(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) international remittances and household welfare in vietnam from VHLSS 2006 to VHLSS 2008

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HUGE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROJECT FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES AND HOUSEHOLD WELFARE IN VIETNAM FROM VHLSS 2006 AND VHLSS 2008 “This paper was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Development Economics (MDE) degree at the Vietnam - The Netherlands Programme (VNP), August/2012” BY NGUYEN VAN PHUC Ho Chi Minh City, August 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT International remittances has more important role in progress of economy and society in Vietnam With US$ billions in 2011, Vietnam is one of 10 top countries received the remittances in the world This paper examines the impact of international remittances, which increases over time, on the household welfare of receiving households in Vietnam The thesis has combined the propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods with panel data taken from Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2006 and 2008 It is found that international remittances increases income and expenditures for recipients, but the effect of remittances on expenses of healthcare and education is not statistically significant although the expenses also rise over time When studying separately for urban and rural areas, the thesis found that the impact of international remittance on income and expenditures are positive and statistically significant for rural areas and positive and insignificant for urban areas; meanwhile, the paper has not detected the affects of foreign remittances on education and healthcare in urban or rural areas Key words: international remittances, household welfare, household surveys, Vietnam TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 04 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research question 1.4 Thesis structure ………………………………………………………………… CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 08 2.1 The key concepts 2.2 Empirical literature 2.3 Empirical framework 2.4 Overview of theory on impact evaluation 2.5 Summary of PSM and DD methods 2.5.1 Propensity Score Matching (PSM) 2.5.2 Difference-in-difference (DD) CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA 22 3.1 The research model 3.2 Variable introduction 3.3 Data … 3.4 Estimation Strategy CHAPTER 4: INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES IN VIETNAM 33 4.1 General view of migration remittances in Vietnam ………….………………… 4.2 Role of international remittances on economy…………………………………… 4.3 International remittances and household welfare in Vietnam…………………… CHAPTER 5: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS………………… 42 5.1 Data description 5.2 Estimation results 5.3 Interpretation of results CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Recommendations 6.3 Limitations of the paper REFERENCES APPENDIX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement After foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances by international migrants to their home countries contribute the largest source of external finance to developing countries, around $300 billion/year in stage of 1995-2005 The funds are used for consumption and investment in migrants’ home countries Remittances are found to give significant impacts on receiving households, especially on low-income families It may help households to establish or expand their small business (Woodruff and Zenteno, 2007 and Amuedo-Dorantes and Pozo, 2006), increase of expenditures in family (Ahmed and et al 2010), or reduction on poverty (Adams, 1991 and Lopez-Cordova, 2005) Some other studies examine the impact of remittances on household welfare, such as savings, consumption, health care and education However, the empirical studies exposed the different results about the impact of remittances on household welfare For instance, Adams (2005), Adams and Cuecuecha (2010) found that the remittances has positive impacts on health-care and educational expenditures in Guatemala Ahmed and et al (2010) showed the significant impacts of remittances