(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) determinants of water melon production at farm household level in tien giang provice

Research context

Tien Giang's watermelon is a key fruit export to China and Cambodia, yet its production remains unstable In 2007, the area dedicated to watermelon cultivation was 3,779 hectares, yielding 70,847 tons, but by 2008, this dropped to 2,954 hectares and 55,754 tons The current cultivation practices in Tien Giang are characterized by a lack of concentration, specialization, and market information, leading to significant price fluctuations Producers face challenges due to the dependence on wholesalers and seasonal demand variations, with little available data on the economic efficiency of watermelon farming and its contribution to farm household incomes This article focuses on the supply side and the economic viability of watermelon cultivation in Tien Giang province.

This research identifies key weaknesses in watermelon production that require improvement: a) the low entrepreneurial skills of farmers across all demographics; b) the need for enhanced resilience against adverse natural conditions, particularly sudden climate changes; and c) the overall quality of watermelons available in the market.

Research problem

Understanding the factors influencing watermelon production is crucial for farmers in Tien Giang, as different types of farmers respond uniquely to various influences This study aims to identify key factors affecting watermelon output by utilizing a production function model, farm household economics theory, and SWOT analysis.

This article explores the key determinants influencing watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines various factors such as climate, soil quality, farming techniques, and economic conditions that affect the yield and sustainability of watermelon farming Understanding these determinants is crucial for improving agricultural practices and enhancing productivity in the region The findings aim to provide insights for farmers and policymakers to optimize watermelon production and support local agricultural development in Tien Giang.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of various inputs in watermelon production, including land, labor, and capital, which encompasses both cash and physical assets like fertilizers and seeds Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of market information to ensure that supply meets demand, avoiding both surplus and deficit situations.

Goal and specific objectives of the study

Tien Giang, a key province in Western Vietnam's economic landscape, continues to prioritize agriculture as a vital component of its economic growth This study aims to enhance agricultural productivity and elevate the living standards of farm households in Tien Giang by focusing on increasing watermelon production.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

1 Identify the potential factors which impact strongly to water melon production process in order to indicate the right ways and approaches to gain higher productivity

2 Estimate economic efficiency of different factors of production used in water melon cultivation

3 Make recommendations and strategic suggestions for government policy and farmer groups to enhance the profitability of water melon production to farmers

Research question

The primary aim of this research is to identify the key factors influencing watermelon production and to assess the economic efficiency of these production factors in watermelon cultivation To achieve this objective, the author poses specific research questions that guide the investigation.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural practices and economic outcomes Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, farming techniques, and market conditions Additionally, the availability of agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers significantly affects yield Understanding these determinants can help farmers optimize their production strategies and improve overall productivity in Tien Giang Province.

Which factors that impact potentially on Tien Giang's water melon production? How is economic efficiency of factors that impact to water melon production estimated?

The organization of the thesis

of research and the organization of the thesis

Chapter 2 is literature review This chapter provides: (1) theory about farm household economies, production function and production factors of farm household; (2) empirical studies; and (3) analytic framework of this research

Chapter 3 introduces research methodology including analytical framework (the regression model, variable indication, sign expectation, variable description), data collection and sample distribution and analysis methods

Chapter 4 analyzes watermelon production in Tien Giang province, focusing on how various input uses impact yield The author provides a comprehensive overview of the agricultural landscape in Tien Giang, highlighting key factors that contribute to watermelon farming success.

This study explores the determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It identifies key factors influencing yield, including soil quality, access to water resources, and farming practices Additionally, the research highlights the importance of market access and socio-economic conditions for enhancing production efficiency Understanding these determinants can help improve watermelon farming strategies and contribute to the agricultural development of Tien Giang Province.

Tien Giang province is characterized by favorable climate and soil conditions that enhance watermelon production This article explores the competitiveness of watermelon in the market, alongside a detailed SWOT analysis of the industry Through farm surveys, the author provides insights into the current state of watermelon cultivation in Tien Giang, while econometric analyses assess how various input factors influence watermelon yields.

Chapter 5 IS the last one is presented conclusion and recommendation for provincial authorities to help farmers get a higher productivity and especially get a higher benefit

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing this production include soil quality, access to water resources, and the application of modern farming techniques Additionally, market demand and the availability of agricultural inputs significantly affect the yield and profitability of watermelon cultivation By analyzing these determinants, farmers can optimize their practices to enhance production efficiency and economic returns in Tien Giang Province.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical framework

2.1.1 Theory of farm household economies

Peasant economic behavior can be understood through logical deductions based on prior assumptions regarding household goals and the nature of the market Analyzing the farm household as a unified decision-making entity reveals that profit maximization aligns with utility maximization when all input and output markets are competitive Variations in economic theories stem from differing assumptions about market operations, particularly regarding labor markets and household labor allocation Additionally, social relations play a crucial role in shaping how markets function for different peasants, influencing their economic decisions and behaviors (Frank Ellis, 1993).

The agricultural labor force primarily consists of farmers, making the concept of a firm in agriculture closely tied to farm households, each of which operates farms of varying sizes In regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South and East Asia, including countries such as Bangladesh, China, and India, the majority of farms are typically under two hectares, while in West European nations, holdings can reach thousands of hectares Additionally, farms can be categorized into various types, including family farms, business farms, and specialized farm enterprises that are fully integrated into the market economy.

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This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines various factors influencing yield and productivity, including agricultural practices, resource availability, and market access The study highlights the importance of understanding these determinants to enhance watermelon farming efficiency and profitability in the region By identifying critical variables, the research aims to provide insights for farmers and policymakers to improve agricultural outcomes in Tien Giang.

Therefore there are still difficulties in making distinctions between farms in term of size of farm resources and nature of production (Boussard 1987) (cited in Tran Tien Khai, 2001 )

Peasant farm households, primarily reliant on family labor, play a significant role in global agriculture, comprising at least a quarter of the world's population They are often situated within broader economic and political frameworks that influence their production practices, while typically engaging in imperfect or incomplete input and output markets In developing countries, peasants can represent up to 70% of the national population, highlighting their substantial presence and importance in these regions (Ellis 1992; Bardhan and Udry 1999; cited in Mariapia Mendola, 2007).

Hunt (1991) describes peasant farms as dual-function units that serve both production and consumption needs, where a portion of the produce is sold to fulfill cash requirements and financial obligations, while the remaining part is consumed by the farmers themselves (Mendola, 2007).

One of the key theories in farm economics is the concept of utility maximization, where farmers make decisions aimed at maximizing their utility Neo-classical economics posits that, given limited resources and technical constraints in production, farms exhibit behavior focused on maximizing their utility function According to Ellis (1993), this utility maximization equates to the maximization of total income Brossier et al (1997) further addressed the challenge of identifying profit maximization in agriculture through a specific formula (cited in Tran Tien Khai, 2001).

