VỊ TRÍ, TÍNH CHẤT CỦA MÔN HỌC
Là mô đun rong khối kiến thức cơ sở, được bố trí học sau môn tiếng Anh cơ bản
Môđun này cung cấp cho học sinh vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành công nghệ thông tin bằng tiếng Anh, tập trung vào các thuật ngữ liên quan đến hệ thống máy tính và các cụm từ thường gặp trong sự cố máy tính cũng như trong các hướng dẫn sử dụng.
MỤC TIÊU MÔN HỌC
Sau khi học xong mô đun, người học có thể:
- biết cách sử dụng máy tính và các phần mềm ứng dụng khác
- hiểu được các sự cố máy tính để tìm cách giải quyết
- hiểu được các tài liệu chuyên ngành công nghệ thông tin viết bằng tiếng Anh ở trình độtương ứng ;
- Đọc/Viết được các tài liệu chuyên ngành công nghệ thông tin viết bằng tiếng Anh ở trình độ tương ứng ;
3 Vềnăng lực tự chủ và trách nhiệm:
Rèn luyện tính chính xác, khoa học và tác phong công nghiệp
Hình thành tư duy khoa học, phát triển năng lực làm việc theo nhóm.
NỘI DUNG MÔN HỌC
1 Nội dung tổng quát và phân phối thời gian:
TT Tên các bài trong mô đun
Tổng số Lý thuyết Thực hành Kiểm tra
The Computer
A In pairs, discuss these questions
1) Have you got a computer at home, school or work? What kind is it?
2) How often do you use it? What do you use it for?
3) What are the main components and features of your computer system?
B In pairs, label the elements of this computer system
A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes it, and outputs information in a specified format Initially, data is inputted into the computer's memory, and upon executing a program, the computer follows a series of instructions to process this data The final results can be displayed on a screen or printed out.
A computer system is composed of two essential components: hardware and software Hardware refers to the tangible electronic or mechanical parts, while software consists of programs that instruct the computer on its operations The primary hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and peripherals The CPU, often regarded as the "brain" of the computer, executes program instructions and manages the activities of other components Main memory, made up of RAM chips, temporarily stores instructions and data being processed Peripherals, which encompass storage devices like hard drives, DVD drives, and flash drives, provide permanent data storage Input devices, such as keyboards and mice, allow users to enter data, while output devices, including monitors and printers, display or produce the final results.
On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – a modem, a digital camera, a scanner, etc They allow
9 communication between the computer and the devices Modem desktop PCs have USB ports and memory card readers on the front panel
Match these words from the text (1-9) which the correct meanings (a-i)
4 Hard drive (also known as hard disk)
The central processing unit (CPU) is often referred to as the brain of the computer, playing a crucial role in processing information and executing programs It is comprised of various physical components that constitute the computer system, including input devices connected to the CPU and sockets for external device connections The CPU also contains a section dedicated to holding programs and data during execution, while magnetic storage devices are utilized to retain information Ultimately, the CPU generates results based on the data presented to it, making it an essential part of any computer system.
A Label the pictures (a-e) with words from the box
Laptop Desktop PC PDA Mainframe Tablet PC a……… b………
B Decide whether these sentences are true of false Correct the false ones
1) A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC
2) A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data
3) The most suitable computers for home are desktop PCs
5) Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs
6) Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC
7) A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into a palm of your hand
8) A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web
A Look at the HELP box and then use suitable classifying expressions to complete these sentences
2 Peripherals……….three types: input, output and storage devices
Classifying means putting things into groups or classes We can classify types of computers, parts of a PC, etc
3 A word processing program………… software which lets the user create and edit text
4 ……….of network architecture: peer-to-peer, where all computers have the same capabilities, and client-server (e.g the Internet), where servers store and distribute data, and clients access this data
Some typical expressions for classifying are
…are classifying into X types/categories
…can be divided into X types/categories
Digital computers can be divided into five main types: mainframes, desktop PCs, laptops, tablet PCs and handheld PDAs
The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly
There are X types/classes of…
A tablet PC is a type of notebook computer
5.Benefits of laptops and tablet PCs
Your school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school
Everyday uses of the Computer
A Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields Look at these photographs of different situations and match them with texts 1 to 4 below
1) Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption, and weather conditions
In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems, and regulate air traffic
2) Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions They can be used to teach courses such as computer- aided design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc
3) Computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present total at a supermarket
4) Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal coded card, dispense money to clients
A Match these titles with the pictures
Using an automatic cash dispenser
In education, computers can make all the difference
Scanning the price of each item and present total at a supermarket
B Match the places in column A with the computer uses in column B
Banks Provide information and entertainment
Factories Look after, patient records and medicines
Now use the above words and phrases to fill in the gaps in this paragraph about computer uses
Computers have become integral to our daily lives, playing crucial roles in various settings In shops, they streamline transactions and inventory management In factories, they enhance production efficiency and quality control In healthcare, computers manage patient records and medication tracking When we open a bank account, a computer processes our information securely At home, computers serve as essential tools for communication, entertainment, and information access.
C Look at text one again and discuss these questions
How are/were computers used in your school?
What other areas of study would benefit from the introduction of computers?
In my school, computers are used to speed up the process of looking for references in the library
Passive voice is frequently utilized in technical writing, as the focus is primarily on facts, processes, and events rather than individuals To construct a passive sentence, combine the correct tense of the verb "to be" with the past participle of the main verb.
1) We sell computers (simple present)
2) Babbage invented ‘The Analytical Engine’ (simple past)
1) Computers are sold (simple present)
2) ‘The Analytical Engine’ was invented in 1830 (simple past)
When we write or talk about facts or processes that occur regularly, we use the present passive
2) Data is transferred from the internal memory to the arithmetic- logical unit along channels known as buses
3) The other users are automatically denied access to that record
4) Distributed systems are built using networked computers
A Read the text below, which describes the insurance company’s procedure for dealing with PC-users’ problems Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets
All calls 1 ……… (register) by the Help Desk staff Each call
2……… (evaluate) and then 3 ……… (allocate) to the relevant support group If a visit 4 ……… (require), the user 5 ……… (contact) by telephone, and an appointment 6 ……… (arrange) Most calls
7……… (deal with) within one working day In the event of a major problem requiring the removal of a user’s PC, a replacement can usually 8 ……… (supply)
B Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets
1) The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices ……… (call) the control unit.
2) An operating system ……… (store) on disk
3) Instructions written in a high-level language ……… (transform) into machine code
4) In the star configuration, all processing and control functions
……… (perform) by the central computer
5) When a document arrives in the mail room, the envelope ……… (open) by a machine
When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive Let us look at some examples
1) COBOL was first introduced in 1959
2) Microsoft was founded on the basis of the development of MS/DOS
3) The organization was created to promote the use of computers in education
C Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets
1) Microsoft ……… (found) by Bill Gates
3) In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs ……… (set up) in laboratories and offices around the world
4) The first digital computer ……… (build) by the University of Pennsylvania in 1946
5) IBM’s decision not to continue manufacturing mainframes
……… (reverse) the year after it ……… (take)
A Write a list of as many uses of the computer, or computer applications, as you can think of
B Now read the text below and underline any applications that are not in your list
Computers and microchips have become integral to our daily lives, influencing everything from shopping to bill payments These remarkable devices, equipped with the right hardware and software, can perform a multitude of tasks at our command They serve as powerful calculating machines, speeding up financial computations, and act as electronic filing cabinets that efficiently manage extensive data collections like customer lists and inventories Additionally, computers function as versatile typewriters, enabling users to create and print various documents, including letters and legal papers Moreover, they facilitate global communication, allowing users to connect with others and share information seamlessly For those who enjoy electronic entertainment, PCs also offer a platform for relaxation through engaging computer games.
