(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) effecting of educational level on self medication decition of patients in hochiminh city

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HCM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM VIETNAM-THE NETHERLANDS PROJECT ON DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ON SELF-MEDICATION DECISION OF PATIENTS IN HOCHIMINH CITY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By PHAM QUANG ANH THU BO.GIAo ovc ~At: :., TAo- TRUdNG fJH KINH ,.:: T~ 'c · 1~.HCM TI:!_li VIiJ~'N 6~Zr; Academic Supervisor: DR NGUYEN VAN NGAI HO CHI MINH CITY, AUGUST 2007 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks and special thanks to the academic supervisor Dr Nguyen Van Ngai for his assistance and suggestion during the writing of this thesis I am grateful to Dr Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr Nguyen Hoang Bao and Dr Arjun Singh Beddi for their useful comments on thesis proposal and thesis drafts which are helpful to the author in doing the thesis I also express my special thanks to M.A Truong Dang Thuy, without his regular and precious advices the author could not complete the research Great appreciation is expressed to my classmates, Quyen and Vy, for their honest friendship, enthusiastic support and sharing during studying at the Vietnam Netherlands Program for M.A in Development Economics Sincere thanks go to my family for their spiritual encouragement and material support which helped me overcome all difficulties during pursuing my M.A program Last but not least, many thanks are given to the households who allowed the author to interview them TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 11 CERTIFICATION I certify that the substance of this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree and is not being current submitted for any other degree I certify that to the best of my knowledge any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this thesis PHAM QUANG ANH THU Date: 01 August, 2007 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 111 ABSTRACT Self-medication is a common practice in many developing countries In Vietnam, self-medication has grown in recent years due to the increasing availability of drug vendors and pharmacy shops throughout the country Beside the convenience, time and cost saving, self-medication is associated with risks such as misdiagnosis, use of irrational drug dosage that lead to the harmful consequences not only for patient himself but also for community as a whole Investigating the determinants of selfmedication practice of individuals facing illness is helpful for the health policy makers who are interested in improving the appropriate access of self-medication in public This study focuses on examining the impact of educational level on self-medication practice in Ho Chi Minh city, the national center of educational and health care of the country The descriptive statistics and econometric analyzes have been applied to answer the question whether the adult individuals with a higher education are more likely to be self-medicated The thesis has been employed the theory of consumer choice as the foundation theory, the Andersen's behaviour model, and two empirical studies to construct a health-seeking model which describes the way individuals make choices regarding health care utilization to get the highest level of utility The findings based on the survey conducted by the author in Ho Chi Minh city show that the more educated individual is, the more self-medication he or she has in treating minor illness TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 PROBLEM STATMENT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE, RESEARCH QUESTION & RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY THE ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 SOME DEFINITIONS 2.1.1 Self-medication 2.1.2 Professional health care provider 2.1.3 Types of illnesses 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMWORK 2.2.1 Theory of consumer behaviour and the demand for health care services 2.2.2 Grossman's theory ofhuman capital and the demand for health care : l2 2.2.3 Andersen's behaviour model and access to medical care 15 2.3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES 17 2.3.1 Chang and Trivedi (2003) 18 2.3.2 Arjun S.Bedi eta! (2003) 19 2.4 MODEL SPECIFICATION 21 2.4.1 Empirical mode/ 23 2.4.2 Transforming theoretical framework into variables 26 2.4.2.1 Dependent variable 27 4.2.2 Independent variables 27 2.5 CONCLUSION 32 CHAPTER 3: VIETNAMESE HEALTH CARE AND DRUG UTILAZATION 34 HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION IN VIETNAM 34 3.1.1 Trends in health care seeking behaviour ofindividuals ; 34 3.1.2 The Cost of Health Services 35 3.1.3 Self-medication and reasons 38 3.2 DRUG UTILAZATION & SOURCE OF DRUGS FOR SELF-MEDICATION IN VIETNAM 40 3.2.1 National drugpolicy 42 3.2.2 Antibiotic resistance 43 3.3 CONCLUSION 44 CHAPTER 4: SELF-MEDICATION BEHAVIOUR OF PATIENTS IN HO CHI MINH CITY 46 4.1 OVERVIEW OF HO CHI MINH CITY- THE NATIONAL CENTER OF EDUCATION & HEALTH CARE 46 4.2 DATACOLLECTINGMETHOD 48 4.3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS • , 50 3.1 Individual characteristics 51 4.3.2 Price and attributes ofhealth care providers 55 4.3.3 Knowledge of drug safety ofrespondents 57 4.4 ECONOMETRIC ANAL YSES 60 4.1 Methods of interpretation 60 4 Explanations ofregression results 62 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEND ATIONS 66 5.1 5.2 CONCLUSIONS 66 RECOMMENDATIONS • 68 REFERENCES: 71 APPENDICES: 78 APPENDIX 1: 78 APPENDIX 2: 86 APPENDIX 3: 87 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1: Available health consumption bundleJfor individuals with different health status ••• • •.•.•• 10 FIGURE 2.2: Effect of income on provider choice ••••••••••••.••••••••••• ••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••.•••••••••• •••••.•••••• 11 FIGURE 2.3: Effect ofprice on provider choice ••.•.•.•.•••••••••••.••••••••••••• ••••••••••• • •.•••••••.•.•••••••••••.•.••••.•••••• 11 FIGURE 2.4: Andersen's Behavioural Model •.•.•.•••••••• •••••••••.•.•.•.••••••••••.••••••••••••.• ••••••• •.••••••••••• •.• 16 FIGURE 3.1: Selected reason for self-medication by age group •.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• ••••••.•••••.•••.•.••• 38 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1: List ofvariables and expected signs •.••••••••••••.••.•••••••••••.••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•.•.•••••• ••••••••••••.•••.•• 26 TABLE 3.1: Annualized health services contact rates, by provider •••••••••.••.•.•••••••••.••.••••••.• ••••••••• •.••••••• 34 TABLE 3.2: Distribution oftotal health services contacts across providers in 1998 ••••••••.•••••••• •.••••••••.••.• 35 TABLE 4.1: Description ofvariables •••.•••.•••••••••• •••••••••• •.•••••••••.• ••••••••• •••••••••••.••••••••• ••••••••.••.•••••• 51 TABLE 4.2: Demographic Information of Respondents by behaviour group ••••••.•.••••••.•• •••••••••••.•••••••••.•.• 52 TABLE 4.3: Changing in choosing health care providers ofGroup •••••••• •••••••••• •.••••••••••.•.•••••••••.••.•••••• 54 TABLE 4.4: Total cost oftreatment by behaviour group• • •.• • •.•.•.• • • •.• • .• • •• • •.•.• 55 TABLE 4.5: Total consuming time of treatment by behaviour group •••••• •••••••••••.•.••••••••••• •.•••••••.• ••••••• 56 TABLE 4.6: Knowledge of drug safety by behaviour group •••••.• •••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.•.••••••• •••••••••• 51 TABLE 7: Knowledge of drug safety by behaviour and educational group •.•••••••••• ,•.••••••••••.••.•••••••••.•••••• 59 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com vi (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city ACRONYMS GSO General Statistics Office UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme VHI Vietnam Health Insurance VHSR Vietnamese Health Sector Review VLSS Vietnam Living Standards Survey VNHS Vietnam National Health Survey VNDP Vietnamese National Drug Policy WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com vii (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT After the economic reforms initiated in 1986 in Vietnam, the role of public health sector began to deteriorate which accompanied the emergence of private sector and the expanding of pharmaceutical industry Between 1986 and 1994 there was a three-fold increase in drug production and a six-fold increase in per capita drug consumption (Witter, 1996) The rapidly expanding drug vendors and pharmacy shops throughout the country have emerged now acting as an important health care provider Data from Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1997-1998 (VLSS, 1997-1998) indicates that the contact rate with the health care system was dominated by the use of pharmaceuticals According to the VLSS 2001-2002, self-medication is very common practice to deal with illness among Vietnamese households - 73 percent of patients reporting use of self-medication to deal with illness and most people procure medication for self-medication at pharmacists The common practice of self-medication has both positive and negative aspects In cases of common illness, such as coughs