II=P-CV -CF-KA- WA

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors including soil quality, climate conditions, farming practices, and access to resources Understanding these determinants is crucial for optimizing production and enhancing the livelihoods of local farmers Effective management of these factors can lead to increased yields and sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

Where: II is the profit

KA and W A are remuneration of capital and family labor

CV is all variable charges of exterior-bought factors

CF is fixed charges paid to interior

It is difficult to identify the KA and W A; so, farmers maximized the function II +

KA + W A (or P - CV - CF) which is considered as the agricultural revenue or revenue

Economy of scale is a conception come from the neo-classical theory of production

Economies of scale refer to the cost advantages that firms experience as they expand production, leading to a decrease in average unit costs Various factors contribute to this reduction in costs as output increases, making it challenging for small farms to compete due to their higher unit costs Consequently, larger farms enjoy greater competitiveness in the market, highlighting the difficulties faced by smaller agricultural producers.

Figure 2.1: The relationship between output and average cost Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki(Economies_of_scale

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are crucial for understanding agricultural practices and improving yield Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and the use of modern farming techniques Additionally, market demand and farmers' knowledge play significant roles in shaping production outcomes By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to enhance watermelon farming efficiency and sustainability in the region.

As quantity of production increases from Q to Q 2, the average cost of each unit decreases from C to C 1•

Ellis (1993) emphasized the significance of indivisible resources in achieving economies of scale in agriculture, highlighting that the power of a tractor serves as an example of such resources, where efficient utilization is contingent on the land area The optimal use of these indivisible resources leads to cost economies, which directly influence the output volume necessary to minimize unit production costs in the short run (Tran Tien Khai, 2001).

Production functions are essential tools in neo-classical economic analysis, defining the relationship between inputs and outputs for firms, industries, or entire economies They illustrate how various production factors, such as labor, raw materials, and capital, are transformed into goods and services For instance, in a bakery, inputs like the workforce, flour, sugar, and equipment such as ovens and mixers are crucial for producing items like bread, cakes, and pastries.

Inputs in production can be categorized into labor, materials, and capital Labor encompasses both skilled workers, such as carpenters and engineers, and unskilled workers, like agricultural laborers, along with the entrepreneurial contributions of management Materials consist of essential goods like steel, plastics, electricity, and water that are utilized in creating final products Capital refers to assets such as land, buildings, machinery, equipment, and inventory that support the production process.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in agricultural productivity Factors influencing this include soil quality, irrigation methods, and access to markets Additionally, farmers' knowledge and experience significantly impact yield outcomes Understanding these determinants can help improve watermelon farming practices and enhance economic sustainability for local farmers in Tien Giang Implementing effective strategies based on these factors can lead to increased production efficiency and profitability in the watermelon industry.

The following production function describes the relationship between input and output A production function indicates that a firm can obtain the highest output Q from every specified combination of inputs:

It relates the quantity of output (Q) to the quantities of the inputs such as capital (X 1), labor (X 2), materials (X 3) and etc (Robert and Daniel, 2009)

A quadratic production function illustrates the relationship between input levels and output quantity, with all points below the curve representing technically feasible options Points on the function indicate the maximum output achievable for the given inputs.

According to Figure 2.2, the production function increases from points A, B, and C, indicating that as more input units are utilized, the output quantity also rises However, at point C, further input usage does not yield additional output; instead, total output starts to decline due to underutilization of inputs.

Empirical studies

Tran Tien Khai (200 1) used data of the Project Competitivite de la filiere rizicole dans la region du Mekong, Vietnam including information of rice production from

150 rice farms in four agro-ecological regions during period 1995-1998 Log-linear and Cobb-Douglas models of production and supply function are applied

The production function with log-log is followed:

Ln Q = Ln A+ IaiLnXi + L~iDi and the production function with log-linear is followed:

Rice productivity (Q) for a farm household in a given year can be expressed by the equation Ln Q = A + Iaixi + L~iDi, where A represents the angular coefficient The input variables (Xi) include factors such as land, labor, and investment costs associated with the farm household for that year.

This article explores the key factors influencing watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines agricultural practices, economic conditions, and environmental factors that impact the yield and quality of watermelons Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing production efficiency and sustainability in the region The findings aim to provide insights for farmers and policymakers to improve watermelon cultivation strategies and boost local agricultural development.

Di is dummy variables which be able to influent to yielding in terms of farm size, agricultural ecology, etc

To estimate the elasticity of rice supply with rice price and agricultural material price, a simple rice supply function is designed as follow:

The equation Ln Q = Ln A + ~)xiLnXi + L~iDi represents the rice productivity of farm households in a given year, where Q denotes productivity, A is the angular coefficient, and Xi includes variables affecting rice supply capabilities such as land, labor prices, fertilizer prices, and rice prices Additionally, Di represents dummy variables that influence yields based on factors like farm size and agricultural ecology.

Rice land stock and water availability are critical constraints on increasing paddy output While investing in fertilizers yields minimal returns, potash shows some promise Additionally, increasing capital investment has limited impact on enhancing paddy production at the current cultivation level.

In their study "Rice Production," Nguyen Thi Lien, Nguyen Xuan Hai, Pham Hoai Vu, and Trinh Thi Long Huong, alongside researchers Dominique Haughton and others, employed the productive function Ln Q = Ln A + Ia.iLnXi + L~iDi to investigate the factors influencing rice productivity, paralleling the research conducted by Iran Tien Khai.

Purano Baneshwor, Kathmandu (2002) used the Cobb-Douglas production function of the following type is estimated:

Y = e'6 Ka Lo-a) U where Y = real GDP, () = constant term (shift factor), L = labor force, K = real capital, U = random error term, and () and a are the parameters to be estimated

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing watermelon yields include soil quality, access to water resources, and farming techniques Additionally, market conditions and farmer education significantly impact production decisions and profitability By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to enhance watermelon farming efficiency and sustainability in the region.

This equation assumes constant returns to scale as most empirical growth accounting studies have undertaken A logarithmic transformation of the above equation would be: logY= 8 +a log K + (1- a) log L + U

In the context of Nepal, capital accumulation is identified as the primary driver of economic growth Both developing and developed economies experience growth primarily through enhanced factor productivity Additionally, intangible elements, including advancements in education and technology, a supportive economic policy environment, and ongoing learning, have significantly bolstered factor productivity.

In the context of Nepal, accurately assessing the contributions of labor and capital to economic growth is challenging due to unclear data on these factors Consequently, the economic growth that cannot be attributed to labor and capital does not provide a reliable basis for generalizing factor productivity gains If a true accounting standard is applied, factor productivity may actually be seen as a negative contributor to Nepal's economic growth.

Jacklin (2008) in "estimates the production, restricted cost, and restricted profit functions using North Dakota agriculture sector data from 1960-2004" also used the

Cobb-Douglas function to represent the production function characterized as:

Where k = 1 K (number of inputs and time 1 T) Converting the inputs and output into logarithms and adding a stochastic error term, the production function can be represented as:

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various input elasticities, represented as a1, a2, , ak These factors collectively impact the overall yield and efficiency of watermelon farming in the region Additionally, the model accounts for an error term (E) to address any unobserved variables affecting production Understanding these determinants is crucial for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing productivity in Tien Giang's watermelon sector.