A In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area
Formula 1: racing car, car body, design, mechanical parts, electronic components, engine speed
Entertainment: game, music, animated image, multimedia, encyclopedia
Factories: machinery, robot, production line, computer-aided manufacturing software
Hospitals: patients, medical personnel, database program, records, scanner, diagnose, disease, robot, surgery
A PC can also be used for …
Computers can help … make … control … store … keep … provide … manage
… give … perform … measure … test … provide access to …
B Now write a short paragraph summarizing your discussion Then ask one person from your group to give a summary of the group’s ideas to the rest of the class
In business, computers are used for financial planning, accounting, and specific calculations
In the office, computers are used to write letters and keep records of clients, suppliers, and employees
Keyboard and mouse
Input devices are essential hardware components that enable users to enter information into a computer The most widely used input devices include the keyboard and mouse Additionally, users can interact with computers through various other devices such as light pens, scanners, trackballs, graphics tablets, joysticks, and voice recognition systems.
Look at the illustrations and see if you can name them
Work in pairs 3.About the keyboard
A Look at the picture of a PC-compatible keyboard below and identify these groups of keys
1) Alphanumeric keys: arranged in the same order as a typewriter
2) Function keys: used by various programs to instruct the PC to perform specific tasks such as Save, Copy, Cut, Paste, Help, etc
3) Numeric keypad: set of numeric or editing keys The Num Lock key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions
4) Editing keys: cursor and other keys usually used within word processors to page up and down in a long document or to edit text (using Insert or Delete keys)
5) Special keys: used is to issue commands or to produce alternative characters in key combinations, for example, the Alt key
B Match these keys abbreviations with their full names
C Computer system may have different keyboard options Here is an example
If we enter the Key Caps menu on a Macintosh in Courier and then press the Option key, we obtain the following symbols on the screen
Identify these symbols on the keyboard
1 Slash 2 Not equal to 3 Plus and minus
A Try to answer these questions
1) How is the mouse connected to the computer?
2) What does the mouse pointer look like on the screen?
3) What are the functions of the mouse buttons?
4) What are the advantages of a computer mouse over a keyboard?
Read the text to check your answer or to find the right answers
The computer mouse is a user-friendly device that allows for precise control of the on-screen pointer, enabling effortless selection and navigation through simple button clicks.
The mouse contains a rubber-coated ball that rests on the surface of your working area or a mousemat When the mouse is moved on that surface, the ball rolls
The movements of the ball in a mouse, which roll up and down as well as left and right, activate two internal axles These axles, in turn, trigger detectors that monitor the position changes An integrated circuit within the mouse transmits signals to the operating system, directing it to adjust the pointer's position on the screen.
B Here are some basic mouse actions Match the terms in the box with the explanations below a Click b Double-click c Drag
1) Position the pointer on something, then rapidly press and release the mouse button twice (You do this to load a program, open a document, or select text or graphics)
To move an image to a new location on the screen, position the pointer over the image, press and hold the mouse button, drag the mouse to the desired spot, and then release the button.
3) Position the pointer on something, then press, and release the mouse button (You do this to place the insertion point, to choose an option, or to close a window)
We can describe the function of an item in a number of ways
1 ROM holds instructions which are needed to start up the computer
Used to-infinitive , Used for +
2 ROM is used to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer
3 ROM is used for holding instructions which are needed to start up the computer
4 The function of ROM is to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer
Now, match each item in Column A with its function in Column B Then describe its function in two ways
The ROM (Read-Only Memory) is essential for a computer as it holds the instructions necessary for startup and controls all operations within the system It enables extremely fast access to various sections of programs and data, while also managing the timing of signals throughout the computer Additionally, it reads DVD-ROMs and writes to removable magnetic disks, facilitating data input and output, which is displayed on the screen The cursor is controlled through user input via keys, similar to a typewriter, allowing for efficient data entry.
Printer
A How many kinds of printers can you think of? Make a list
B Read the text below and label these types of printers
The resolution depends on the number of pins (9 or 24)
The quality (resolution) of the images ranges from 180 to 720 dots per inch (dpi)
Provides high quality output – a resolution of 600/1200 (dpi)
Provides the highest resolution – more than 2,000 dpi
Provides high quality for linework
Printing is the crucial final step in document creation, facilitated by printers connected to your computer Given the significant differences in output quality and functionality among various printer types, this guide will assist you in selecting the printer that best meets your specific requirements.
Dot-matrix printers utilize pins to create dots that form characters, enabling them to print both text and graphics Modern models can achieve speeds of up to 450 characters per second (cps), but they offer relatively low resolution, typically 72 or 144 dots per inch While this quality is adequate for preliminary drafts, it is not ideal for professional reports or widely distributed books Although slower than laser printers, dot-matrix printers are significantly more affordable.
Ink-jet printers are a popular type of non-impact printer that create images by projecting tiny droplets of ink onto paper Known for their speed, quiet operation, and affordability compared to laser printers, ink-jet printers can deliver high-quality results, with some models offering resolutions of up to 720 dpi Bubble-jet printers function similarly, providing an effective printing solution for various needs.
Laser printers deliver fast output with exceptional resolution of 600/1200 dpi, utilizing a laser beam to scan images and transfer them onto paper using specialized ink powder Continuously evolving, they are favored by professionals for their superior speed and image quality, offering a broader selection of scalable fonts, the ability to emulate various language systems, and graphic production capabilities Despite their numerous advantages, laser printers remain a costly investment.
C Read the text again and complete this table with the most relevant information Then compare your notes with a partner
Technical specifications and other features
Reference signals: Read the text and say what the underlined words refer to
Printing is the final stage in creating a document That is the purpose of the printers joined to your computing equipment Since the results you can obtain with different
23 types of printers will vary substantially, here is a guide to help you decide which one is most suitable for your needs
Dot-matrix printers utilize pins to create dots that form characters, allowing them to print both text and graphics Today, some models can achieve impressive speeds of up to 450 characters per second (cps).
Read the advertisements for printers below, and then with your partner, answer the questions See who in your group/class can finish first
1) How many laser printers are advertised here?
2) Is there a printer that operates by spraying ink droplets onto paper?
3) Which laser printer offers the highest resolution or output quality?
4) Which printer is the most expensive?
5) Which one would you recommend to a friend who does not have much money?
6) Which one has more internal fonts?
7) A printer language is software that tells printers how to print a document Can you find two types of laser printer languages?
8) What connectivity features are offered by the Turbo Laser Writer QR?
Abbreviations are frequently utilized in advertisements to enhance clarity and brevity The common abbreviations for various technical expressions include: dots per inch (DPI), characters per second (CPS), pages per minute (PPM), small computer system interface (SCSI), and liquid-crystal display (LCD).
Workgroup laser printer 15 pages per minute 600 dpi for graphics 36 MB of
RAM Includes Adobe PostScript and
Hewlett Packard PCS printer languages
75 resident fonts Connectivity: one bi- directional parallel port, one LocalTalk port, and one Ethernet port for networks
Dot-matrix printer with 24 pins Prints text and graphics 450 cps Compatible special interface Free unlimited hotline support for our customers One year on-site maintenance
Color printer 40 Adobe PostScript fonts
36 MB RAM with a SCSI interface for an optional 20 MB hard disk
Parallel, serial and AppleTalk interfaces
HP plotter emulation Thermal printing system 30-day money-back guarantee
1 year’s on-site parts and labor and £2,249
Two 200 sheet selectable input trays
Comes with PostScript language and PCL (printer control language) Telephone hotline support
Resolution: Up to 4800 x 1200 optimized dpi on premium photo paper
Paper input capacity: Up to 150 sheets
Reliable color printer with cost-effective features for the home or office on a budget
Personal laser printer, 5 pages per minute 4 MB RAM expandable to 64
MB Parallel interface 200 sheet input tray 35 resident fonts One-year on-site maintenance Prints on a wide range of materials and sizes £649 3.Language work: Revision of comparison
A Study the sentences below and do the following:
Draw a circle around comparatives and a rectangle around superlatives
1) Dot-matrix printers are cheaper than laser printers
2) A photosetter is the fastest output device
3) A thermal wax printer is more expensive than a monochrome laser printer
4) The Micro Laser XT is the most reliable of all
5) Personal laser printers cost less than ordinary laser printers They also weigh less and require less space
6) My printer has more resident fonts than yours
7) This printer offers laser quality at a lower price
8) Monochrome printers operate faster than color ones
9) Dot-matrix printers are too slow
10) Dot-matrix printers are not quick enough £9 £17 £210
Using a Word Processor
Finding and Replacing Text
A word processor document allows users to efficiently search for specific characters, words, or phrases In Microsoft Word, the "Edit" menu and the "Find" option open a Find and Replace dialog box for entering search text The search begins at the current insertion point, and when a match is found, Word highlights the text and stops searching Users can continue the search until the entire document has been thoroughly scanned.