on food, education, clothing and recreation in Pakistan Conversely, in the study of McKenzie and Rapoport (2006), the negative impact of migration detected on schooling ratio of children; or Hildebrandt and McKenzie (2005) uncovered that the preventative health-care of children in receipt households lower than in non-receipt households in Mexico According to Vietnamese Oversea Committee (2009), there are about millions Vietnamese living, working and studying permanently in 102 nations and territories in the world The international remittances have been rising over time in Vietnam The average of remittances from oversea Vietnamese sent to the home country in 2008-2010 by formal channel is bigger than $7 billion/year, which accounts more 7% of GDP in that period So the fact indicates the important of international remittances on economic progress in general and improve the living standard of receiving households in particular There are many studies on the impact of migration in Vietnam, such as Dang (2001), Djamba and et al (1999), Andrew T Pham (2010) TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Nonetheless, there are only a few of studies that examined the impact of international remittances on household welfare in Vietnam, such as the studies of Pfau and Long (2008) and Nguyen (2009) Pfau and Long (2008) studied the impact of international remittances on household welfare in term of economic inequality and poverty By using the Vietnam (Household) Living Standards Survey in 1992/93, 1997/98, 2002 and 2004, this study found that foreign remittances reduce inequality and poverty in Vietnam with regards to per-capita household expenditures and income Nguyen (2009) examined the impact of international and internal remittances on welfare of receiving households By using the panel data from VHLSS 2002 and VHLSS 2004, he concluded that the international remittances have positive and significant impacts on income, expenditures of non-food consumption (excluding healthcare and educational spending); but not significant impacts on expenditures of food, healthcare and education He also showed the effect of remittances in urban area is much more than in rural area Differently from the paper of Nguyen (2009), the thesis of Toan (2010) and Ha (2010) showed that the foreign remittances have positive and significant impacts on healthcare and educational expenditures, but not significant between urban and rural areas through using data from VHLSS 2006 Therefore, the objective of the paper is to re-examine the impact of international remittances on the welfare of receiving household in Vietnam by some reasons The first, the last studies used the series of data only until 2004, for instant in the period 2002-2004 the average of international remittances is about more US$ 2.8 billion per year However, in our paper, we use the data from VHLSS 2006 and 2008 with the average of foreign remittances is double more to US$ 5.8 billon per year in 2006-2008 compared to the period of 2002-2004 The increasing trend of remittances over time, which may be change the relationship between remittances and household welfare, compared the last studies The second reason is the results of Toan (2010) and Ha (2010), based on VHLSS 2006, about the impact of international remittances, which is difference from Nguyen (2009)’s results The last reason, the result of empirical studies is important referential sources for policy-makers on building suitable policies with different stages, because of the implementation of non-suitable policy may lead to waste social resources Relying on that, the thesis is to contribute some new findings to the debate about relationships between international remittances and household welfare in Vietnam and TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 suggest some suitable policies for the government to explore efficiently international remittances on improving the household welfare in Vietnam 1.2 Research objectives The thesis has three objectives: 1) To determine whether international remittances significantly influence the household welfare in Vietnam through total income, total expenditures, healthcare expenditures and education expenditures 2) To examine whether there is the differential impact of remittances on household welfare between urban and rural area 3) To make recommendations to policy-makers for efficiently exploiting remittances, this improves the household welfare 1.3 Research question To meet the objectives, the study has three research questions: 1) Does international remittance significantly influence on the household welfare in Vietnam? 