Jacklin's thesis utilizes a quantile regression approach to estimate the Cobb-Douglas production function Unlike ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, which focuses on the mean of the distribution, quantile regression provides a more nuanced analysis The study reveals that the parameters of the production function, derived from both traditional OLS and quantile regression methods, show no statistically significant relationship between agricultural inputs and aggregate output in North Dakota agriculture for the period from 1960 to 2004.

The Ricardian method, as outlined by Mendelsohn et al (1994), employs a cross-sectional approach to analyze agricultural production, positing that farmers aim to maximize their income within the constraints of their specific farm conditions This approach emphasizes that farmland net revenues (V) serve as a reflection of net productivity, encapsulated in a fundamental equation.

The Ricardian model analyzes how various exogenous factors, including climate variables (F), water flow (H), soil characteristics (Z), and economic conditions (G), influence net revenues for farmers In this model, farmers aim to maximize their net revenues by selecting purchased inputs (X) based on the market price of crops (Pi) and their output (Qi) This approach highlights the relationship between agricultural productivity and external variables, emphasizing the importance of market dynamics and environmental conditions in farming decisions.

The Ricardian approach, as outlined by Mendelsohn et al (1994), serves as the foundational method utilized by J Wang et al (2009) in their analysis, where farmers select crops and inputs for each land unit to optimize their returns.

Max rr = IPqiQi (Xi,Li,Ki,IRj,C,W,S)- IPxXi- IPmLi- IPnKi- IPiriRi (5)

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by several key factors Net annual income (n) plays a crucial role, alongside the market price of the crop (P qi) The production function for watermelon (Qi) is affected by various inputs, including seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides (Xi) Labor availability, encompassing both hired and household labor (Li), also significantly impacts production Additionally, capital resources, such as tractors and harvesting equipment (Ki), are essential for optimizing watermelon yields Understanding these determinants is vital for enhancing agricultural productivity in the region.

The article discusses a framework where C represents a vector of climate variables, while IRi denotes a vector of irrigation choices tailored for each crop i It highlights the role of W as the available water for irrigation and S as a vector detailing soil characteristics Additionally, it incorporates P x, which signifies the prices for annual inputs, and P m, representing the prices for various types of labor.

Analytic framework of this research

Conceptual model is constructed by combining factors of production of farm household and some other factors that physical effect to water melon productivity

The author identifies key factors influencing watermelon production, as depicted in Figure 2.4 "conceptual framework." This framework highlights the correlation between watermelon yield and various input variables, including productive area, labor, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, and seeds Additionally, it examines the impact of dummy variables such as market information and agricultural extension services, which provide essential support and information to local farmers.

In the watermelon production process in Tien Giang province, understanding the relationship between input use variables and dummy variables is crucial By analyzing these relationships, farmers can implement effective strategies to enhance productivity while minimizing costs, ultimately leading to increased profits.

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This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It highlights various factors influencing yield, including climatic conditions, soil quality, and farming practices The study emphasizes the importance of local agricultural policies and market access in enhancing watermelon cultivation Additionally, it examines the socio-economic characteristics of farmers that impact their production decisions Understanding these determinants is crucial for improving watermelon production and supporting the livelihoods of farmers in Tien Giang Province.

•• I igure 2.4: Conceptual framework ource: the author's survey in 2010

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors These include climatic conditions, soil quality, access to water resources, and agricultural practices Additionally, market demand and economic incentives play crucial roles in shaping production decisions Understanding these determinants can help improve watermelon yield and profitability for farmers in the region.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Analytical framework

Based on the established production function model and relevant empirical research, the regression model can be specified as follows: ln Q = ln A + ΣLai ln Xi + ΣLzi.

The proposed regression model for analyzing watermelon yield per hectare during the summer-fall crop of 2010 is expressed as lnQ = lnflo + Jl,InX1 + Jl2lnX2 + Jl3lnX3 + Jl4lnX4 + flslnXs + fl6l~ + fl71DX7 + flsXs + P9X9 + fltoX10 + J.1 This model incorporates various factors influencing yield, represented by the natural logarithm of the yield (Q) and multiple independent variables (X1 to X10).

X 1 is productive area squared of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 2 is land rent cost per hectare of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 3 is land preparation cost per hectare of 2010's summer-fall crop )4is labor cost per hectare of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 5 is seed cost per hectare of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 6 is fertilizer cost per hectare of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 7 is growing year of producer of 2010's summer-fall crop

X 8 is having agri-extension service in location of 2010's summer-fall crop (O=no, 1 =yes)

X 9 is having information from agri-extension of 2010's summer-fall crop (O=no, 1 =yes)

X 10 is market information of 2010's summer-fall crop (O=no, l=yes)

The coefficients B10 represent the impact of various factors on watermelon yield, including productive area, land rent costs, land preparation expenses, labor costs, seed costs, fertilizer costs, the growing year of the producer, and market information.

!l is error terms (regression residual) which means there are other factors that influence which effects to water melon yield

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This article explores the key determinants influencing watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It emphasizes the critical factors that affect yield and productivity, such as soil quality, climate conditions, and access to resources Understanding these determinants is essential for enhancing agricultural practices and improving the economic viability of watermelon farming in the region The findings aim to provide valuable insights for farmers and stakeholders involved in the agricultural sector, promoting sustainable practices and increased output in watermelon cultivation.

This research aims to evaluate the economic efficiency of various input factors, including productive area, land rent, land preparation, seed, chemical fertilizer, and pesticides, in relation to watermelon yield changes For example, it will analyze the impact of a 1% increase in chemical fertilizer on watermelon yield percentage Additionally, the study will consider the influence of dummy variables, such as agricultural extension services and market information, on the fluctuations in watermelon yield.

The study examines the factors influencing watermelon yield per hectare (Q), focusing on various independent variables including productive area (X1), land rent cost (X2), land preparation cost (X3), labor cost (X4), seed cost (X5), fertilizer cost (X6), years of experience of the producer (X7), access to agricultural extension services (X8), information received from agricultural extension (X9), and market information (X10) Understanding these variables is crucial for optimizing watermelon production and enhancing overall agricultural efficiency.

To optimize watermelon yield, it's essential to balance the use of additional labor, fertilizer, and productive area within suitable limits While increasing labor can enhance yield, excessive labor can lead to costs that outweigh benefits, making it ineffective Similarly, over-fertilization can negatively impact yields The analysis of productive area indicates that while expanding this area can boost output, there is an optimal level beyond which management and investment capabilities become strained, resulting in decreased yields Thus, the relationship between productive area and output reflects the principle of economies of scale, highlighting that too small or too large a productive area can hinder profitability.

This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines various factors influencing yield, including climate conditions, soil quality, and farming practices Additionally, the study highlights the socio-economic aspects affecting farmers' decisions and productivity Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon cultivation and improving the livelihoods of local farmers in Tien Giang.

