BÀI báo cáo THUYẾT TRÌNH RECOMBINANT VACCINE

TỔNG LIÊN ĐOÀN LAO ĐỘNG VIỆT NAM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC TÔN ĐỨC THẮNG KHOA HỌC ỨNG DỤNG BÀI BÁO CÁO THUYẾT TRÌNH RECOMBINANT VACCINE Người hướng dẫn: TRẦN THỊ TUYẾT NHUNG NHĨM THỰC HIỆN: NHĨM THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH, NĂM 2021 0 TỔNG LIÊN ĐOÀN LAO ĐỘNG VIỆT NAM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC TÔN ĐỨC THẮNG KHOA HỌC ỨNG DỤNG BÀI BÁO CÁO THUYẾT TRÌNH RECOMBINANT VACCINE Người hướng dẫn: TRẦN THỊ TUYẾT NHUNG NHỮNG NGƯỜI THỰC HIỆN THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH, NĂM 2021 0 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BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE LỜI CẢM ƠN Lời đầu tiên, em xin gửi lời cảm ơn chân th9nh đến Trường Đại h=c Tơn Đức Thắng cho em có hội tiếp cận môn h=c Vi sinh Đặc biệt, em xin gửi lời cảm ơn sâu sắc giảng viên môn – Trần Thị Tuyết Nhung truyền đạt b9i h=c q báu, có sức ảnh hưởng v9 có tính ứng dụng cao Trong khoảng thời gian tham gia buổi h=c cơ, em có thêm kiến thức lạ bổ ích Từ điều m9 truyền tải, em dần tự thân nhận biết môi trường xung quanh, hiểu giới nhỏ bé m9 mắt thường thấy, hiểu cách thức tồn v9 phát triển vi sinh vật, vi khuẩn,… Có lẽ kiến thức l9 vô hạn, m9 tiếp thu người lại ln có hạn chế định V9 thời gian qua Đất nước bị ảnh hưởng nặng nề đại dịch Covid-19 nên việc kiến thức chúng em có phần n9o đứt quãng Do đó, q trình ho9n th9nh b9i báo cáo, chắn khơng tránh khỏi thiếu xót Bản thân em mong nhận góp ý từ thầy để có kinh nghiệm cho b9i báo cáo, tiểu luận sau n9y Em xin chân th9nh cảm ơn v9 kính chúc giảng viên khác sức khỏe để vượt qua đại dịch 0 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BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE INTRODUCTION Covid ng9y l9 vấn đề nan giải to9n cầu, lây lan v9 phát triển cách mạnh mẽ nhanh chóng Trong vịng năm qua, để lại vơ số mát lớn giới, h9ng triệu người tử vong, h9ng trăm triệu ca nhiễm v9 tốc độ lây lan chưa có dấu hiệu dừng lại Đó l9 lý do, phủ, tổng thống, nước yêu cầu đẩy nhanh tiêm chủng để ngừa bùng nổ đại dịch v9 xuất biến thể Chính vậy, điều m9 nh9 khoa h=c, nh9 lãnh đạo nước quan tâm hết l9 vaccines cho đại dịch n9y v9 nhóm em may mắn có chủ đề m9 quan tâm “Vaccine tái tổ hợp” với phạm vi l9 nói “Covid 19” Mục đích nhóm em qua b9i báo cáo n9y l9 để giới thiệu giải thích cho m=i người hiểu sâu loại Vaccine m9 tiêm hiểu chế Vaccine phục vụ cho ng9nh l9 công việc tương lai B9i báo cáo n9y gồm chương: Chương 1: Định nghĩa v9 so sánh khác loại vaccine Chương 2: Tìm hiểu dịch bệnh Covid 19 Chương 3: Các loại vaccine Covid 19 tái tổ hợp phổ biến Em xin cam đoan l9 cơng trình nghiên cứu nhóm Các nội dung nghiên cứu, kết đề t9i n9y l9 trung thực Trong b9i tiểu luận n9y, số liệu, lý thuyết thống kê, trình nh9 khoa h=c từ t9i liệu đáng tin cậy ghi nguồn đầy đủ phần trích dẫn Nếu phát có gian lận n9o em xin ho9n to9n chịu trách nhiệm nội dung báo cáo Trường Đại h=c Tôn Đức Thắng không liên quan đến vi phạm tác quyền, quyền chúng em gây trình thực 0 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BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE 0 BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE Mục Lục Contents LỜI CẢM ƠN .3 Lời mở đầu Mục Lục Nội dung I What is covid ? II What is Vaccine ? .6 III What is Recombinant Vaccine ? IV Comparison of traditional vaccines and recombinant vaccines? .6 V Classification of Recobinat Vaccine Vector mARN Protein 0 BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE Nội dung I II III IV What is covid ? What is Vaccine ? What is Recombinant Vaccine ? Comparison of traditional vaccines and recombinant vaccines? https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2020/11/29/coronavirus-vaccinesdifference/?sh=33f812612ae6 Traditional vaccines contain a dead or disabled virus, designed to be incapable of causing severe disease while also provoking an immune response that provides protection against the live virus Live-attenuated viruses Attenuated means 'weakened' Weakening a live virus typically involves reducing its virulence — capacity to cause disease — or ability to replicate through genetic engineering The virus still infects cells and causes mild symptoms For a live-attenuated virus, an obvious safety concern is that the virus might gain genetic changes that enable it to revert back to the more virulent strain Another worry is that a mistake during manufacturing could produce a defective vaccine and cause a disease outbreak, which once happened with a polio vaccine But using a live-attenuated virus has one huge benefit: vaccination resembles natural infection, which usually leads to robust immune responses and a memory of the virus' antigens that can last for many years Live-attenuated vaccines based on SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing preclinical testing, developed by start-up Codagenix and the Serum Institute of India Inactivated viruses Inactivated means 'dead' ('inactivated' is used because some scientists don't consider viruses to be alive) The virus will be the one you want to create a vaccine against, such as SARS-CoV-2, which is usually killed with chemicals Two Chinese firms have developed vaccines that are being tested for safety and effectiveness in large-scale Phase III clinical trials: 'CoronaVac' (previously 0 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BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE 'PiCoVacc') from Sinovac Biotech and 'New Crown COVID-19' from Sinopharm Both drugs contain inactivated virus, didn't cause serious adverse side-effects and prompted the immune system to produce antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Sinopharm's experimental vaccine has reportedly been administered to hundreds of thousands of people in China, and both drugs are now being trialled in countries across Asia, South America and the Middle East The global COVID-19 vaccine