or colds, self-medication may be rational behaviour in terms of convenient, time saving and cheap if patients have sufficient knowledge about common non-prescription drugs But in cases of more serious disease, requiring the use of antibiotics or steroids, or in cases of special status such as pregnancy, babies, people with TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city PART III: QUESTIONS ABOUT PHARMACY, HEALTH CARE PROVIDER * Note for interviewer: according to information question 19, chose the suitable following part Part /Ill a Self-medication only Part Ill2 Part IIL4 X X b Visit doctor only X c Both a & b X PART 111.1: Part Ill3 X X QUESTIONS ABOUT PHARMACY/DRUG STORE 26 At which pharmacies did you buy medicine? (multi-selection is allowed) a Near your house b Near your company c Most frequent pharmacy d Others, please specify the reasons: _ _ _ _ _ 27 In this sickness period, if you had self-medication more than one time, did you buy medicine at the same pharmacy/drug store? Yes (Go to question 29) No 28 If you bought medicine at different pharmacies, please tell at which pharmacies you buy most frequently (chose one option) a Near your house b Near your company c Most frequent pharmacy d Others, please specify the reasons: _ _ _ _ _ 29 How many minutes did it take you to buy medicine? _ _ _ _ _ minutes * Note for interviewer: The time is two-way time (go to pharmacy, buying medicine and coming back) 30 What mean of transport did you use mainly to go to pharmacy? a On foot b Bicycle D c Motorbike 80 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city D d Others 31 What was the total self-medication cost in this treatment period? * Note for interviewer: The total self-medication cost does not include the cost of buying prescriptive medicine PART III.2 QUESTIONS ABOUT CLINIC/HOSPITAL 32 At which health care providers did you go for examination and treatment during this period? (multi-selection is allowed) D a Near your house D b Near your company D c Most frequent clinic/hospital D d Insurance registered clinic/hospital D e Well-reputation clinic/hospital D f Others, please specify the reasons: - - - - - - - 33 Did you use your health insurance card? D D No Yes 34 If you visited doctor more than one time, did you go for examination and treatment at the same place during this sickness? D Yes (Go to question 36) D No 35 If you visited doctor at different health care providers, please tell at which did you go most frequently (chose one option) D a Near your house D b Near your company D c Most frequent clinic/hospital D d Insurance registered clinic/hospital D e Well-reputation clinic/hospital D f Others, please specify the reasons: _ _ _ _ _ 36 How many minutes did it take you to go to that health care provider? _ _ _ minutes *Note for interviewer: The time includes time of going to health care provider and come back 37 How many minutes did it take you to wait at health care provider before seeing doctor? - - - minutes 81 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city * Note for interviewer: the waiting time excludes the time for testing, and X-ray checks 38 How many minutes did the examination take you? minutes 39 What mean of transport did you use mainly to go to pharmacy? a On foot b Bicycle c Motorbike d Others 40 What was the total cost of all consultations m this treatment period? _ _ _ _VND 41 What was the total cost of buying medicine follow prescription of doctor for all examinations? * Note for VND interviewer: The total cost of buying medicine without any prescription from physician to treat, or buy medicine with an old prescription is excluded 42 Did you buy medicine at pharmacy where you took examination? Yes (Stop for this part) No 43 If no, at which pharmacy did you buy medicine? (Chose one suitable option) a Near your house b Near your company c Most frequent pharmacy e Others 44 Did you bought medicine immediately after leaving health care provider? Yes (Stop for this part) No 45 How many minutes did it take you to buy medicine? _ _ _ _ _ minutes *Note for interviewer: The time is two-way time (go to pharmacy, buying medicine and coming back) 46 What mean of transport did you use mainly to go to pharmacy? a On foot b Bicycle c Motorbike d Others 82 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city PART Ill.3: QUESTIONS ABOUT PHARMACY 4sk this part in case of respondent chose using health care providers for examination and ~reatment only 47 It's supposed that in this time of sickness, you thought that it was not too severe to visit doctor but self-medication only, at which pharmacy would you buy