2) Is there the differential impact of international remittances on household welfare between urban and rural area? 3) What are the recommendations could help the policy-makers to explore efficiently remittances on improving the household welfare 1.4 Thesis structure The thesis consists of six chapters The first chapter presents the research issues, research objectives and research questions, the thesis structure The second chapter describes the basic concepts, the results of empirical studies, and summarizes the methods of impact evaluation The third chapter presents the research model, describes the variables and the dataset, and estimation strategy The fourth chapter illustrates an overview of international remittances in Vietnam, the role of the remittance for the economy in general and statistical descriptions of the relationship between the remittance and household welfare in particular The fifth chapter shows statistical description of the variables, the results of difference-in-difference (DD) TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 regression with propensity score matching (PSM), and interpretation of researching results The last chapter presents a summary of main findings, policy recommendations and the limitation of the thesis TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (2.2) Equation (5.2) – Restricted model Linear regression Number of obs F( 21, 5454) Prob > F R-squared Root MSE ln_texpen Coef inremit year interact loremit hhsize headage child16 technic secondary highschool college pcannuland pcpereland pcwatersuf~e reg_1 reg_2 reg_5 reg_6 reg_7 reg_8 urban _cons 1032228 2382191 1195105 0703888 -.0585845 -.0018125 -.3406618 4322046 0860889 4737728 -.2286429 000025 0000525 0000335 2175475 1209002 1817074 2184809 5427775 3960802 219203 8.621797 Robust Std Err .0390928 0124844 0601811 0196414 0045881 0005711 0411567 0483711 0310818 0418037 0308342 4.14e-06 6.77e-06 0000103 019966 0220588 0243012 0324687 0306332 0226348 0229515 0492454 t 2.64 19.08 1.99 3.58 -12.77 -3.17 -8.28 8.94 2.77 11.33 -7.42 6.04 7.75 3.24 10.90 5.48 7.48 6.73 17.72 17.50 9.55 175.08 P>|t| 0.008 0.000 0.047 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 = = = = = 5476 137.53 0.0000 0.3853 42914 [95% Conf Interval] 0265854 2137448 0015316 0318837 -.067579 -.002932 -.4213453 337378 0251562 3918208 -.2890902 0000169 0000392 0000132 1784061 0776561 1340673 1548292 4827242 3517069 1742089 8.525257 1798601 2626935 2374894 1088938 -.04959 -.0006929 -.2599784 5270313 1470216 5557248 -.1681955 0000331 0000658 0000537 2566889 1641443 2293474 2821326 6028308 4404535 2641972 8.718338 ** To Test for multicollinearity vif Variable VIF 1/VIF reg_8 interact inremit reg_1 child16 college secondary highschool reg_2 reg_7 reg_6 headage reg_5 hhsize technic pcpereland pcannuland year urban pcwatersuf~e loremit 2.16 2.13 2.08 1.92 1.90 1.90 1.83 1.71 1.61 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.27 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.463421 0.469083 0.481094 0.519783 0.527148 0.527245 0.545179 0.586005 0.621108 0.669674 0.675899 0.681707 0.696732 0.786308 0.806395 0.853329 0.900160 0.940684 0.953754 0.957306 0.959692 Mean VIF 1.53 Since VIF < 10, so there is not multicollinearity in the model 68 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (3.1) Equation (5.3) – Full model Linear regression Number of obs F( 26, 5449) Prob > F R-squared Root MSE ln_education Coef inremit year interact loremit hhsize hhsize2 headage gender child16 elder technic secondary highschool college pcannuland pcpereland pcforexland pcwatersuf~e reg_1 reg_2 reg_3 reg_4 reg_5 reg_6 reg_7 reg_8 urban _cons 2919119 1064261 -.1816808 2365747 1.331848 -.1052021 -.0059111 -.1430546 5.147411 -.3156927 -1.590647 1.332629 4.135642 -1.231294 -.0000152 0000598 -.0000292 -.0000485 3750097 0092737 (omitted) 2353785 6362804 3666346 6947778 3373333 2732272 -1.506851 Robust Std Err t P>|t| = = = = = 5476 301.64 0.0000 0.4373 2.0939 [95% Conf Interval] 1899634 0614341 2745474 0964781 1006738 0102276 003206 0847487 1979326 1674489 2990068 1429724 2235283 1226714 0000207 0000243 0000187 0000463 2900552 2896754 1.54 1.73 -0.66 2.45 13.23 -10.29 -1.84 -1.69 26.01 -1.89 -5.32 9.32 18.50 -10.04 -0.73 2.46 -1.56 -1.05 1.29 0.03 0.124 0.083 0.508 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.065 0.091 0.000 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.463 0.014 0.119 0.295 0.196 0.974 -.0804923 -.0140094 -.7199034 047439 1.134487 -.1252523 -.0121961 -.309196 4.759384 -.6439595 -2.17682 1.052346 3.697437 -1.471779 -.0000558 0000122 -.0000658 -.0001394 -.1936143 -.5586059 6643161 2268615 3565418 4257103 1.529209 -.0851518 0003739 0230867 5.535438 0125741 -1.004474 1.612912 4.573847 -.9908093 0000254 0001074 7.47e-06 0000423 9436338 5771533 2944982 2990484 3049254 3064271 2929909 1115658 3989569 0.80 2.13 1.20 2.27 1.15 2.45 -3.78 0.424 0.033 0.229 0.023 0.250 0.014 0.000 -.3419557 0500261 -.231141 0940584 -.2370458 0545137 -2.288966 8127126 1.222535 9644101 1.295497 9117124 4919407 -.7247362 * To test for dropping out variables: gender, pcannuland, pcwatersuface, reg_2, reg_3 test pcannuland pcforexland pcwatersuface reg_2 reg_3 ( ( ( ( ( 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) pcannuland = pcforexland = pcwatersuface = reg_2 = o.reg_3 = Constraint dropped F( Test: Ho: 4, 5449) = Prob > F = 1.01 0.3983 ß1 = ß2 = ß3 = ß4 = ß5 = H1: at least one ß =0 At significant level 5%, P-value (Prob) = 39.83%, so it can not reject Ho (3.2) Equation (5.3) – Restricted model Linear regression Number of obs F( 22, 5453) Prob > F R-squared Root MSE ln_education Coef inremit year interact loremit hhsize hhsize2 headage gender child16 elder technic secondary highschool college pcpereland reg_1 reg_4 reg_5 reg_6 reg_7 reg_8 urban _cons 2941515 1022529 -.1776371 2371439 1.332567 -.1052766 -.0057832 -.1505232 5.167226 -.309366 -1.582201 1.337169 4.138421 -1.23199 0000625 4016128 2570714 6576991 3791997 7122269 3327739 2886682 -1.554266 Robust Std Err .1895393 0614149 274452 0959533 1008377 0102534 0032059 0846741 1979115 1672666 2972932 1429079 2235804 1228598 0000241 095683 1076087 1200868 1317098 1357918 099845 1107046 2963833 t 1.55 1.66 -0.65 2.47 13.21 -10.27 -1.80 -1.78 26.11 -1.85 -5.32 9.36 18.51 -10.03 2.59 4.20 2.39 5.48 2.88 5.24 3.33 2.61 -5.24 P>|t| 0.121 0.096 0.518 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.071 0.076 0.000 0.064 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.009 0.000 = = = = = 5476 356.80 0.0000 0.4366 2.0944 [95% Conf Interval] -.0774212 -.0181449 -.7156725 0490372 1.134885 -.1253774 -.0120682 -.3165182 4.779241 -.6372752 -2.165015 1.057013 3.700114 -1.472844 0000151 214036 0461153 4222811 1209959 4460207 1370379 071643 -2.135296 6657242 2226507 3603983 4252506 1.530249 -.0851758 0005017 0154718 5.555212 0185432 -.999388 1.617326 4.576728 -.9911359 0001098 5891897 4680275 8931171 6374034 9784331 5285099 5056933 -.9732368 69 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 ** To Test for multicollinearity vif Variable VIF 1/VIF hhsize hhsize2 elder reg_1 headage interact reg_8 inremit child16 college secondary reg_4 highschool reg_7 reg_5 reg_6 technic gender pcpereland year loremit urban 18.29 16.02 2.45 2.20 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.89 1.84 1.77 1.52 1.49 1.48 1.25 1.16 1.16 1.06 1.05 1.04 0.054669 0.062414 0.407377 0.454201 0.463655 0.469058 0.478905 0.481012 0.493276 0.503351 0.530447 0.542034 0.565987 0.660003 0.673346 0.674457 0.802739 0.860546 0.861563 0.940651 0.955706 0.960798 Mean VIF 3.10 *** Test for dropping out of variables: hhsize and hhsiz2 test hhsize ( 1) hhsize = F( 1, 5453) = Prob > F = 174.64 0.0000 test hhsize2 ( 1) hhsize2 = F( 1, 5453) = Prob > F = 105.42 0.0000 At significant level 5%, P-value (Prob) = 0.00 %, so it can reject Ho or can not reject variables of hhsize and hhsiz2 (4.1) Equation (5.4) – Full model Linear regression Number of obs F( 26, 5449) Prob > F R-squared Root MSE ln_healthc~e