a\oid putting on weight He used both hands to avoid dropping anything We went over e\rerything carefully to avoid making any mistakes She left quietly to a\oid making any trouble We corered the fumiture to avoid Setting paint all over it Unlt 94 A 5d 6b 7e 8c Try to write clearly so as to a\oid being misunderstood A lot of people learn English in order the weather was awful She kept her coat on I used to when I was younger 1ou're not as tall as he was he still wasn't tired He was difficult to understand I I really likeJohn I we finally anived just in time B his recent illness her fear the unpopularity of his decision the differenc€ in their ages the high cost of living all his precautions his injury I the rain Unlt 96 They anived late, Just as ),ou said they would He ran away,just as eveayone believed he would, The playwas a success, just as most people thought it would be He did well at sch@|, just as we hoped he would Mary won, just as we thought she would, 8sucha;so 9so;sucha B lOsucha;so A A Tsucha;so away He looked so young that everyone took him for a student Ken got so excited that he kept that nobody believed anything he said lt prored to be such a difficult problem that nobody could solve it We had such a good time that we didn't want to go home She refused to dress the way her colleagues did.He said he would work the way the others dicl if he was paid as they were They work a five day week the waywe He was such a dreadful liar still farm the way their grandfathers did He accepted his punishment theway They ev€r)rone else did jumping up and dovn c Unlt 93 Unlt 95 6sucha;so hardly read it The winter was so bitterly cold that all the streams were frozen His favourite shoes were so badly wom that he had to throwthem 4t were falling apart lt was such good food that we all ate far too much 5so;sucha lunchtime 2h 3a 2sucha;so 3so;sucha 4so;sucha B Her writing was so small that I could c They were such old clothes that they A lf wouldn't have gone home at What I need to know in orderto be trusts you the way I She looks after him the way her mother did They still farm like their grandfathers did He accepted his punishment like areryone else did She refusod to drcss like her colleagues did He 257 c They look as if they've got some good neurs This milk smells as though it's gone sour Your engine sounds as if it's worn out He looks as though he's going to make trouble I feel as if l'm going to be sick Note that it is possible to use 'as if or 'as though' in all these sentences We are moring to Manchester, which is in the north-west Manchester, which is in the northwest, is one of England's fastest grovring towns I'll be staying with Adrian, whose brother is one of my closest friends This is Adrian, whose house we stayed in for our holidays B 2a 3e 4t D 5b 6c 7g 8d 2a 3d 4e 5b c Unlt 97 Only two A that lives in America that were stolen that plays James Bond that answered the Phone that was left behind on the desk that live in glass houses that I met on the train 10 that we took on holiday 11 that you read in the newspaper 12 that I left on the table 13 that The Beatles recorded in 1966 14 that you asked for B who which who who which Unlt 99 A have I heard such a lot of nonsense we went to Brighton jumped a live mouse did she tell me that she would be coming round did they spend all my money who which who which which which which which 10 11 12 13 14 B c 2a 3e 4b 5c c it was Keri who left the message, it is usually just after nine when he when why where whose why comes in it is this afternoon that he is calling in it was Becky who he wanted to see it is tomorrow that he is going to call back whose Unlt Unlt 98 1OO A A You've all met Michael people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it He had a lot to say about his new computer, none of vvhich interested me very much There were some noisy people in the audience, one ofwhom kept interrupting the speaker She made all kinds of suggestions, most of which I couldn't understand Wood, who is visiting us for a couPle of daYs Michael Wood, who is one of mY oldest friends, has just gone to live in Canada 258 first lecture at the university, and mentioned this to a l'riend, another student 'What was it about?' asked her friencl 'l don't know,' the first student replied 'Why not?' A student went to her asked the second, 'Weren't you listening?' 'Of course I was listening,'the first student replied, 'but he didn't tell us what it was about.' told bY his bank manager that he olved the bank t100 and that he would have to PaY 12% interest per year The customer agreed to pay, and said he would leave his car, a Rolls Royce, as security He then drove the car round to the bank, and left it in the car park, A month later, he returned to collect the car, The curious bank manager asked whY he had insisted on leaving it in the car park 'Where else could I park it for a month, for only l1?' replied the customer A wealthy man was B 3,L,4,2,6,4,5,7 c 7,2,9,3,1,6,5,10,4,8 Bank of further exerclses L 2t 3c 4a 5h 6b with that penguin?' he asked 'l told you to take it to the zoo.' 