medicine? (Chose one sui~able option) a Near your house b Near your company c Most frequent pharmacy d Others, please specify the reasons: _ _ _ _ _ 48 Is it the pharmacy that you mentioned in question 26 or at the health care provider where you went for examination? Yes (Go to question 51) No 49 How many minutes did it take you to buy medicine? * Note for interviewer: The time is two-way time (go to pharmacy, minutes buying medicine and coming back) 50 What mean of transport did you use mainly to go to pharmacy? a On foot b Bicycle c Motorbike d Others 51 You think that what the total cost ofbuying medicine would be? VND PART III.4: QUESTIONS ABOUT CLINIC/HOSPITAL Ask this part in case the respondent chose using self-medication only 52 It's supposed that in this time of sickness, you thought that it was relative severe, you would go for examination and treatment not self-medication, at which health care provider would you chose? (Chose one suitable option) a Near your house b Near your company c Most frequent clinic/hospital d Insurance registered clinic/hospital e Well-reputation clinic/hospital 83 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city D f Others, please specify the reasons: _ _ _ _ _ 53 You think that how many minutes it takes you to go to that health care provider?_ _ _minutes * Note for interviewer: It includes the time of going to health care provider and come back 54 What mean of transport did you use mainly to go to pharmacy? D a On foot D b Bicycle D c Motorbike D d Others 55 How many minutes did it take you to wait at health care provider before seeing doctor? - - - minutes * Note for interviewer: the waiting time excludes the time for testing, and X-ray checks 56 How many minutes did the examination take you? minutes 57 You think that what the total cost of all consultation would be? VND (Excluding the cost of buying medicine following the prescription) PART IV: GENEARE INTERVIEWEE INFORMATION Please tell me your: 58 Full name: 59 Age: 60 Sex: D Male D Female 61 Ethnicity: a Kinh D b Chinese c Others (specify): _ _ _ _ _ 62 Your current marital status: D Single D Married D Widowed D Divorced/Separated TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 84 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city 63 What is the grade has you finished? Grade ./12 Vocational Graduated D Studying College: Graduated D Studying University Graduated D Studying Higher than university No formal schooling 64 What are the total years you went to school? years (Note: interviewer compare question 65, excluding years respondents repeated class) 65 For which economic sector you work for? a State company/enterprise b Private company/enterprise c Joint venture with foreign company d Self-employed/Free occupation e Housewife/Househusband f Unemployment g Student 66 Please tell me the average monthly of your income bracket is: D a Less than 500.000 VND i From 4.000.000 to 4.500.000 VND D b From 500.000 to 1.000.000 VND j From 4.500.000 to 5.000.000 VND D c From 1.000.000 to 1.500.000 VND k From 5.000.000 to 5.500.000 VND D d From 1.500.000 to 2.000.000 VND From 5.500.000 to 6.000.000 VND D e From 2.000.000 to 2.500.000 VND m From 6.000.000 to 6.500.000 VND D f From 2.500.000 to 3.000.000 VND n From 6.500.000 to 7.000.000 VND D g From 3.000.000 to 3.500.000 VND o From 7.000.000 to 7.500.000 VND D h From 3.500.000 den 4.000.000 VND p From 7.500.000 to 8.000.000 VND q More than 8.000.000 VND 67 Do you own this house/apartment or? Rent o Own 68 The total area is: m2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com85 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city 69 Please tell me how many items you own for each of the following? Check x if yes Items Washing machine Air conditioner Refrigerator Water heater Car 70 How much was your electricity bill last month? VND APPENDIX2: Results of question about Knowledge of drug safety Disagree Not know/ No idea Agree Questions No % No % No % Question 68 57% 13 11% 39 33% Question 37 31% 6% 76 63% Question 82 68% 15 13% 23 19% Question 96 80% 6% 17 14% Question 100 83% 6% 13 11% Question 33 28% 32 27% 55 46% Question 93 78% 10 8% 17 14% Question 61 51% 11 9% 48 40% Question 42 35% 27 23% 51 43% Question 10 71 59% 14 12% 35 29% Number ofrespondents=l20 Source: Author's calculationfrom household survey 2007 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com86 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city (LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city(LUAN.van.THAC.si).effecting.of.educational.level.on.self.medication.decition.of.patients.in.hochiminh.city