Q Water melon yield (ton/ha)

AREASQUARED Productive area squared (ha 2 ) -

LAND RENT Land rent cost (Million VND/ha) -

LAND PRE Land preparation cost (Million -

LABOR Labor cost (Million VND/ha) +

SEED Seed cost (Million VND/ha) -

FERTILIZER Fertilizer cost (Million VND/ha) +

EXPERIENCE Growing year of producer (year) +

EXTENSION Having agri-extension service in - location O=No

EXTENINFO Having information from agri- + extension O=No

This research utilizes cross-sectional data on inputs and outputs related to watermelon production across seven districts in Tien Giang, with data collection occurring in the third quarter of 2010.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural practices and economic outcomes Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and the use of modern farming techniques Additionally, market access and pricing strategies significantly impact farmers' decisions and overall yield By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop targeted interventions to enhance watermelon production and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region.

The output is the water melon yield of production (Q = Y /ha) Output is measured in tons per hectare

The productive area squared (AreaSquared) is estimated by the cultivated land used for water melon production It is measured in squared hectare

The cost of land rent (LandRent) in Tien Giang is measured in millions of Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare Watermelon cultivation faces challenges in previously cultivated soils due to the prevalence of harmful diseases To achieve optimal growth, farmers often resort to cultivating in new soils or utilizing intercropping systems, allowing for watermelon planting every 2-3 years Consequently, farmers are compelled to rent high-quality soil across Tien Giang to ensure successful crop production.

The land preparation cost (LandPre) for watermelon production is measured in millions of Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare and encompasses expenses such as plastic cover, ash, coir, and irrigation Utilizing plastic cover enhances watermelon growth by conserving water, controlling weeds, and mitigating certain diseases and pests Additionally, ash and coir are incorporated into the soil prior to applying the plastic cover Given that the irrigation cost for watermelon is minimal, it is included in the overall land preparation cost.

The labor cost (Labor) used in the model included the population work in agriculture (hired and household) It is calculated by total cost of each working day

Household labor costs are assessed in millions of Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare, calculated by multiplying total household working days by the opportunity cost In this study, the author uses the hired labor cost as a basis for determining household labor expenses For example, if hired labor is compensated with 4 million VND over two months, the author similarly calculates the household labor cost at 4 million VND for the same duration.

This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It identifies factors influencing yield, including soil quality, climate conditions, and farming practices Additionally, the study examines the economic aspects that affect production decisions, such as market access and input costs Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon production and supporting local farmers in Tien Giang Province The findings aim to provide insights for policymakers and agricultural stakeholders to improve sustainable farming practices in the region.

The seed cost (Seed) 1s measured m million of Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare

Fertilizer costs encompass the total weight of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, complex fertilizers, and cattle manure utilized during various agricultural stages, including land preparation, fertilizer application, seedling support, fruit support, and sideline production activities Additionally, this cost includes pesticides such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, plant protection drugs, disease prevention products, and growth stimulants These expenses are quantified in millions of Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare.

The growing year of producer (Experience) is estimated by year numbers which producer has in their water melon production process It is measured by year number

The having agri-extension service in location (Extension) is measured by dummy variable

The having information from agri-extension is measured by dummy variable as well

Data collection and sample distribution

3.2.1 Sample size The minimum sample size for this study using the proportional sampling formula in Mason, R.D (1999:292) (cited in Tran Van Long, 2010) where: n = p( 1-p )(Z/E) 2 n = minimum sample size

Z = 1.96 at 95% confidence interval obtained from standard statistical table of normal distribution p = estimated ratio of farm households which plant water melon in Tien Giang (p P%)

(1-p) = q = estimated ratio of farm households which do not plant water melon in Tien Giang (q P%)

Applying the above equation, the minimum needed sample size needed is about 97

So the total 177 respondents is chosen to interview directly is larger than the minimum needed sample size It will be good representative for this research

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors Key elements include climate conditions, soil quality, and access to water resources, which significantly impact yield Additionally, the availability of agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, along with the farmers' knowledge and experience, play a crucial role in production efficiency Economic factors, including market access and pricing, also determine the viability of watermelon farming in the region Understanding these determinants is essential for enhancing watermelon production and supporting local farmers in Tien Giang Province.

3.2.2 Sample distribution The following table is the sample size is distributed according to water melon output in 2008 of each area across Tien Giang province

Table 3.2: Sample size of each district across Tien Giang province

Water melon yield of each district in 2008 Percentage Sample size

Source: Tien Giang's Rural and Agriculture Development Department

Based on Table 3.2, My Tho City and Go Cong Town each contributed only two questionnaires, which is insufficient to significantly impact the overall results of this research To enhance the data set, the author will add one additional questionnaire to the total for Cai Be and one to the total for Cho Gao.

This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It highlights various factors influencing yield, including soil quality, climate conditions, and farming practices The study also examines the economic aspects, such as market access and pricing strategies, that affect farmers' decisions Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon production and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

The Tien Giang Rural Development and Agriculture Department currently lacks statistics on the number of households cultivating watermelons and those that have yet to engage in this practice To address this gap, the author employs a proportional sampling framework to select the research sample By analyzing the watermelon output from each district, the author calculates the sampling distribution proportion for each area, enabling the selection of samples and the collection of relevant data.

14 samples of Tan Phuoc, 53 samples ofCai Be, 30 samples ofCai Lay, 20 samples ofChau Thanh, 33 samples ofCho Gao, 18 samples of Go Cong Tay and 9 samples of Go Cong Dong

3.2.4 Pre-testing of the questionnaires

The questionnaire was developed and pre-tested with input from approximately 20 experienced watermelon farmers through face-to-face interviews The author dedicated 30 to 45 minutes at each farmer's field to gather information and calculate costs associated with watermelon production The final version of the questionnaire was refined based on their valuable feedback.

The author initiated communication with Mr An, the Director of the Agricultural Seed Center in Tien Giang Province, to outline the research objectives Mr An provided valuable guidance on engaging with respondents for interviews and facilitated introductions to the district representatives responsible for the research.

In the research, the author conveyed the overall and specific ideas to participants through small meetings, each consisting of approximately 10 respondents Data collection was conducted via direct interviews over a three-month period, specifically in October, November, and December 2010, with a focus on face-to-face interactions with each farmer.

This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines various factors influencing yield, including soil quality, climate conditions, and farming practices Additionally, it highlights the socio-economic aspects affecting farmers' decisions and productivity Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon cultivation and improving livelihoods in the region The findings aim to provide insights for policymakers and agricultural stakeholders to support sustainable farming practices in Tien Giang.

3.2.6 Limitation of data source and collection

Farmers in the region often do not keep detailed records of their crop data, leading to discrepancies during interviews as they struggle to recall specific information This results in similar data being collected across different districts, such as Cai Be, Cai Lay, and Go Cong Tay For instance, Mr Nguyen Van Be, with a decade of experience in watermelon farming, has cultivated in various districts of Tien Giang and noted minimal differences in chemical fertilizer usage and labor costs It is important to highlight that a single farmer can typically provide answers to only two or three questionnaires across different districts.

Analysis methods

In order to consider several approaches of water melon's yield will be used in this study:

The descriptive statistics is the first method that the author use in this research to analyze the relationship of each independent variable to dependent variable

The author utilized linear regression analysis in SPSS to identify significant and optimal variables, complemented by structured interviews to gather essential data These interviews, conducted with individuals and representatives from specific organizations, employed well-structured questionnaires to ensure the reliability of information on watermelon cultivation The accurately collected data was then analyzed to meet the investigation's objectives.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are critical for understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing production include climate conditions, soil quality, and access to water resources Additionally, farmers' knowledge and experience, along with the availability of agricultural inputs and technologies, significantly impact yield outcomes Economic aspects, such as market access and pricing, also play a vital role in shaping watermelon farming practices By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to enhance watermelon production and improve the livelihoods of farmers in Tien Giang Province.