The Replace command in the Edit menu allows users to substitute text by entering both the search and replacement terms in the Find and Replace dialog box.
To refine text searches, utilize options like "Match case" and "Find whole words only" in the Find and Replace dialog box The "Match case" feature ensures that only text with identical capitalization is selected, meaning a search for "Cat" will exclude variations like "CAT" or "cat." Meanwhile, the "Find whole words only" option restricts results to text that fully matches the search term, so searching for "fin" will not return words such as "finer," "stuffing," or "muffin."
To effectively search for specific text in a document, such as the word "tip" at the beginning of a paragraph, you can utilize formatting marks and special characters By selecting the Paragraph Mark from the Special list in the Find and Replace dialog box, you can ensure precise search results by entering "tip" after the selection This method allows for accurate identification of all occurrences at the start of paragraphs.
A thesaurus is a valuable resource that contains synonyms—words with similar meanings, such as “chilly” for “cool”—as well as antonyms, like “hot” for “cool.” In Microsoft Word, you can access the Thesaurus by placing the insertion point on a word and selecting Tools > Language > Thesaurus, which opens the Research task pane with relevant results To replace a word, simply click the arrow next to it and choose Insert from the menu Additionally, you can right-click on a word to access the Synonyms command for quick Thesaurus results.
Microsoft Word utilizes a thesaurus file that does not encompass every word in the English language When a chosen word is unavailable, alternative spellings are presented in the Research task pane.
Practice: HANDBOOK
You will customize a company employee handbook Word should already be started
Open the HANDBOOK document, which is a Word data file for this text Company etiquette rules are listed
FIND TEXT a Select Edit j Find The Find and Replace dialog box is displayed
To search for the term "telephone" in your document, open the Find dialog box and enter "telephone" in the Find what field Click on Find Next to highlight the first occurrence, then continue selecting Find Next to navigate through all instances of the word You may notice that both "telephone" with a lowercase 't' and other variations are highlighted throughout the search.
“Telephone” with an uppercase T were found?
To modify search criteria in the Find and Replace dialog box, click on "More" to reveal additional options if they are not already displayed Ensure the "Match case" checkbox is selected, then click "Find Next" to locate instances of the term, such as a lowercase "telephone."
3 Continue to select Find Next until all occurrences have been located Select
OK to remove the dialog box Did any of the selected words contain an uppercase T?
To find a special character, start by replacing "telephone" with "e-mail" in the Find what box Next, select Special and then choose Paragraph Mark, ensuring the Find what criteria reads e-mail^p Make sure to clear the Match case option and click Find Next to highlight "e-mail" followed by a paragraph marker Continue selecting Find Next until all instances are found, then select OK to close the dialog box Finally, check for any additional occurrences of e-mail at the end of a paragraph by selecting Cancel to remove the dialog box.
To customize the handbook, open the Edit menu and select Replace to display the Find and Replace dialog box In the "Find what" field, enter "XYZ Company," and in the "Replace with" field, input "Widget Corporation."
To replace all occurrences of "XYZ Company" with "Widget Corporation," first select "Find Next" to locate the first instance Then, click "Replace" to substitute the selected text, and continue selecting "Replace" to change every occurrence Finally, select "OK" to close the dialog box and exit the Find and Replace tool.
To enhance your document, utilize a thesaurus by placing the cursor on the word “Gathering,” located under the third subheading Then, navigate to Tools, select Language, and choose Thesaurus This action will open the Research task pane, displaying thesaurus results for “Gathering.” From the task pane, hover over the suggestion “meeting,” click the arrow, and select Insert to replace the word.
The word “Gathering” is replaced by “Meeting.” Note that Word used the appropriate capitalization d Find and replace all other occurrences of “gathering” with
“meeting.” Close the dialog box when done. e In the menu, select Synonyms and then select accompany The word “accompany” replaces “escort.”
Save, print, and then close the modified handbook
a Type your name after the last paragraph in the document b Save the modified HANDBOOK, print a copy, and then close the file
Editing becomes more efficient when you first select the text you wish to delete or modify You can easily select text by dragging the I-beam pointer over any portion, whether it’s a single character or multiple pages, with the selected text highlighted on the screen.
The second sentence is selected
To replace selected text, type the new content directly Use the Backspace or Delete key to remove the highlighted text To deselect without deleting, click elsewhere in the document or press an arrow key.
TIP Using Ctrl key shortcuts for Cut (Ctrl+X), Copy (Ctrl+C), and Paste (Ctrl+V) may improve productivity because your hands do not need to leave the keyboard
To paste text with formatting options, click the Paste Options button You can select text using various methods: double-click a word to select it, hold Shift and click to extend the selection, or use Shift with arrow keys for precise selection Additionally, holding Ctrl and clicking selects a sentence, while moving the pointer to the left edge of the text allows you to select an entire line For broader selections, double-click to select a paragraph or triple-click for the whole document, and you can drag to highlight multiple lines To select all text in the document, use the Select All function.
Editing a document involves the essential tasks of moving and duplicating text Moving text refers to cutting selected text from one location and pasting it into another, while duplicating text involves copying selected text and pasting the copy elsewhere The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands from the Edit menu facilitate these functions, making text management efficient and straightforward.
There are four steps to move or duplicate text:
1 Select the text to be moved or copied
2 Select either Cut or Copy
3 Place the insertion point in the document where the text is to be inserted
The Clipboard is a specific memory area where cut or copied text is stored When you paste, the latest content from the Clipboard is inserted at the current cursor position The text remains on the Clipboard until new text is cut or copied, or until the computer is powered off.
The Office Clipboard retains the last 24 items that have been cut or copied To view the Clipboard task pane, select Edit and then Office Clipboard You can point to any item to access the Paste and Delete options by clicking the arrow.
Text can be easily transferred and duplicated across multiple documents For instance, you can cut text from one document and paste it into another, or copy text and do the same To accomplish this, simply cut or copy the desired text, switch to the second document, place the insertion point where you want the text to appear, and then paste it.
Hardware and software
Computers consist of two main components: hardware and software Hardware refers to the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that make up a computer system In contrast, software encompasses the programs that manage and coordinate the functions of the hardware, guiding the processing of data effectively.
The article outlines the fundamental components of a computer system, highlighting the central processing unit (CPU) as the core element responsible for calculations and data manipulation It distinguishes between hardware, which includes the CPU and various peripherals, and software, categorized into systems software that directs tasks and application software tailored for specific needs The integration of hardware and software is crucial for the effectiveness of a computer system, as improper selections can lead to inefficiency and failure in performing intended tasks.
Why did you eliminate the other choices?
1.Only hardware is necessary to make up a computer system
2 Software alone doesn't constitute a computer system
3 A computer system needs both hardware and software to be complete b Understanding the passage Indicate whether the following ideas are stated or not stated (S/NS) in the text
A well-functioning system consists of various components that collaborate effectively While input and output devices tend to operate at a slower pace, the decision-making devices function more rapidly Within the processor, the control unit and arithmetic-logical unit play crucial roles Ultimately, the term "computer" refers to the hardware that encompasses these elements.