landscape (left) and Vaccine platforms used for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [+] SPRINGER Artificial vectors Another conventional approach in vaccine design is to artificially create a vehicle or 'vector' that can deliver specific parts of a virus to the adaptive immune system, which then learns to target those parts and provides protection That immunity is achieved by exposing your body to a molecule that prompts the system to generate antibodies, an antigen, which becomes the target of an immune response SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aim to target the spike protein on the surface of coronavirus particles — the proteins that allows the virus to invade a cell Recombinant viruses A recombinant virus is a vector that combines the target antigen from one virus with the 'backbone' from another — unrelated — virus For SARS-CoV-2, the most common strategy is to put coronavirus spike proteins on an adenovirus backbone Recombinant viruses are a double-edged sword: they behave like live-attenuated viruses, so a recombinant vaccine comes with the potential benefits of provoking a 0 BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE robust response from the immune system but also potential costs from causing an artificial infection that might lead to severe symptoms A recombinant vaccine might not provoke an adequate immune response in people who have previously been exposed to adenoviruses that infect humans (some cause the common cold), which includes one candidate developed by CanSino Biologics in China and 'Sputnik V' from Russia's Gamaleya National Research Centre — both of which are in Phase III clinical trials and are licensed for use in the military To maximize the chance of provoking immune responses, some vaccines are built upon viruses from other species, so humans will have no pre-existing immunity The most high-profile candidate is 'AZD1222', better known as 'ChAdOx1 nCoV-19' or simply 'the Oxford vaccine' because it was designed by scientists at Oxford University, which will be manufactured by AstraZeneca AZD1222 is based on a chimpanzee adenovirus and seems to be 70% effective at preventing Covid-19 Some recombinant viruses can replicate in cells, others cannot — known as being 'replication-competent' or 'replication-incompetent' One vaccine candidate that contains a replicating virus, developed by pharmaceutical giant Merck, is based on Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), which infects guinea pigs and other pets Virus-like particles A virus-like particle, or VLP, is a structure assembled from viral proteins It resembles a virus but doesn't contain the genetic material that would allow the VLP to replicate For SARS-CoV-2, the VLP obviously includes the spike protein One coronavirus-like particle (Co-VLP) vaccine from Medicago has passed Phase I trials to test it's safe and has entered Phase II to test that it's effective While there are currently few VLPs being developed for Covid-19, the technology is well-established and has been used to produce commercial vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B Viral components All vaccines are ultimately designed to expose the immune system to parts of a virus, not the whole thing, so why not deliver just those parts? That's the reasoning behind vaccines that only contain spike proteins or spike genes 0 BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE Proteins Protein-based vaccines can consist of the full-length spike protein or the key part, the tip of the spike that binds the ACE2 receptor on the surface of a cell — ACE2 is the lock that a coronavirus picks in order to break into the cell Manufacturing vaccines containing the protein alone has a practical advantage: researchers don't have to deal with live coronaviruses, which should be grown inside cells within a biosafety level-3 lab A vaccine against only part of the protein — a 'subunit' — will be more vulnerable to being rendered useless if random mutations alter the protein, known as 'antigenic drift', but full-length proteins are harder to manufacture The immune system can recognize either as an antigen One candidate vaccine based on protein subunits is 'NVX-CoV2373' from Novavax, where the spike subunits are arranged as a rosette structure It's similar to a vaccine that's already been licensed for use, FluBlok, which contains rosettes of protein subunits from the influenza virus Nucleic acids Nucleic-acid vaccines contain genetic material, either deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid — DNA or RNA In a coronavirus vaccine, the DNA or RNA carries genetic instructions for producing a spike protein, which is made within cells Those spike genes can be carried on rings of DNA called 'plasmids', which are easy to manufacture by growing them in bacteria DNA provokes a relatively weak immune response, however, and can't simply be injected inside the body — the vaccine must be administered using a special device to force DNA into cells Four DNA-based candidates are in Phase I or II trials The two most famous nucleic-acid vaccines are the drugs being developed by pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, partnered with BioNTech, and Moderna Pfizer's 'BNT162b2' and Moderna's 'mRNA-1273' both use 'messenger RNA' — mRNA — to carry the spike genes and are delivered into cells via a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) The two mRNA vaccines have completed Phase III trials and preliminary results suggests they're over 90% effective at preventing Covid-19 As the above examples show, not only there are many potential vaccines but also various approaches And while some technologies have already provided promising results, it remains to be seen which will actually be able to defeat the virus 0 BAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINEBAI.bao.cao.THUYET.TRINH.RECOMBINANT.VACCINE 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