In addition to the linear regression model, this research employs SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to evaluate watermelon cultivation The author examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with this agricultural practice The findings from both the linear regression and SWOT analyses will inform the conclusions and recommendations presented in the study.

This research aims to identify the factors that positively and negatively influence watermelon yield in Tien Giang province by analyzing relevant literature and employing linear regression models and SWOT analysis The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for farmers, enhancing their understanding of the determinants affecting watermelon production.

The results of this research will suggest suitable policies for government to encourage farmer plants more water melon and improve their living standards

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing production include soil quality, climate conditions, access to water resources, and the use of modern farming techniques Additionally, market access and the availability of agricultural inputs significantly impact farmers' decisions and overall yield By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to enhance watermelon cultivation and improve economic outcomes for farmers in the region.

ANALYSES OF WATER MELON PRODUCTION IN TIEN

Introduction ofTien Giang province and its water melon production

Tien Giang, an agricultural province in the Mekong River Delta, is situated in the key economic region of southern Vietnam Located approximately 70 km south of Ho Chi Minh City and 90 km north of Can Tho City, Tien Giang is positioned between 105°50' - 106°45' east longitude and 10°35' - 10°12' north latitude It shares borders with Long An and Ho Chi Minh City to the northeast and north, Dong Thap province to the west, and Ben Tre and Vinh Long provinces to the south, while the East Sea lies to the east.

Tien Giang province, located along the northern shore of the Tien River—a tributary of the Mekong River—stretches for 120 km Covering a natural area of 2,481.77 km², Tien Giang accounts for approximately 6% of the Mekong River Delta, 8.1% of the southern key economic region, and 0.7% of Vietnam's total land area.

Tien Giang features a predominantly flat terrain with neutral alluvial soil along the Tien River, covering 53% of the province, making it ideal for diverse plant and animal life As of 2009, the population of Tien Giang was approximately 1.67 million, accounting for about 9.8% of the Mekong Delta's population, 11.4% of the southern key economic region, and 1.9% of the national population Strategically located, Tien Giang is the second province from Ho Chi Minh City, following Long An, and consists of 10 district-level administrative units.

(8 districts, 1 city, 1 town) and 169 commune-level administrative units, of which,

My Tho city is the second grade city

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are crucial for understanding agricultural practices and improving yields Factors such as soil quality, climate conditions, and access to water significantly influence production outcomes Additionally, farmers' knowledge and experience, along with the availability of agricultural inputs, play a vital role in enhancing productivity Analyzing these determinants can help in formulating effective strategies for sustainable watermelon farming in the region.

T'en Giang has equatorial and monsoon tropical climate, so the average temperature islhigh and hot all year Annual average temperature is 27- 27.9°C There are two

Tien Giang experiences two main seasons: a dry season lasting five months from December to April and a rainy season from May to November The region receives low rainfall, averaging between 1,210 and 1,424 mm per year, with precipitation decreasing from north to south and west to east The average humidity in Tien Giang ranges from 80% to 85% Additionally, the predominant wind directions are from the northeast during the dry season and from the southwest during the rainy season, with an average wind speed that varies throughout the year.

I source: http://www tiengiang gov vnlbando/tiengiang.html

14.1.3 Soil condition fbe total natural land of the province is 236,663 hectare, including major land groups as follows: f I Alluvial soil: 53% of the total natural area (125,431 hectare), accounting for large rarts of the districts such as Cai Be, Cai Lay, Chau Thanh, Cho Gao, My Tho city

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province, particularly in Go Cong Tay, are significantly influenced by the availability of fresh water sources This region boasts highly favorable agricultural soil, which enhances the cultivation of watermelons The optimal conditions provided by the local environment contribute to the overall productivity and success of watermelon farming in this area.

Salinity soil covers 14.6% of the total natural area, equating to 34,552 hectares, and is predominantly found in Go Cong Dong, Go Cong town, Go Cong Tay, and parts of Cho Gao This type of soil, characterized by its alluvial properties, faces challenges due to saline water intrusion from the sea, particularly during the dry season.

Acid sulphate soil covers 19.4% of the total natural area, spanning approximately 45,912 hectares, primarily located in the low-lying regions of Dong Thap Muoi, which encompasses the northern parts of Cai Be, Cai Lay, and Tan Phuoc districts.

Mound sandy soil covers 3.1% of the total natural area, amounting to 7,336 hectares, primarily found in the districts of Cai Lay, Chau Thanh, and Go Cong Tay, with the highest concentration in Go Cong Dong This type of soil features a high terrain and light mechanical composition, making it ideal for residential development and the cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables.

The province predominantly features alluvial soil, comprising 53% of its total area, which is beneficial for cultivating high-yield rice fields and orchards Additionally, 19.4% of the land consists of alkaline soil, while 14.6% is classified as saline alluvial soil In recent years, efforts have been directed towards reclaiming land, expanding production areas, and enhancing crop diversity through the Dong Thap Muoi and Go Cong freshwater development programs, leading to a gradual increase in productive land.

This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It highlights various factors influencing yield, including soil quality, irrigation practices, and access to agricultural technology Additionally, the study examines the socio-economic conditions of farmers, such as education and market access, which play a crucial role in optimizing production Understanding these determinants is essential for enhancing watermelon cultivation and improving the livelihoods of farmers in the region.

Table 4.1: Land use structure at Tien Giang province Until now, over 90% the total area was used with following objectives:

:soil type Square Structure Square Structure Square i Structure

:The total square 233.922 100.0 232.609 100.0 236.663 i 100.0 ii Ag;t.i.nllhu-al soil 165.408 70.7 184.883 9.48 181.505 76.69

IL De(lic-ate(l ;o;:oil 10.484 4.48 15.005 6,45 15.887 6.713

Source: http://www.tiengiang.gov.vn/xemtin.asp?idcha5&cap=3&id8

4.1.4 Water melon production in Tien Giang

Watermelon has emerged as a significant cash crop for farmers across various provinces, particularly in the Mekong Delta region, where it serves as an alternative to rice Recent advancements in agricultural practices, including the use of plastic sheets for soil coverage and the application of specialized fertilizers, have contributed to the cultivation of high-yield and widely adapted watermelon varieties.

Rice cultivation in Tien Giang has a long history, but farmers earn a modest income of 3-4 million VND per hectare due to three annual crops yielding an average of 14.2 tons per hectare The individual crop yields are approximately 4.5 tons for the first crop, 4.2 tons for the second, and 5.5 tons for the third Additionally, farmers face significant risks from pests, diseases, and extreme weather conditions To enhance profitability, recent practices encourage rotational cropping, integrating watermelon with rice Options include two rice crops followed by one watermelon crop or alternating between rice, vegetables, and watermelon Watermelon cultivation can yield an impressive average of 22 tons per hectare, with potential peaks of 25 to 30 tons per hectare under optimal conditions.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province significantly impact farmers' income On average, farmers can achieve a net income of 20 to 25 million VND per hectare after deducting all expenses This income from watermelon cultivation is substantially higher than that from rice, highlighting the economic advantages of growing watermelons in the region.