5.Software is the programs on cards, tapes and disks
6.The processor is usually referred to as the CPU
7.The word "computer" means the processor and the internal memory
8 Systems software is usually referred to as programs 9.Complete hardware/software products are called turnkey systems 10 Computers process specially prepared items of information.
Networks
Small networks
In pairs, discuss these questions
2) What are the benefits of using networks?
Networking FAQs
A Look at the FAQs (i - vi) without reading the whole text In pairs, try to answer as many of the questions as you can
B Read the whole text and answer these questions
1) What does PAN stand for?
3) How do you log on to an Internet Service Provider?
4) WiMAX is a type of wireless network What is it used for?
5) What equipment do you need to set up a wireless LAN?
6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks?
How many types of network are there?
Networks are classified according to different criteria:
Geographical area: PANs (Personal Area Networks) typically include a laptop, a mobile phone and a PDA; LANs cover a building; MANs (Metropolitan Area
Networks) cover a campus or a city; WANs (Wide Area Networks) cover a country or a continent
In a client-server network, one computer functions as a server, managing and distributing information to other nodes, known as clients Conversely, in a peer-to-peer network, all computers share equal capabilities, allowing them to share files and peripherals directly without the need for a dedicated server.
Topology, or layout: In bus network, all the computers are connected to a main cable, or bus
In a star network, data is transmitted through a central hub that serves as the main connection point for all devices, while a ring network features a continuous loop where each device is interconnected.
Network protocol: This is the language, or set of rules, that computers use to communicate with each other Networks use different protocols For instance, the Internet uses TCP/IP
How do I install a wired modem router?
A modem router is a device that connects your computer or home LAN to the
Plug one end of the phone cord directly into a phone jack, and the other end into the ADSL port on the router
Plug one end of the Ethernet cable into your computer’s network port and the other end into an Ethernet port on the router
Turn on your computer To set up, or configure, the router, you’ll need to input some parameters, for example your ISP’s name and phone number
A router features multiple Ethernet ports, allowing you to connect several PCs using Ethernet cables If you have an existing hub or switch for your local area network (LAN), you only need a single cable to link the hub to the router.
How do I log on to the Internet service Provider?
To access online services, enter your username and password Once logged in, you can check your email, search for information on the web, look up IT terminology in dictionaries, experiment with new software, and subscribe to RSS feeds and newsletters.
Always remember to log off after using the Internet to reduce the risk of viruses and prevent hackers from accessing your computer and stealing confidential information.
What is wireless networking?
Wired networks utilize Ethernet cables, phone lines, and high-speed fiber optic cables for connectivity, while wireless networks transmit data using electromagnetic waves, primarily radio waves The primary types of wireless networks include various technologies that facilitate data communication without physical connections.
WiMAX – for connecting Wi-Fi hotspots
Wi-Fi – for medium-range distances
What do I need to set up a home wireless LAN?
You’ll need computers equipped with a wireless adapter or wireless card, a wireless access point (a wireless router) and a broadband internet connection.
Which is better, a wired or wireless LAN?
Wired LANs, while more challenging to install, offer a cost-effective, faster, and more reliable networking solution In contrast, wireless networks provide the convenience of mobility between access points but come with reduced security and susceptibility to interference.
C In pairs, do this network quiz See which pair can finish first
1) This network typically consists of two or more local area networks, covering a large geographical area a LAN b WAN c Intranet
2) This type of network does not have a dedicated server; all the computers are independent a Peer-to-peer b Client-server c Metropolitan Area Network
3) On this topology, all devices are connected to the same circuit, forming a continuous loop a Star b Ring c bus
4) The language used by computers to communicate with each other on the Internet is called a Ethernet b ADSL c TCP/IP
5) Which cables are used to transfer information for the Internet over long distances at high speeds? b Telephone lines c Ethernet cables d Fiber optic cables
6) Which device allows several computers on a local network to share an internet connection? a An ADSL port b A router c Wireless adapter
7) Which device serves as a common connection point devices in a wireless network? a Wireless access point b Wire router c Wireless adapter
8) Bluetooth is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over a Long distances b Medium-range distances c Short distances (ten meters of less)
Language work: phrasal verbs
A Look at the HELP box Do you have the equivalent of phrasal verbs in your language? How do you say the phrasal verbs in the HELP box?
The meaning of some verbs with particle (often called phrasal verbs) can be easily understood form its two parts
Separate network are linked over a public network, the Internet
However, many phrasal verbs have an idiomatic meaning, not predictable from the meaning of its parts carry (= transport); carry out (= execute)
Computer carry out the programs…
Certain particles have similar meanings, regardless of the verb (on/off, in/out, etc.)
(= start the operation of something)
(= stop the operation of something)
Other common phrasal verbs in computing include:
Plug one end of the phone cord into the phone jack
What do I need to set up a wireless LAN?
Sign up (= register, enroll in a service)
Once connected, you can sign up for RSS feeds, newsletters, etc
Try out (= test or use experimentally)
You can try out new software on their site
Search the Web to find out more information about WiMAX
Fiber optic cables take up less space than copper cables make up ( = constitute, form)
Several LANs connected together make up a WAN fill in (= write the necessary information)
You need to fill in this online form
When the verb has a preposition associated with it, the preposition must precede the object:
You can look for information on the Web
When the particle is an adverb, it can precede or follow the direct object:
You need to type in your username/…type your username in
Turn on the computer/ turn the computer on
If the direct object is a pronoun, the: particle must follow it
You need to type it in
B Complete these sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb from the HELP box
1) To join the club, ………… this form and send it to our office
2) The CPU……… all the basic operations on the data
3) Digital music…………a lot of space – about 10 MB for every minute of stereo sound
4) Thousands of networks………… the Internet
5) You can use newsgroups to……….about the latest trends, customer needs, etc
C Match the questions (1-6) with the answers (a-f)
1) Why was the hacker arrested?
2) Is it OK to log on to my bank account using public computers in a cybercafé?
3) How do I set up an internet connection at home?
4) Can I download software from your site?
5) How can I add video to instant messaging?
6) What do I need to do sign up for a Yahoo! Email account? a Yes, but always remember to log off after you’ve ended your session b Yes, you can even try the programs out for a period before you buy them! c. d Because he broke into a computer system and stole confidential data e Simply install this program and plug the webcam into your computer f You need to install the software for your router Follow the instructions provided by your ISP, probably in the form of a pdf file on a CD
You have to create a username and password and then give some personal details
Communications
Before you read.Try to answer these questions
1) How can a PC be connected to another computer?
2) What data communication systems can you think of? Make a list.
Reading
A Match the data communication services on the left with the requirements on the right Then read the passage and check your answers
4 local bulletin board system (BBS)
5 commercial online service a To send a personal message to a friend who is at a different workstation b To send a copy of a paper document – for instance, a scientific article – from Trento University to Cambridge University c To access massive databases containing all kinds of information, or to be connected with an airline reservations service d To receive shareware and public domain programs from a user group e To find out weather forecasts and sports information from the television
Telecommunications refers to the long-distance transmission of information through various mediums such as telephone systems, radio, television, satellites, and computer networks Common examples include phone conversations, fax communications between sales departments and clients, and accessing teletext on TV In today's digital landscape, telecommunications predominantly involves the transfer of data between computers using modems and phone lines, or fiber-optic cables.
What can you do with a modem?
A modem serves as your computer's vital connection to the internet, enabling you to exchange emails and files, access the web for information on various topics like the stock market and entertainment, engage in newsgroups and live chats, conduct online banking, and shop conveniently from home Additionally, it allows remote access to your office from anywhere, whether at home or while traveling.
A modem serves as a crucial bridge between digital devices, like PCs, and analogue systems, such as traditional telephone lines, which transmit human voice sounds The term 'modem' stands for Modulator/DEModulator, highlighting its dual function: it modulates digital signals into rapid on/off pulses for transmission and demodulates incoming signals back into understandable text or graphics Modem speeds are typically measured in kilobits per second, with common rates including 28.8, 33.6, and 56 kbps.