'Yes,' said the young man, 'we went to the zoo yesterday Today we are going toa/themuseum.' L4 the unexpected death of the chairman the late departure of the train the theft of her jewellery the dreadful behaviour of the child- ren 8g All of them All of it All of us All of them did it ourselves cut it myself get it myself carry it myself All of the decision opportunity need refusal willingness attempt meet her myself 7e This is a story about four people called Everybody, Somebody, Nobody, and Anybody There was an importantjob to be done and e\rerybody was asked to it But Everybody knew that Anybody could it and thought that Somebody really ought to it As it turned out Nobody did it and Everybody was very Both children have left school now Could you carry this bag for me? I'd like to buy those brown shoes please I have to go to the bank this afternoon They live in a big new house I'm afraid I haven't got much money left I'd like to buy some fruit I Most people enjoy going to the theatre 10 You can buy soap at any supermarket 15 / All the big triangles are black Both of the ,/ Both the big squares are white Neither of the big squares are black Both of the Both the large circles are black None of the circles are green / order 16 a my some - the the a - |t was a lot of few - - the the old the the - the the a few deep high / thick long wide in weight 6- cross because Nobody had done what Anybody could have done and Somebody shoulcl have done the invasion of the island / fascinating terrifying exhausting alarming thrilling The the the the - L7 A: both B: either C: neither None all.,.no ,a annoying amazing embarrassed 10 convinced John is a good deal taller than Mary Mary is a little older than John Peter is far taller than Mary John is a good deal heavier than driving Mary Peter is far heavier than John 19 Staying in a hotel is more comfortable than camping Eating out is easier than cooking for myself TL the biggest ocean the most populated country the oldest university Living in the country is more peaceful than living in a town Cycling is healthier than driving 5 the longest river 20 A psychiatrist greeting a new patient noticed that she was carrying a live duck under her arm He invited her to take a seat and asked hot/ he could help her 'Oh, I don't need any help, thank you doctor,' she replied 'My husband istheonewho has a problem He think's he's a duck.' the longest river Our holiday began on Saturday u2 She shook her head unhappily He walked back home slowly and A young man was out for.a walk in a largecitywhen he met a penguin.The penguin seemed to like him and began to follou, him The young man didn't knou, what to so he went up to a policeman to ask for advice 'Take it to the zoo,' said the policeman The next day the policeman saw the same young man again still follou/ed by the penguin 'What are you doing morning Mike Peter John John Peter Mike John Mike Peter Peter John Mike John Mike Mike John iohn Peter sadly He locked up the office before going home There was a gold.ring in the box He whispered his narne quietly She went for a jog early in the moming 13 I tried to stop him too late 10 The film began at exactly seven o'clock That book is a favourite of Mary's Mr white is a colleague of my father's Angela is a classmate of hers I'm an employee of theirs Jack is a neighbour of yours 2L for; ago ; since ago ; since ; for since ilot i ago 259 Since ; ago ; for ago ; for; since for; ago ; since ago; for; since 2:2 very happy awfully good really angry extremely intelligent 23 2b 3g 4c 5i 6a 7d 8h 9e 24 on in at on at ,on at on at in ,at is changing is getting is improving was getting is getting are growing up are improving 10 is changing 31 I to play the drums I would practise for hours everyevening, and I would spend almost e\rery weekend practising too, lused to go to my local jazz club every week to listen One night a group called The Rollers was playing there Unfortunately, their drummer had had an accident on his way to the club, so he couldn't play They asked me to take his place, and of course I agreecl lt was awful I felt that I had never played so badly before After that, I still used to go to the club, but I never offered to play again, and they certainly didn't ask me used 32 37 if / whether Joe still lives in Liverpool if / whether Joe still lived in Liverpool if / whether you have mended the rool.it / whether you had mended the roof when Harrywill be moving to Manchester when Harry would be moving to Manchester what time the concert finishes what time the concert would finish if whether PegS/ will be coming too if whether Pegg/ would be coming too if / whether they will have to speak English all the time if whether they would have to speak English all the time who you spoke to on the phone, who you had spoken to on the phone, / / / 38 Do come and see us atthe weekend lately the Do bring the children too hotel manager's daughterknocked on Do have some more tea the door Her father had told her that Do write to me when you get home Eric was English, and she wanted him Do listen more carefully to help her with the translation she had Do be more careful I Do be quiet while I'm talking been set for homervork late hard 3it 25 slorvly careful happily well 26 at in - -,/on until since.,.3 - by on at ,ago on for during since - from to As Eric sat on his bed reading, 10 Do sit down and behave yourself A banker is a man who lends you an umbrella when the weather is fine and takes it away from you when it rains / is raining lf you want to eat well in England, eat three breaKasts That's what I always do, and I have had no cause to regret it 27 by on at to on above in at out of in on off at opposite 8in 34 How well you speak French? Will you be at school nen Frida)4 Who sits next to you in class? Who you sit next to in class? 