Nowadays, water melon is planted year around and is planted a lots in following seasons: Christmas, Lunar New Year, after Lunar New Year and summer

Table 4.2: Water melon productive area, water melon output in Tien Giang in 2008

Water melon Productive City/District output (ton) area (ha)

Source: Tien Giang's Rural and Agriculture Development Department

Analyses of water melon production in Tien Giang province

This chapter discusses the results of the relationship between independent and dependent variables through SWOT analysis and econometric methods The data will be analyzed using SPSS 15.0, focusing on descriptive statistics and a linear regression model.

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR WATERMELON'S CULTIVATION

• Tien Giang has been one of the leading provinces for water melon cultivation in off-seasons for more than 10 years (Southern Fruit Research Institute)

• Farmers in Tien Giang have been applying advanced cultural practices as well as new varieties for higher productivity, quality and profitability of water melon

• Many farmers are very experienced in water melon's cultivation

• A large quantity of marketable water melon fruits could be collected and provided to urgent needs of markets at a particular time

• There were still farmers not fully applying advanced cultural practices transferred from training courses due to problem of understanding of these farmers

Farmers often cultivate watermelons on a large scale without access to market research, leading to uninformed investment decisions This lack of market insights can result in an oversupply, causing watermelon prices to drop, especially during holidays.

• Price of water melon is very much influenced by fact of demand and supply in city markets

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing this production include soil quality, climate conditions, and access to irrigation Additionally, farmers' knowledge and experience significantly impact yield outcomes Economic aspects, such as market access and pricing, also determine the viability of watermelon farming By analyzing these factors, stakeholders can enhance production strategies and improve the livelihoods of farmers in the region.

• It should be considered that market information and planning for cultivated area very important to farmers

The demand for watermelons has surged, yet Vietnamese farmers face significant challenges due to competition from both domestic and foreign melons, particularly high-quality varieties from Thailand In 2010, the estimated fruit requirement for Malaysia and China was about 140 kg per person Although watermelon cultivation offers stable prices and potential benefits to farmers, risks from pests, diseases, and adverse weather conditions, such as floods and droughts, threaten production Additionally, the supply of watermelons to markets in China, Laos, and Cambodia may not meet anticipated prices, further complicating the market dynamics.

4.2.2 Description of water melon production in Tien Giang through farm survey

Table 4.3 presents the statistical analysis of 177 interviews, highlighting the minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation for each variable The minimum represents the lowest value, while the maximum indicates the highest value observed The mean provides the average value, and the standard deviation quantifies the variability or dispersion of the data points around the mean for each variable.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in shaping agricultural outcomes Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and climatic conditions Additionally, farmer knowledge and practices, along with market access and economic incentives, significantly impact yield and profitability Understanding these determinants is essential for enhancing watermelon production and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

Table 4.3: Descriptive statistics of yield and input uses variable of water melon production

Unit cost of a water melon ton/ha (million VND) 1.68 6.18 3.06 sts other than Fertilizer and Pesticide (million VND) 34.60 55.62 45.80

Land rent cost (million VND) 5.00 25.00 15.40

Land preparation cost (million VND) 3.73 5.80 4.82

Bed making cost (million VND) 3.00 5.63 4.55

Taking care cost (million VND) 5.00 20.00 8.70

Chemical fertilizer cost (million VND) 1.24 9.69 7.59

Nitrogen fertilizer cost (million VND) 40 3.57 2.70

Phosphate fetilizer cost (million VND) 54 4.04 3.00

Potassium fertilizer cost (million VND) 30 2.39 1.89

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors, including climate conditions, soil quality, and access to water resources Additionally, the availability of agricultural inputs, such as seeds and fertilizers, plays a crucial role in enhancing yield Farmers' knowledge and experience in cultivation practices also significantly impact production efficiency Understanding these determinants is essential for improving watermelon farming and increasing profitability in Tien Giang Province.

Stimulation product cost (million VND) 48 10.57 8.73

Age of producer (year old) 20 59 34

Schooling year of producer (academic year) 0 12 7

Growing year of producer (year) 1 17 6

Source: the author's survey in 2010

Watermelon yields range from a minimum of 12 tons to a maximum of 30 tons per hectare, with an average yield of 22.8 tons per hectare The total cost of cultivation varies significantly, with a minimum of 40.37 million to a maximum of 78.36 million per hectare, and a median cost of 68.27 million per hectare This indicates that watermelon is a high-yield vegetable crop that requires careful management to optimize production.

In a study involving 177 interviewers, the average age of farmers was approximately 35 years, with ages ranging from 20 to 59 Farmers had an average of 7 years of schooling, with education levels varying from none to 12 years Additionally, the average experience in farming was about 7 years, with a range of 1 to 17 years These findings indicate that cultivating watermelons is challenging, as the minimum age of farmers is 20, highlighting the need for time to gain experience and knowledge in the field.

Several factors influence watermelon yield, including the size of the productive area, land rent costs, labor expenses, and fertilizer prices Additionally, the type of land, the farmer's age, education level, experience, and access to market information and agricultural extension services play crucial roles in determining overall productivity.

In 2010's summer-fall crop, almost of farmers gain the high yield According to the above figure 4.3, water melon yield gained mainly from 20 to 25 tons/ha

This article examines the determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It explores various factors influencing the cultivation and yield of watermelons, including agricultural practices, environmental conditions, and economic aspects Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing productivity and sustainability in watermelon farming in the region The findings aim to provide insights that can help farmers improve their production strategies and contribute to the local economy.

Figure 4.3: The water melon yield of 2010's summer-fall crop Source: The author's survey in 2010

4.2.2.2 Input uses and other factors of water melon production 4.2.2.2.1 Market information

Out of 177 interviewers, 56.49% (100 interviewers) consistently prioritize market information, while 43.51% (77 interviewers) do not Among these interviewers, price emerges as the most significant factor in the market information they consider.

Agri-extension services in Tien Giang, located in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam, play a vital role in the local economy, where agriculture remains a key sector Continuous improvements in these services have been observed across various districts A recent survey revealed that 55.93% of respondents (99 interviewees) reported having access to agri-extension services in their area, while 44.07% indicated otherwise.

A survey of 78 interviewers revealed a significant lack of agricultural extension services in their areas, which are crucial for providing farmers with essential knowledge on seed selection, fertilizer use, and crop care Conversely, 99 interviewers indicated that agricultural extension services are available in their locations, highlighting a disparity in access to vital agricultural support.

The study on the determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province highlights that out of 96 interviewees, only 3 lacked access to agricultural information This indicates a high level of information dissemination among farmers, which is crucial for optimizing watermelon production in the region.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Recent findings indicate that simply increasing inputs does not enhance watermelon productivity, and access to agri-extension services has not significantly impacted yields either Farmers often use excessive inputs, suggesting a need for a reassessment of their application to reduce costs and increase profits Additionally, provincial authorities should focus on improving the quality of information provided by agri-extension services and organize campaigns to encourage farmers to engage with these resources effectively.