Many companies are increasingly adopting remote work policies, allowing employees to complete their tasks from home By utilizing modems, workers can easily send their completed work to the office for printing and distribution This approach offers a wide range of applications, enhancing overall efficiency in the workplace.
What do you need to telecommunicate?
To start communicating online, you only need a PC or terminal, a modem connected to your computer and telephone line, and appropriate communication software After installing and configuring your modem, you can connect with others through bulletin boards and various online services.
Bulletin board systems (BBS) are typically free platforms operated by enthusiasts and supported by user groups or small businesses Upon your first connection to a BBS, you must register personal information, including your name, address, phone number, and details about your computer and modem The BBS is managed by a sysop (system operator), who oversees the community Users can download various content such as artwork, games, and software, as well as engage in discussions Additionally, you can upload programs, provided they are shareware or in the public domain.
To access the Internet, you need to create an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a commercial online service provider, with the former offering standard Internet access and the latter providing additional exclusive services.
Internet service providers (ISPs) typically provide users with access to the web, newsgroups, an email address, FTP download programs, and IRC software for live chats Most ISPs operate on a flat monthly or annual fee structure, allowing unlimited internet access for subscribers.
The primary commercial online services include America Online, CompuServe, Prodigy, and the Microsoft Network These services stand out from traditional ISPs due to their user-friendly interfaces and exclusive member services, albeit at higher costs They provide additional features such as airline reservations and professional resources, enhancing the overall user experience.
39 forums, online shopping, and stories for children They also let you search their online encyclopedias and special database
B Complete the sentences by using a term from the list Then write the words in the crossword modem network online download newsgroups services account telephone
1 When you are connected to the
Internet, you are described as being ………
2.To communicate via the Internet, you need a PC, modem, and a
3 To have access to the Internet, you must first open an ………
4 You need a ……… to convert computer data into a form that can be transmitted over the phone lines
5 The public discussion areas on the Internet are called ………
6 You can use a BBS to ……… clip-art, games, and shareware to your PC
7 CompuServe and America Online offer exclusive ……… to their customers
8 The Internet is a global ……… of computer networks.
Language work: Making predictions
A prediction refers to a statement regarding a specific topic, expressing our beliefs about future occurrences These predictions vary in certainty based on context Certainty can be conveyed through terms such as "certain" or "without a doubt," while probability is indicated by words like "likely" or "most probably." Possibility is expressed with terms such as "may" or "could," and improbability is communicated through phrases like "unlikely" or "probably not." Understanding these distinctions is crucial for making accurate predictions.
40 most/ highly doubtful/ questionable most probably not e Impossibility can be expressed by: present or future cannot, could not not possible, impossible past could not not possible, impossible
A These expressions are used in sentences in different ways For examples:
1) Notebook computers will definitely be cheaper next year
2) It is (highly) probable/ likely that notebook computers will be cheaper next year
3) Notebook computers may/ might be cheaper next year
4) Perhaps notebook computers will be cheaper next year
5) It is unlikely/ doubtful that notebook computers will be cheaper next year
6) Notebook computers will most probably not be cheaper next year
7) Notebook computers will definitely not be cheaper next year
8) It is impossible that notebook computers will be cheaper next year
B Match the if-clauses (1 to 6) to the main clauses (a to f) to make complete sentences
1 If you never read computer magazines… a …you would be able to access our bulletin board
2 If you never back up your hard disk… b …it is unlikely that you will have a problem with computer viruses
3 If you had a modem… c …we would have a bigger range of typefaces and fonts to choose from
4 If you don’t copy pirated software… d …you will miss important new products
5 If I knew more programming languages… e …I would get a better job
6 If we bought a better printer… f …you will probably lose some important files
To complete the sentences, identify whether they are first (F) or second (S) conditionals If the conditions are met, the sentences might include phrases like "will get" or "will be reduced" for first conditionals, indicating real possibilities In contrast, second conditionals often use "would" or "would not," suggesting hypothetical scenarios For example, if a plant grows, it will need more sunlight; however, if I wanted to leave early, I would not post my report Understanding the distinctions between these conditionals is crucial for proper usage in writing.
1 If you ……… your VDU in direct sunlight, it ……… damaged
2 If you ……… your screen for too long, you……… a headache
3 If you ……… to link your PCs with a mainframe, you ……… to install a network
4 If the market for portable computers ……… , prices ……… even more next year
5 If we ……… a fax machine and email facility, we ……… so many letters each day
C Now make up three first conditional and three second conditional sentences of your own
Word processing
Most people utilize computers primarily for writing letters, memos, and reports, allowing them to manipulate text on screen for later printing and storage Computers significantly reduce the tedious aspects of typing and editing, enabling easy corrections and changes without the need to retype documents from the beginning.
The true power of word processing is its capacity to store, retrieve, and modify information efficiently While typing remains essential for initially inputting data into the computer, subsequent changes only require retyping when new information is added.
Word processing encompasses more than simple typing; it includes powerful features like Search and Replace, enabling users to locate specific words or phrases throughout extensive texts As documents increase in length, these tools become invaluable Additionally, word processors offer various viewing options, including a mode that reveals editor's marks, which display hidden characters and formatting commands such as spaces, returns, and paragraph endings.
Many word processors offer WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) functionality, allowing users to see how text will appear when printed This feature displays formatting elements such as bold, italic, and underline, along with various typefaces and layout characteristics like margins and indents By providing a clear visual representation of the document, WYSIWYG enhances planning accuracy and minimizes the frustration of unexpected printing results.
Modern word processors now offer a wide range of features that rival desktop publishing layout applications, including the ability to import graphics, format text in multiple columns, and wrap text around images Key functionalities such as automatic hyphenation and mail merging enhance their usability; automatic hyphenation allows words to be split between lines for better text alignment on the page.
A word processor enhances text presentation by continuously monitoring typed words When a word exceeds the line length, it consults a hyphenation dictionary, which lists preferred split points If a suitable split is found, the processor hyphenates the word and moves the remainder to the next line, resulting in a polished and professional appearance for the text.
Mail merge applications are largely responsible for the explosion of
Personalized mail refers to form letters that include designated spaces for names and addresses, which are stored as documents linked to lists of potential buyers or clients.
By designating what information goes into which blank space, a computer can process a huge amount of correspondence substituting the 'personal' information into a form letter
The final document is tailored specifically for the intended recipient, showcasing a personalized touch Additionally, modern word processors are capable of creating detailed tables of figures, advanced indexes, and thorough tables of contents, enhancing the document's organization and accessibility.
In today's business landscape, multimedia files like digital images and videos are gaining popularity; however, the written word continues to hold significant importance Consider the various types of documents generated and shared within organizations, which play a crucial role in communication and information dissemination.
A marketing plan to promote a new product
A memo from senior management regarding corporate strategy
A new benefits policy developed by human resources
Most of these documents are produced using word processing software
Word processing software enables users to create and edit text documents like resumes and reports It allows for easy text entry through typing and offers tools for copying, deleting, and formatting content Key functions of word processing software include text manipulation, formatting options, and document management capabilities.
Creating, editing, saving and printing documents
Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document
Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing
Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs
Word processing offers various tools for formatting documents, such as organizing text into columns, adding page numbers, and inserting illustrations However, it may not provide full control over the document's appearance For enhanced layout control and design flexibility, desktop publishing software is recommended.
Word processing software often includes features designed to simplify repetitive tasks, such as sending personalized letters to multiple customers For instance, when informing all customers about a new policy, a mail merge function enables you to create individual letters using a single template, automatically populating each letter with the respective customer's name and address from a database.
Text editors are distinct from word processing software, as they focus exclusively on plain text without any formatting options like underlining or font variations While both allow for the creation, editing, and saving of text documents, text editors are primarily utilized for handling files in plain text format, such as computer program source code.