Coef inremit year interact loremit hhsize hhsize2 headage gender child16 elder technic secondary highschool college pcannuland pcpereland pcforexland pcwatersuf~e reg_1 reg_2 reg_3 reg_4 reg_5 reg_6 reg_7 reg_8 urban _cons 1191241 2825305 2070746 1617597 -.0542357 0019894 0014143 -.1129233 -.3242208 9628061 2125277 1547017 0800778 -.2902534 -3.88e-06 0000396 -9.45e-06 0000267 5576647 0408262 (omitted) 2220246 4378316 6130141 8562668 8278447 1656807 4.201827 Robust Std Err t P>|t| = = = = = 5476 19.95 0.0000 0.0941 1.5353 [95% Conf Interval] 1314311 0451969 1815137 0726265 0611675 0056324 0024166 0575717 1459692 1332477 1830291 1126663 1556656 114449 0000123 0000169 7.51e-06 0000342 1832835 1852595 0.91 6.25 1.14 2.23 -0.89 0.35 0.59 -1.96 -2.22 7.23 1.16 1.37 0.51 -2.54 -0.31 2.35 -1.26 0.78 3.04 0.22 0.365 0.000 0.254 0.026 0.375 0.724 0.558 0.050 0.026 0.000 0.246 0.170 0.607 0.011 0.753 0.019 0.208 0.435 0.002 0.826 -.1385333 1939264 -.1487648 0193828 -.1741484 -.0090524 -.0033232 -.225787 -.6103788 7015873 -.1462824 -.0661692 -.225089 -.5146191 -.0000281 6.60e-06 -.0000242 -.0000403 1983557 -.3223565 3767815 3711346 5629139 3041366 065677 0130311 0061518 -.0000597 -.0380627 1.224025 5713377 3755726 3852447 -.0658876 0000203 0000727 5.27e-06 0000937 9169736 4040089 1910313 1940258 1982889 1995125 1877273 0704409 2674949 1.16 2.26 3.09 4.29 4.41 2.35 15.71 0.245 0.024 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 -.152473 0574636 2242887 4651427 4598241 0275884 3.67743 5965221 8181997 1.00174 1.247391 1.195865 3037731 4.726224 * To test for dropping out variables: hhsize2 ,headage ,highschool, secondary, technic, pcannuland, pcwatersuface, pcforexland, reg_2, reg_3 70 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 test hhsize2 headage technic highschool secondary pcannuland pcforexland pcwatersuface reg_2 reg_3 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) hhsize2 = headage = technic = highschool = secondary = pcannuland = pcforexland = pcwatersuface = reg_2 = o.reg_3 = Constraint 10 dropped F( Test: Ho: 9, 5449) = Prob > F = 0.73 0.6774 ß1 = ß2 = ß3 = ß4 = ß5 = ß6 = ß7 = ß8 = ß9 = ß10 = H1: at least one ß =0 At significant level 5%, P-value (Prob) = 67.74%, so it can not reject Ho (4.2) Equation (5.4) – Restricted model Linear regression Number of obs F( 17, 5458) Prob > F R-squared Root MSE ln_healthc~e Coef inremit year interact loremit hhsize gender elder child16 college pcpereland reg_1 reg_4 reg_5 reg_6 reg_7 reg_8 urban _cons 1279332 2846712 2096983 1656316 -.0322502 -.1250595 9866056 -.4231229 -.3803445 0000408 5445099 1998493 393182 5772869 812608 783254 1779429 4.363923 Robust Std Err .130419 0450406 1809295 0721059 0167672 0558315 1078052 1272306 0951485 0000167 0679105 0859841 091289 1009069 1010484 0721276 0695364 1200684 t 0.98 6.32 1.16 2.30 -1.92 -2.24 9.15 -3.33 -4.00 2.44 8.02 2.32 4.31 5.72 8.04 10.86 2.56 36.35 P>|t| 0.327 0.000 0.247 0.022 0.054 0.025 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 = = = = = 5476 29.45 0.0000 0.0929 1.535 [95% Conf Interval] -.12774 1963737 -.1449956 0242752 -.0651206 -.2345116 7752644 -.6725456 -.5668735 8.00e-06 4113782 0312861 2142193 3794691 6145129 6418551 0416239 4.128541 3836064 3729688 5643923 306988 0006202 -.0156075 1.197947 -.1737002 -.1938155 0000736 6776417 3684125 5721448 7751047 1.010703 9246528 314262 4.599305 ** To Test for multicolinearity Variable VIF 1/VIF reg_1 interact inremit reg_8 reg_4 elder reg_7 child16 reg_6 reg_5 college hhsize pcpereland gender year loremit urban 2.15 2.13 2.07 1.99 1.80 1.57 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.36 1.16 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.03 0.465622 0.469243 0.481935 0.501654 0.556888 0.638290 0.668082 0.670967 0.677469 0.683916 0.698421 0.734224 0.862199 0.922162 0.943778 0.960874 0.969490 Mean VIF 1.52 Since Mean VIF < 10, so there is not multicolinearity in the model 71 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 Appendix 5.3 Summary of results of DD regression for the whole country Variables International remittances (inremit) Time effect (dummy 2008) (year) Interaction term (interact=inremit*year) Constant Local remittances (loremit) Household