35 2b 3f 4c sg 6d 7h 8a 28 had finished had had had asked chose told was, was, rushed had happened 29 was trying was living was sharing 30 is increasing is improving 260 2? 3A 4l 5? 6A 7t 8? 9A yet still since still for just 10 already yet 39 /ro it could be true You could cut yourself they could easily win could earn as much as fSO,OOO a year if she gets the job lt could cause a serious accident you could get there in time lt could be for you that he could be dangerous 1O which could turn to snow on high ground 4L 36 E(ample sentence: were they didn't they A hundred years ago I could have read does it didn't it was there is there they isn't it 10 haven't they Shakespeare, but I couldn't have read Ernest Hemingway, 42 2b 3a 4c 5f 6e We had better be going home no^, They had better not make any tl:l trouble He must know the answer They must have left for school You must have read it This must be the rush hour u can hear can't see You had better get a return ticket You had better not go out alone at night You had better go to bed We had better get something to eat 10 We had better not waste any more time can smell can't hear 51 can see He offered a lot of help to his next can't see up door neighbour It's very hard work bringing up children They'rc planning to pull all the houses down They're planning to pull down all the houses Andrew never remembers to put his books away Andrew never remembers to put away his books I have cooked a special supper for rr5 the children was able to won't be able to are able to were able to will be able to won't be able to as possible l'll try to save a place for you Show that book you've just bought to your uncle * 52 gave Please send your reply to us as soon He couldn't have played tennis He couldn't have done the shopping He couldn't haye gone for a long walk in the country He couldn't have mown the lawn, He couldn't have cycled to the next village took had did went gave had 5:t 47 on go together buy a ner,Y one see a doctor on of go home of on ol on on, of come too come with me come round and meet him rt8 2a 3g 4b 5h 6c 7i 8d 9e * laugh at apologize for rely on 57 2a 3b 4t 5c 6d 5t stops keeps stafted.,.vyent on kept on stopped started finished went on stop start 59 hear see feel stop pranent imagine 60 Example sentence: I loathe going to the dentist 61 talk about was supposed to cost a million 55 was reported to have folcl them up put them away point it out tore them up threrv them away sort them out 49 pounds, bcen hit by an earthquake early this moming is knovn to be a brilliant policeman is alleged to have brought dangerous drugs into the country is understood to be amed and dangerous knocked it You ought to have asked for permission down hand it olrer 10 pull it down t We ought not to have stayed so late You ought to have gone to the doctor's earlier You ought to have met Jenny while you were here I ought not to ha\,,e got so angry about what happened You ought to have come on your oriln We ought to have reserved seats 10 You ought to ha\r,e stopped at the 56 We never found out who knocked the vase over We never found out who knocked o/er the vase He refusecl to hand the money o,er He refused to hand orer the money Can you help me to sort the papers traffic lights 50 I had better ask It would be very useful if someone could sort out my mistakes lt's \rery hard work bringing children my father first Ei2 who to ask, where to go hot, to open it when to start ho$,to playtennis how to swim 63 interrupting shouting out? to get Can you help me to sort out the leaving papers? lt would be very useful if someone could sort my mistakes out, to post to come I asking 267 e4 speak more steal lea\re 65 get my photograph taken get it mended get them shortened got his nose broken G8 Full details of the Job were sent to me Signed certificates were presented to all of them All passengers are offeried a free sightseeing trip Everlone in our group has been given drinks and snacks The news of their success was brought to her yesterday evening doesn't eat finds.,.don't have usually telePhones A: have you been living B: are staying.,.have found A: met was waiting B: haven't seen A: seemed B: think has just got hasn't he A: Just left hasn't found is still looking knerv hacl been would often go wanted are you going to asked can't am not going don't need just want can read write will have would write was going was could not was not going was could wrote would have heard were remembet once cut didn't you cut hadalready done 72 lt is knorvn that will they didn't she is there isn't it 67 he is a dangerous man lt is said that Charlie Chaplin was a great comedian lt is understood that she will be aniving later today lt is rumoured that they have escaped 68 2b 3e 4h 58 6c 7d 8a 69 wam wamed beg begged invites invited reminds Remind command commanded instruct instructed advise advised did they haven't they