44 configuration files of an operating system An example of a text editor would be Notepad on the Windows platform
Word processors' core functions have changed little since the early 1990s
1 The Advantages & Disadvantages of Spreadsheets
2 Difference Between Excel Worksheet & Workbook
3 Five Ways to Open Microsoft Word
4 What Are the Benefits of Word Processing in Business?
Word processors have revolutionized writing since their inception in the 1970s, offering significant advantages over traditional typewriters They allow users to store information digitally, enabling easy manipulation of text without the need for retyping, and facilitate on-demand printing While Microsoft holds a dominant position in the market, there are numerous other word processing options available as of May 2013.
Since the mid-1990s, Microsoft Word has been the leading word processing software, with over 500 million users of its Office products reported in 2009 As the industry benchmark, Microsoft releases significant updates every few years, pushing competitors to innovate Notable features introduced in Word 2013 include an enhanced reading mode that mimics book reading, a "resume reading" function for easy document navigation, and a new revision viewing mode.
Spreadsheets
Language work: Prepositions of place
A Look at the HELP box and then use suitable classifying expressions to complete these sentences
2 Peripherals……….three types: input, output and storage devices
Classifying means putting things into groups or classes We can classify types of computers, parts of a PC, etc
3 A word processing program………… software which lets the user create and edit text
4 ……….of network architecture: peer-to-peer, where all computers have the same capabilities, and client-server (e.g the Internet), where servers store and distribute data, and clients access this data
Some typical expressions for classifying are
…are classifying into X types/categories
…can be divided into X types/categories
Digital computers can be divided into five main types: mainframes, desktop PCs, laptops, tablet PCs and handheld PDAs
The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly
There are X types/classes of…
A tablet PC is a type of notebook computer
5.Benefits of laptops and tablet PCs
Your school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school
Lesson 2: Everyday uses of the Computer 1.Match the pictures
A Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields Look at these photographs of different situations and match them with texts 1 to 4 below
1) Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption, and weather conditions
In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems, and regulate air traffic
2) Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions They can be used to teach courses such as computer- aided design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc
3) Computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present total at a supermarket
4) Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal coded card, dispense money to clients
A Match these titles with the pictures
Using an automatic cash dispenser
In education, computers can make all the difference
Scanning the price of each item and present total at a supermarket
B Match the places in column A with the computer uses in column B
Banks Provide information and entertainment
Factories Look after, patient records and medicines
Now use the above words and phrases to fill in the gaps in this paragraph about computer uses
Computers have become integral to our daily lives, playing essential roles in various settings In retail shops, they streamline transactions and inventory management In factories, they enhance production efficiency and quality control In healthcare, computers manage patient records and track medications When we maintain a bank account, computers facilitate secure transactions and account management Additionally, in our homes, computers serve as central hubs for communication, entertainment, and information access.
C Look at text one again and discuss these questions
How are/were computers used in your school?
What other areas of study would benefit from the introduction of computers?
In my school, computers are used to speed up the process of looking for references in the library
In technical writing, the use of passive voice is prevalent as it emphasizes facts, processes, and events over individual contributors The passive construction is created by combining the appropriate tense of the verb "to be" with the past participle of the main verb.
1) We sell computers (simple present)
2) Babbage invented ‘The Analytical Engine’ (simple past)
1) Computers are sold (simple present)
2) ‘The Analytical Engine’ was invented in 1830 (simple past)
When we write or talk about facts or processes that occur regularly, we use the present passive
2) Data is transferred from the internal memory to the arithmetic- logical unit along channels known as buses
3) The other users are automatically denied access to that record
4) Distributed systems are built using networked computers
A Read the text below, which describes the insurance company’s procedure for dealing with PC-users’ problems Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets
All calls 1 ……… (register) by the Help Desk staff Each call
2……… (evaluate) and then 3 ……… (allocate) to the relevant support group If a visit 4 ……… (require), the user 5 ……… (contact) by telephone, and an appointment 6 ……… (arrange) Most calls
7……… (deal with) within one working day In the event of a major problem requiring the removal of a user’s PC, a replacement can usually 8 ……… (supply)
B Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets
1) The part of the processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices ……… (call) the control unit.
2) An operating system ……… (store) on disk
3) Instructions written in a high-level language ……… (transform) into machine code
4) In the star configuration, all processing and control functions
……… (perform) by the central computer
5) When a document arrives in the mail room, the envelope ……… (open) by a machine
When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive Let us look at some examples
1) COBOL was first introduced in 1959
2) Microsoft was founded on the basis of the development of MS/DOS
3) The organization was created to promote the use of computers in education
C Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets
1) Microsoft ……… (found) by Bill Gates
3) In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs ……… (set up) in laboratories and offices around the world
4) The first digital computer ……… (build) by the University of Pennsylvania in 1946
5) IBM’s decision not to continue manufacturing mainframes
……… (reverse) the year after it ……… (take)
A Write a list of as many uses of the computer, or computer applications, as you can think of
B Now read the text below and underline any applications that are not in your list
Computers and microchips are integral to our daily lives, influencing everything from retail and office design to magazine production and bill payments These remarkable devices, equipped with the right hardware and software, can perform a myriad of tasks at your command They serve as powerful calculating machines that enhance financial computations, electronic filing cabinets that organize extensive data collections, and versatile typewriters for creating various documents Additionally, computers function as personal communicators, connecting you with others globally, and offer entertainment through engaging computer games.
A In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area
Formula 1: racing car, car body, design, mechanical parts, electronic components, engine speed
Entertainment: game, music, animated image, multimedia, encyclopedia
Factories: machinery, robot, production line, computer-aided manufacturing software
Hospitals: patients, medical personnel, database program, records, scanner, diagnose, disease, robot, surgery
A PC can also be used for …
Computers can help … make … control … store … keep … provide … manage
… give … perform … measure … test … provide access to …
B Now write a short paragraph summarizing your discussion Then ask one person from your group to give a summary of the group’s ideas to the rest of the class
In business, computers are used for financial planning, accounting, and specific calculations
In the office, computers are used to write letters and keep records of clients, suppliers, and employees
Lesson 3 Keyboard and mouse 1.Interacting with your computer
Input devices are essential hardware components that enable users to enter data into a computer The most prevalent input devices include the keyboard and mouse, but other options such as light pens, scanners, trackballs, graphics tablets, joysticks, and voice recognition devices also facilitate interaction with computers.
Look at the illustrations and see if you can name them
Work in pairs 3.About the keyboard
A Look at the picture of a PC-compatible keyboard below and identify these groups of keys
1) Alphanumeric keys: arranged in the same order as a typewriter
2) Function keys: used by various programs to instruct the PC to perform specific tasks such as Save, Copy, Cut, Paste, Help, etc
3) Numeric keypad: set of numeric or editing keys The Num Lock key is used to switch from numbers to editing functions
4) Editing keys: cursor and other keys usually used within word processors to page up and down in a long document or to edit text (using Insert or Delete keys)
5) Special keys: used is to issue commands or to produce alternative characters in key combinations, for example, the Alt key
B Match these keys abbreviations with their full names
C Computer system may have different keyboard options Here is an example
If we enter the Key Caps menu on a Macintosh in Courier and then press the Option key, we obtain the following symbols on the screen
Identify these symbols on the keyboard
1 Slash 2 Not equal to 3 Plus and minus
A Try to answer these questions
1) How is the mouse connected to the computer?
2) What does the mouse pointer look like on the screen?
3) What are the functions of the mouse buttons?
4) What are the advantages of a computer mouse over a keyboard?
Read the text to check your answer or to find the right answers
The computer mouse is a user-friendly device that allows for precise control of the pointer on your screen, enabling you to make selections and choices effortlessly with its buttons.
The mouse contains a rubber-coated ball that rests on the surface of your working area or a mousemat When the mouse is moved on that surface, the ball rolls
The ball's movements in various directions rotate the two axles within the mouse, allowing detectors to track the changing position An integrated circuit inside the mouse then transmits signals to the operating system, prompting it to adjust the on-screen pointer accordingly.