Currently, soil type has little impact on watermelon yields as producers actively search for the most suitable conditions across the province However, without effective methods to prevent soil diseases and degradation, watermelon production may face significant declines in the future.

Proper care and improved cultivation practices are essential for successful watermelon production, as relying on excessive inputs like fertilizers does not necessarily increase yields It is crucial for producers to recognize the specific needs of acid sulphate soils, which require additional phosphate (P2O5) during land preparation Comparative data indicates that the recommended phosphate fertilizer application for acid sulphate soil ranges from 74 to 81 kg P2O5 per hectare, highlighting the importance of tailored fertilization strategies for optimal growth.

To maximize watermelon yields, farmers should focus on selecting productive areas that align with their growing year capabilities, as this significantly impacts overall productivity Regression analysis indicates that watermelon production is nearing its maximum potential, highlighting the need for improvements in cultivation practices.

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province include the enhancement of agricultural practices and production techniques Key strategies for improving yield involve enhancing seed quality, discovering new seed varieties, and applying appropriate fertilizer levels These methods are essential for optimizing watermelon cultivation and ensuring sustainable agricultural development in the region.

Producers believe that watermelon production yields higher income than rice, leading them to focus solely on improving cultivation practices and maximizing yield without considering critical factors such as market demand, supply levels, and competition This oversight can result in market surpluses, driving prices down and ultimately reducing farmers' profits To enhance profitability, farmers should minimize costs and strategically reduce the quantity of watermelons they supply to the market, which can help raise prices Additionally, provincial authorities should provide updated market information and forecasts to farmers, or educate them on how to access this information, enabling them to time their market supply effectively.

Currently, Tien Giang has a limited variety of watermelons, primarily focusing on Super Roan Chau and Phu Dong, as farmers largely depend on their growing conditions There is a lack of attention to market demands for diverse varieties Other watermelon types are cultivated in smaller areas due to their vulnerability to diseases and lower yields.

Watermelon cultivation is a stable and profitable venture, allowing producers to enhance their livelihoods With a short growth cycle of just 60 days, watermelons can be harvested and sold promptly, often fetching higher prices than rice Experienced growers are focused on maximizing yields while effectively reducing production costs.

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in enhancing farmers' livelihoods By focusing on these factors, farmers can increase their profits significantly, leading to improved living conditions As a result, the majority of farmers in the region have successfully enhanced their quality of life through the cultivation of watermelon crops.

Recommendations

Farmers often face losses due to low prices for their crops, making it essential for them to maximize yields while minimizing costs in watermelon production to increase profits This involves utilizing resources efficiently, such as applying the right amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and enhancing cultivation techniques Additionally, by limiting watermelon production, farmers can create scarcity, potentially leading to higher prices and increased profitability, as the supply may fall short of demand.

To address the challenges faced by watermelon growers, it is essential for various organizations to provide support in developing effective cultivation plans and investment strategies This will ensure an adequate supply of quality watermelons to meet market demands, enabling farmers to achieve profitable returns from their production Local authorities should focus on facilitating watermelon development through targeted assistance and resources.

Provincial authorities of Tien Giang have considerations "water melon" as potentially fruit for poor farmers gradually to become the wealthy Firstly, they

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province highlight the need for a dedicated Research & Development (R&D) department to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of the Cucurbitaceae family for sustainable profitability To support farmers, it is essential to implement various programs that promote watermelon cultivation, including regular technical support courses on best practices These training sessions will enable inexperienced farmers to gain knowledge from agricultural engineers and experienced growers through hands-on workshops The objectives of these courses are to equip novice farmers with foundational knowledge while providing advanced cultural practices for seasoned growers, fostering an environment of mutual learning and experience sharing Furthermore, provincial authorities should establish appropriate policies to encourage and support not only growers but also wholesalers, distributors, and retailers in the watermelon supply chain.

Provincial authorities should investigate the production capabilities of neighboring provinces like Long An, Tra Vinh, and Binh Thuan, while also analyzing foreign markets in China, Thailand, and Spain It is essential to forecast the demand for watermelons, particularly during peak seasons such as Christmas, New Year, and Lunar New Year Additionally, conducting research on market pricing will enable farmers to produce the necessary quantities to meet market demand at higher prices Strategic plans should also be developed to mitigate the impacts of oversupply and low pricing crises.

Provincial authorities must prioritize agricultural extension services in every district and enhance their quality by investing in skilled human resources This improvement in agricultural extension is crucial for providing farmers with valuable information, enabling them to achieve higher production efficiency.

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are crucial for understanding agricultural practices and improving yields Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and the adoption of modern farming techniques Additionally, market access and economic conditions play significant roles in shaping the success of watermelon farming in this region By analyzing these determinants, farmers can optimize their strategies for better productivity and sustainability in watermelon cultivation.

To enhance watermelon productivity in Tien Giang province, the national environment and resources department must implement effective land use strategies, as continuous cultivation on old soils leads to land degradation Currently, farmers are relocating to rent land for planting, but this practice is unsustainable and can exacerbate pest and disease issues Authorities should promote a land structuring cycle of two years to allow soil recovery, encouraging farmers to adopt these policies to maintain soil health and prevent agricultural decline Without these measures, the risks of pest outbreaks will increase, affecting both old and newly cultivated soils.

To enhance watermelon production, it is essential to study and introduce a variety of new seed types to farmers Market-accepted options include round and oblong shapes, green striped skin, red flesh, yellow flesh, and high-quality seedless varieties By diversifying their watermelon offerings, farmers can attract a broader clientele and increase sales.

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This article explores the key determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines various factors influencing yield and productivity, such as soil quality, climate conditions, and agricultural practices Additionally, the study highlights the impact of economic variables and access to resources on watermelon farming Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing production efficiency and supporting local farmers in Tien Giang Province.

LIMITATION

The production function illustrates the non-monetary relationship between physical input variables and the yield of watermelons, focusing solely on input use without considering prices or costs While the function excludes financial variables, the author acknowledges the challenge of isolating the impact of costs, such as land rent, preparation, and labor, from the research model.

Farmers often lack the habit of meticulously recording crop-related information, which necessitated extensive surveys by the author This reliance on farmers' recollections may lead to discrepancies in the data collected, potentially affecting its accuracy.

Results of this research are just suitable in short-run The author has not had enough data to prove those results in long-run

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors Key elements include soil quality, access to water resources, and agricultural practices employed by farmers Additionally, market access and economic conditions play a significant role in shaping production outcomes Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon yields and improving the livelihoods of farmers in the region Effective strategies must be developed to address these factors and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Rita Butzer, Yair Mundlak, Donald F Larson 1997 The determinants of agricultural production: A cross - country analysis Page 7

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Long An Province Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI)

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Agricultural Production in Vietnam: A comparison of Parametric and Non- parametric Approaches Development Economics and Public Policy, Vol 10, No2 Page 7- 8

Robert S Pindyck, Daniel L Rubinfeld 2009 Chapter 6: Production In seventh edition, Microeconomics Page 195 - 197 United State of America: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458

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(Computer) Program Center for Economic Productivity Analysis (CEPA) Working Paper No.8/96 University of New England, Armidale

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are critical for understanding agricultural practices and improving yield Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, agricultural techniques, and market conditions Additionally, the role of local climate and farmer experience significantly affects the success of watermelon cultivation By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to enhance productivity and sustainability in the region's watermelon farming.