B Here are some basic mouse actions Match the terms in the box with the explanations below a Click b Double-click c Drag
1) Position the pointer on something, then rapidly press and release the mouse button twice (You do this to load a program, open a document, or select text or graphics)
2) Position the pointer on something, hold down the mouse button, and move the mouse to the desired position, then release the button (You do this to move an image to a new location on the screen)
3) Position the pointer on something, then press, and release the mouse button (You do this to place the insertion point, to choose an option, or to close a window)
We can describe the function of an item in a number of ways
1 ROM holds instructions which are needed to start up the computer
Used to-infinitive , Used for +
2 ROM is used to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer
3 ROM is used for holding instructions which are needed to start up the computer
4 The function of ROM is to hold instructions which are needed to start up the computer
Now, match each item in Column A with its function in Column B Then describe its function in two ways
A computer operates through various components, including a cursor control system, which allows users to navigate interfaces easily Data input is facilitated via a keyboard, similar to a typewriter, while output is displayed on a screen for user interaction For data storage, the system can read DVD-ROMs and write to removable magnetic disks, ensuring versatility in data management The computer's startup instructions are stored in ROM, and the processor reads and writes data from memory, providing quick access to programs and their associated data Additionally, the computer's timing signals are meticulously controlled to synchronize operations, ensuring all functions run smoothly and efficiently.
A How many kinds of printers can you think of? Make a list
B Read the text below and label these types of printers
The resolution depends on the number of pins (9 or 24)
The quality (resolution) of the images ranges from 180 to 720 dots per inch (dpi)
Provides high quality output – a resolution of 600/1200 (dpi)
Provides the highest resolution – more than 2,000 dpi
Provides high quality for linework
Printing is the crucial final step in document creation, facilitated by printers connected to your computer As different printers yield significantly varied results, this guide will assist you in selecting the most appropriate printer for your specific requirements.
Dot-matrix printers utilize pins to create dots that form characters, allowing them to print both text and graphics While some models can achieve speeds of up to 450 characters per second, they offer relatively low-resolution output at 72 or 144 dots per inch This quality is adequate for preliminary drafts but not ideal for reports or books intended for a broader audience Although slower than laser printers, dot-matrix printers are significantly more affordable.
Ink-jet printers are a popular type of non-impact printer that create images by projecting tiny droplets of ink onto paper Known for their speed, quiet operation, and affordability compared to laser printers, they deliver high-quality results, with some models offering a resolution of up to 720 dpi Bubble-jet printers function similarly, providing an effective printing solution for various needs.
Laser printers deliver high-speed output with exceptional resolution of 600/1200 dpi, utilizing a laser beam to scan images and transfer them onto paper with specialized ink powder Continuously evolving, these printers are favored by professionals for their superior speed and image quality, offering a diverse range of scalable fonts, the ability to emulate various language systems, and the capability to produce graphics Despite their numerous advantages, laser printers remain a costly investment.
C Read the text again and complete this table with the most relevant information Then compare your notes with a partner
Technical specifications and other features
Reference signals: Read the text and say what the underlined words refer to
Printing is the final stage in creating a document That is the purpose of the printers joined to your computing equipment Since the results you can obtain with different
23 types of printers will vary substantially, here is a guide to help you decide which one is most suitable for your needs
Dot-matrix printers utilize pins to create the dots that form characters, enabling them to print both text and graphics Today, some models can achieve impressive speeds of up to 450 characters per second (cps).
Read the advertisements for printers below, and then with your partner, answer the questions See who in your group/class can finish first
1) How many laser printers are advertised here?
2) Is there a printer that operates by spraying ink droplets onto paper?
3) Which laser printer offers the highest resolution or output quality?
4) Which printer is the most expensive?
5) Which one would you recommend to a friend who does not have much money?
6) Which one has more internal fonts?
7) A printer language is software that tells printers how to print a document Can you find two types of laser printer languages?
8) What connectivity features are offered by the Turbo Laser Writer QR?
9) A very common feature in advertisements is the use of abbreviations Find the abbreviations for these expressions: dots per inch, characters per second, pages per minute, small computer system interface, and liquid- crystal display
Workgroup laser printer 15 pages per minute 600 dpi for graphics 36 MB of
RAM Includes Adobe PostScript and
Hewlett Packard PCS printer languages
75 resident fonts Connectivity: one bi- directional parallel port, one LocalTalk port, and one Ethernet port for networks
Dot-matrix printer with 24 pins Prints text and graphics 450 cps Compatible special interface Free unlimited hotline support for our customers One year on-site maintenance
Color printer 40 Adobe PostScript fonts
36 MB RAM with a SCSI interface for an optional 20 MB hard disk
Parallel, serial and AppleTalk interfaces
HP plotter emulation Thermal printing system 30-day money-back guarantee
1 year’s on-site parts and labor and £2,249
Two 200 sheet selectable input trays
Comes with PostScript language and PCL (printer control language) Telephone hotline support
Resolution: Up to 4800 x 1200 optimized dpi on premium photo paper
Paper input capacity: Up to 150 sheets
Reliable color printer with cost-effective features for the home or office on a budget
Personal laser printer, 5 pages per minute 4 MB RAM expandable to 64
MB Parallel interface 200 sheet input tray 35 resident fonts One-year on-site maintenance Prints on a wide range of materials and sizes £649 3.Language work: Revision of comparison
A Study the sentences below and do the following:
Draw a circle around comparatives and a rectangle around superlatives
1) Dot-matrix printers are cheaper than laser printers
2) A photosetter is the fastest output device
3) A thermal wax printer is more expensive than a monochrome laser printer
4) The Micro Laser XT is the most reliable of all
5) Personal laser printers cost less than ordinary laser printers They also weigh less and require less space
6) My printer has more resident fonts than yours
7) This printer offers laser quality at a lower price
8) Monochrome printers operate faster than color ones
9) Dot-matrix printers are too slow
10) Dot-matrix printers are not quick enough £9 £17 £210
A word processor allows users to easily search for specific characters, words, or phrases within a document In Microsoft Word, the "Find" feature, accessible through the Edit menu, opens a dialog box for entering search text The search begins at the current insertion point, and when a match is found, Word highlights the text Users can continue the search until the entire document has been scanned for the specified term.
Graphic representation
A Look at the graph below and, with the help of a partner, check that it is an exact visual representation of the spreadsheet in Task 1
B Can you calculate the net profits of this firm during the period 1997-98?
C What type of image is this: a pie chart, a bar chart, an area graph, or a line graph?
D What is the advantage, if any, of displaying information as a graph, rather than as a spreadsheet?
Extension
A Spreadsheet programs are also used to make out invoices Look at the invoice below and fill in the blanks with the right words from the box
Quantity Description Price VAT (Value Added Tax)
B Have you got a spreadsheet program at work or school? If so, try to produce a similar invoice
PROGRAMMING
Warm-up
A In pairs, try to think of an answer for the question
Look at the definition in the Glossary Is it similar to yours?
B Complete the following definitions with the words and phrases in the box the various parts of the program may occur in programs binary numbers Language a given problem
The step-by-step specification of how to reach the solution………
A diagram representing the logical sequence between the various parts of the program………
The translation of the logical steps into a programming …………
The basic instructions understood by computers The processor operates on codes which consist of ………
The techniques of detecting, diagnosing and correcting errors (or ‘bugs) which may occur in programs…………
Read the text and find answers to these questions
1) Do computers understand human languages?
2) What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages?
4) What is the function of compilers?
5) What do you understand by the terms source program and object program?
6) In the future, could computers be programmed in Spanish, French, or Japanese?
Computers are unable to comprehend natural languages like spoken English; they can only interpret machine code, which is composed of binary digits (1s and 0s) processed by the CPU.
Machine code is challenging to write, which is why we utilize symbolic languages that are more comprehensible These languages can be converted into machine code using specialized programs For instance, assembly languages employ mnemonic codes like ADD, SUB, and MPY to represent instructions, making them easier to associate with their corresponding functions.
Low-level languages are programming languages that closely resemble machine code, with each instruction corresponding directly to a single machine code instruction These languages require a special program known as an assembler to convert them into machine code Despite their utility, low-level languages remain complex and are often limited to specific hardware architectures.
Higher-level programming languages like BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, and Pascal were developed to simplify coding and facilitate communication between different machines These languages focus on problem-solving rather than machine-specific instructions Programs created in these languages, referred to as source programs, are transformed into lower-level languages through a compiler, producing an object program During compilation, each high-level statement typically translates into multiple machine code instructions.
People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be
Scientists are already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.
The infinitive is used
- It is difficult to use machine code
After modal verbs with to: ought to, used to
- I ought to make a back-up copy
- Using a computer is much easier than it used to be
After modal and auxiliary verbs without to: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, would rather, would sooner
- Unfortunately, computers can’t understand English
- I’d rather buy a game than a spreadsheet
A Make sentences as in the example
Not easy/write instructions in Pascal
It is not easy to write instructions in Pascal
1) advisable/test the program under different conditions
2) expensive/set up a data-processing area
3) unusual for a program/work correctly the first time it is tested
4) difficult for students/learn FORTRAN
5) important/consider the capabilities of the programming language
6) quite easy/write instructions in BASIC
B Now look again at the reading passage in Task 2 Underline the infinitive constructions after modal verbs
Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken English…
D Look at these pairs of examples and decide where there is an ‘important’ change in meaning
1 a I remember shutting down the computer before I left the room b Please, remember to buy the new program
2 a They stopped to look at the flowchart b They stopped looking at the flowchart
3 a I like studying C language b I like to study C language in the evenings
4 a It has started to rain b It has started raining
5 a He needs to work harder b This hard disk needs repairing
THE INTERNET AND EMAIL
Internet basics
A In pairs, discuss how you would define the Internet
B Make a list of all the things you can use the Internet for
Internet FAQs
C Read Part 1 of the internet FAQs and choose the correct answers
1) The internet was a Invented in the mid-90s b Popular in the 1960s c Probably created in the USA
2) Which term describes any fast, high-bandwidth connection? a Broadband b Dial-up connection c Wi-Fi connection
3) The power-line internet provides broadband access through a Telephone lines b Satellites c Electrical power lines
2) Which device converts computer data into a form that can be transmitted over phone lines? a ADSL b A mobile phone c A modem
3) The standard protocol that allows computers to communication over the Internet is called a An IP address b TCP/IP c HTTP
4) The geographical region covered by one or several access points is called a a Wireless access point b Hotspot c Wireless network device
How old is the Internet (the Net)? When was it created?
It’s hard to say exactly The research that led to what we now know as the Internet was begun in the 1960s
Again, it’s hard to say exactly who created it The initial research was carried out by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in America, funded by the US government
Did the Internet become popular quickly?
It took many years for the Internet to become popular around the world It’s only really since the mid-90s that the Internet has been a part of our daily lives
How do you get online?
To get connected, you need a computer, the right connection Software and a modem connected to the phone line You also need an account with an Internet
Service Provider (ISP), which acts a gateway between your PC and the rest of the
How fast are today’s internet connections?
Today, ISPs offer a broadband, high-speed connection The most common types are cable-offered by local cable TV companies-and ADSL (Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) utilizes phone lines to deliver faster internet speeds compared to traditional dial-up connections Additionally, some electricity networks offer broadband access through a technology called power-line Internet, which allows for low-cost connectivity via power plugs, although it is still under development.
How long has broadband existed?
How much does broadband access cost?
It depends on which company you choose Nowadays, some companies even offer free broadband
Why do you need a modem?
A modem (modulator/demodulator) converts digital signals into analogue signals so that data can be transmitted across the phone or cable network
What does TCP/IP mean?
TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, serves as the fundamental language for data transfer on the Internet, functioning similarly to an operating system for the web Each computer connected to the Internet is assigned a unique identifier, ensuring seamless communication across the network.
Are there other ways of accessing the Internet?
Alternative internet access methods encompass Wi-Fi, satellite, mobile phones, and TV sets with modems Wi-Fi-enabled devices such as laptops and PDAs can connect to the internet when near wireless access points, commonly found in hotspots like cafés, parks, or campuses Satellite services provide internet connectivity in areas lacking terrestrial access, such as on ships at sea.
High-end mobile phones provide access through the phone network
D In pairs, discuss which of the internet systems (1-6) you would use to do the tasks (a-f) then read Part 2 of the FQAs and check your answers
1 Email a Transfer files from the Internet to your hard drive
2 The Web b Send a message to another person via the Internet
3 Newsgroups c Have a live conversation (usually typed) online
4 Chat and IM d Connect to a remote computer by entering instructions, and run a program on it
5 FTP e Take part in public discussion areas devoted to specific topics
6 Telnet f Download and view documents published on the Internet
Email lets you exchange messages with people all over the world Optional attached files can include text, pictures and even audio and animation
A mailing list uses email to communicate messages to all its subscribes – that is, everyone that belongs to the list
Which email program is the best?
Outlook Express is a popular program, but many users use web-based email accounts such as Hotmail
The Web is comprised of billions of documents hosted on web servers that utilize the HTTP protocol Users navigate this vast network through web browsers, which enable them to search for, view, and print web pages efficiently.
How often are web pages updated?
It depends entirely on the page Some are updated thousands of times a day
Chat and Instant Messaging (IM)
Chat and Instant Messaging technologies allow you to have real-time conversations online, by typing messages at the keyboard
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) facilitates the transfer of files over a TCP/IP network, and today, this functionality is integrated into web browsers Users can easily download programs, games, and music files from remote computers directly to their hard drives.
Telnet is a protocol and a program used to log onto remote computer systems
It enables you to enter commands that will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the remote server
Newsgroups are public discussion forums within the Usenet system, where users contribute by posting articles and responding to others, forming interconnected message threads To access and participate in newsgroups, a newsreader is required, which can either be a standalone application or integrated into a web browser.
How many newsgroups are there?
There are approximately 30,000 active newsgroups
Where can you find newsgroups?
Many newsreaders enable users to download newsgroup addresses provided by their ISP's news server Alternatively, users can access web forums, which serve a similar purpose without the need for additional software.
B Find words and phrases in part 2 with following meanings
1) A system used to distribute email to many different subscribers at once (in Email paragraph)
2) A program used for displaying web pages (in The Web paragraph)
3) To connect to a computer by typing your username and password (in Telnet paragraph)
4) A series of interrelated messages on a given topic (in Newsgroups paragraph)
5) A program for reading Usenet newsgroups (in Newsgroups paragraph)
Language work: questions
E Look at the HELP box and then make a question about Sue Clarke for each of her answers
I use the Internet to find information requested by clients
I’ve been doing this job for six months
In questions, we normally place the auxiliary verb before the subject
Are there other ways of accessing the
If there is no other auxiliary, we use do/does (present simple) or did (past simple)
Did Internet become popular quickly?
There are many question words in
English which we use to find out more information than just yes or no
What does TCP/IP mean?
Which email program is the best?
Where can you find newsgroups?
How often are web pages updated?
How long has broadband existed?
Why do you need a modem?
How much does broadband access cost?
How many newsgroups are there?
How do you get online?
How fast are today’s internet connections?
How old is the Internet?
F In pairs, make questions using these prompts Then practice asking and answering the questions
Example: When / first / use the Internet when did you first use the Internet?
1) What type of internet connection / have at home?
2) How fast/ your internet connection?
3) How much / pay for broadband access?
4) How often/ access the internet?
7) Do / use you mobile phone to access the Internet?
8) Do / use the internet in public spaces using Wi-Fi?
10)How many newsgroups / subscribe to?