Tien Giang Rural Development and Agriculture Department 2010 Statistics and

Information about Squares, Productivity of water melon in 2007, 2008, 2009 in Tien Giang

Randomness refers to the apparent or actual absence of a definite pattern or predictability in information A sequence of random events lacks order and does not follow an intelligible pattern While individual random events are unpredictable, the frequency of different outcomes can be predicted through known probability distributions. **Mathematical and Statistical Perspectives**In mathematics and statistics, randomness is defined through formal constructs like random variables and random processes, which help in calculating probabilities Randomness is a crucial concept in probability theory and has significant applications in various scientific fields, particularly in computational science through methods like Monte Carlo simulations. **Historical Context of Randomness**Historically, randomness was intertwined with concepts of fate and chance, with ancient cultures using methods like dice throwing to determine outcomes The formalization of randomness began in the 16th century with Italian mathematicians, leading to a deeper understanding of probability and its applications in modern science. **Applications in Science**Randomness is significant across multiple scientific disciplines, including chaos theory, cryptography, and quantum mechanics In biology, randomness plays a role in evolution through genetic mutations and natural selection, while in mathematics, it underpins the study of probability and the generation of random numbers for simulations.

2010 at 08:31 http://www wordip.com/ definition/Production function http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas Dominique Haughton, Jonathan Haughton Sarah Bales, Truong Thi Kim Chuyen,

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Between 1995 and 1998, a scientific report focused on the River Delta region of Vietnam was presented at the National Scientific Conference for Agricultural Study, specifically addressing Agricultural Economics and Policies This conference, organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, took place in HaNoi in November 2002.

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors including soil quality, climate conditions, access to water resources, and farming techniques Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing productivity and sustainability in watermelon cultivation Additionally, economic factors such as market access and pricing also play a significant role in shaping production outcomes By analyzing these elements, farmers can optimize their practices and improve yield, contributing to the overall agricultural development in the region.

Vietnam- Netherlands Programme For M.A in Development Economics

DETERMINANTS OF WATER MELON PRODUCTION FUNCTION OF 2010'S SUMMER- FALL CROP IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE

Survey place: Date: / / 2010 District: Tester: Commune: Respondents: Hamlet: Gender:

I am a student of Vietnam - Netherlands Programme, in my research plan, I come back to Tien Giang to find out the determinants of water melon production process

This article explores the various factors influencing watermelon production at the household level, aiming to identify both the positive and negative influences on productivity By analyzing these factors, the goal is to enhance yield and improve overall watermelon production for each household.

This discussion is entirely voluntary, and households are selected randomly The information collected today is solely for research purposes We kindly ask you to answer a few questions below, and we sincerely appreciate your family's cooperation.

This article explores the key factors influencing watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province It examines agricultural practices, environmental conditions, and economic variables that affect yield and productivity Understanding these determinants is crucial for enhancing watermelon cultivation and achieving sustainable agricultural development in the region The findings aim to provide insights for farmers and policymakers to improve production strategies and support the local economy.

PART 2: QUESTIONNAIRE Question 1: How many tons of water melon per hectare do you gain in 2010's summer-fall crop?

Unit: tons/ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Question 2: Would you tell me how many hectares you planted water melon in 2010's summer-fall crop?

Unit: ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Question 3: Would you tell me how much your land rent cost per hectare is?

Land rent cost (million VND)

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Question 4: Would you tell me how much your land preparation cost per hectare is?

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop Land preparation cost (million VND)

+ Agricultural materials + Irrigation fuel cost (electronic, petrol or oil)

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural practices and enhancing yield Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and farming techniques Additionally, market demand and economic conditions significantly impact farmers' decisions and productivity By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can develop strategies to improve watermelon farming and boost local economies in Tien Giang Province.

Question 5: Would you tell me how much your seed cost per hectare is?

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Seed cost +Seed amount (seed a.i) +Seed amount (million VND a.i)

Question 6: Would you tell me how much your labor cost per hectare is?

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Labor cost (million VND) + Bed making cost + Sowing cost + Pruning cost + Harvesting cost + Transport cost +Taking care cost

Question 7: Would you tell me how much your fertilizer cost per hectare is? Table 1: The fertilizer cost per hectare

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop Fertilizer cost (million VND)

+Nitrogen fertilizer cost + Phosphate fertilizer cost + Potassium fertilizer cost + Pesticide fertilizer cost + Insecticide fertilizer cost + Fungicide fertilizer cost

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The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province are influenced by various factors, including climate conditions, soil quality, and farming practices Understanding these determinants is essential for optimizing yield and improving the livelihoods of local farmers Additionally, market access and economic conditions play a significant role in the success of watermelon cultivation in this region By identifying and analyzing these key factors, stakeholders can enhance production strategies and support sustainable agricultural development in Tien Giang Province.

+ Herbicide fertilizer cost + Water melon stimulation fertilizer cost

Table 2: The chemical fertilizer amount per hectare

Unit: kg/ha 2010's summer-fall crop Chemical fertilizer amount

+ Nitrogen amount (N) +Phosphate amount (P 2 0 5) +Potassium amount (K 2 0)

Question 8: Would you tell me which soil type you choose to plant water melon in 2010's summer-fall crop?

2010's summer-fall crop + Alluvial soil

+ Dark alluvial soil + Acid sulphate soil

Question 9: Would you tell me the total cost that you used for 1 hectare is how much?

Unit: million/ha 2010's summer-fall crop

Question 10: How old is producer/farmer?

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural productivity Key factors influencing production include soil quality, access to water resources, and the use of modern farming techniques Additionally, market access and socio-economic conditions significantly affect farmers' decisions and outputs Understanding these determinants can help improve watermelon cultivation strategies and enhance overall agricultural sustainability in the region.

Question 11: How many schooling years is producer in? (academic year)

Question 12: How many growing year is producer in? (experience)

Question 13: Is there any agri-extension service in your location?

Question 14: Do you receive any information related to water melon from agri- extension?

Question 15: According to you, is the market information important to your water melon production process? If yes, what information that you care the most?

Yes: Information that you care the most Reasons

Question 16: How did your living standard change since you planted water melon?

I sincerely thank his/her cooperation

The determinants of watermelon production at the farm household level in Tien Giang Province play a crucial role in understanding agricultural outcomes Key factors influencing production include soil quality, climate conditions, access to water resources, and farming techniques Additionally, economic aspects such as market access and pricing significantly affect the viability of watermelon farming By analyzing these determinants, stakeholders can enhance productivity and sustainability in the region's agricultural practices.

Table 1: Correlations among water melon yield and input uses variables u -eott"'• c - ~

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