size (hhsize) Household size squared (hhsize2) Age of household head (headage) Gender of household head (gender) Ratio of members younger than 16 (child16) Ratio of the old -male>60, female>55 (elder) Ratio of members with technical degree (technic) Ratio of members with secondary (secondary) Ratio of members with highschool (highschool) Ratio of members with college (college) Annual crop land per capita (m2) (pcannuland) Perennial crop land per capita (m2) (pcpereland) Forestry land per capita (m2) (pcforexland) Aquaculture water surface per capita (m2) (pcwatersuface) Red River Delta (reg_1) North East (reg_2) North West (reg_3) North Central Coast (reg_4) South Central Coast (reg_5) Central Highlands (reg_6) South East (reg_7) Mekong River Delta (reg_8) Urban (dummy) (urban) Observations R-squared (1) 0.272*** [0.059] 0.150*** [0.019] 0.222*** [0.087] 8.827*** [0.013] Ln_income (2) 0.233*** [0.050] 0.116*** [0.016] 0.211*** [0.074] 8.798*** [0.092] -0.010 [0.025] -0.075*** [0.022] 0.002 [0.002] -0.003*** [0.001] 0.025 [0.021] -0.305*** [0.052] -0.054 [0.048] 0.718*** [0.058] 0.160*** [0.039] 0.483*** [0.053] -0.214*** [0.039] 0.000*** [5.35e-06] 0.000*** [8.03e-06] 1.14e-06 [2.91e-06] 0.000*** [0.000] 0.376*** [0.060] 0.196*** [0.061] (base) (3) (1) 0.233*** [0.049] 0.117*** [0.016] 0.212*** [0.074] 8.833*** [0.056] 0.137*** [0.048] 0.269*** [0.015] 0.112 [0.070] 8.570*** [0.011] -0.051*** [0.005] -0.003*** [0.001] -0.310*** [0.050] 0.715*** [0.058] 0.165*** [0.039] 0.483*** [0.052] -0.223*** [0.038] 0.000*** [5.34e-06] 0.000*** [8.03e-06] 0.000*** [0.000] 0.315*** [0.025] 0.138*** [0.028] Ln_texpen (2) 0.106*** [0.039] 0.237*** [0.012] 0.118** [0.060] 8.760*** [0.079] 0.070*** [0.020] -0.102*** [0.018] 0.004** [0.002] -0.002** [0.001] 0.010 [0.017] -0.317*** [0.042] -0.019 [0.039] 0.423*** [0.049] 0.089*** [0.031] 0.486*** [0.042] -0.233*** [0.032] 0.000*** [4.17e-06] 0.000*** [6.80e-06] -8.26e-08 [1.99e-06] 0.000*** [0.000] 0.159*** [0.052] 0.063 [0.052] (base) 0.064 -0.063 [0.062] [0.053] 0.301*** 0.239*** 0.126** [0.062] [0.030] [0.054] 0.282*** 0.224*** 0.159*** [0.068] [0.041] [0.058] 0.686*** 0.625*** 0.485*** [0.068] [0.039] [0.057] 0.564*** 0.506*** 0.340*** [0.062] [0.028] [0.053] 0.271*** 0.268*** 0.220*** [0.028] [0.028] [0.023] 5,476 5,476 5,476 5,476 5,476 0.033 0.341 0.340 0.070 0.386 Note: (1) Basis model, (2) Full model, (2) Restricted model Robust standard errors in parentheses (3) 0.105*** [0.039] 0.238*** [0.012] 0.120** [0.060] 8.734*** [0.046] 0.074*** [0.020] -0.059*** [0.005] -0.002*** [0.001] -0.338*** [0.041] 0.426*** [0.048] 0.085*** [0.031] 0.474*** [0.042] -0.230*** [0.031] 0.000*** [4.14e-06] 0.000*** [6.76e-06] 0.000*** [0.000] 0.101*** [0.019] -0.121*** [0.022] 0.065*** [0.23] 0.102*** [0.031] 0.426*** [0.029] 0.279*** [0.021] 0.217*** [0.023] 5,476 0.385 *** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level; * significant at 10% level) Source: Author's estimation from panel data of VHLSS 2006-2008 72 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 Variables (1) Ln_education (2) (3) (1) Ln_healthcare (2) (3) International remittances (inremit) Time effect (dummy 2008) (year) Interaction term 0.500** [0.249] -0.036 [0.082] -0.338 0.292 [0.190] 0.106*** [0.061] -0.182 0.294 [0.190] 0.102*** [0.061] -0.178 0.129 [0.141] 0.323*** [0.047] 0.179 0.119 [0.131] 0.283*** [0.045] 0.207 0.128 [0.130] 0.285*** [0.045] 0.210 (interact=inremit*year) Constant [0.365] 3.767*** [0.056] [0.275] -1.507*** [0.399] 0.237** [0.096] 1.332*** [0.100] -0.105*** [0.010] -0.006* [0.003] -0.143* [0.085] 5.147*** [0.198] -0.316* [0.167] -1.591*** [0.274] -1.554*** [0.296] 0.237** [0.096] 1.333*** [0.101] -0.105*** [0.010] -0.006* [0.003] -0.151* [0.085] 5.167*** [0.198] -0.309* [0.167] -1.580*** [0.192] [0.182] 4.202*** [0.267] 0.162** [0.073] -0.054 [0.061] 0.002 [0.006] 0.001 [0.002] -0.113** [0.058] -0.324** [0.146] 0.963*** [0.133] 0.213 [0.181] 4.364*** [0.120] 0.166** [0.072] -0.032* [0.017] [0.299] 1.333*** [0.143] 4.136*** [0.224] -1.231*** [0.123] -0.000 [0.000] 0.000** [0.000] -0.000 [0.000] -0.000 [0.000] 0.375 [0.290] 0.009 [0.290] (base) [0.297] 1.337*** [0.143] 4.138*** [0.224] -1.232*** [0.123] Local remittances (loremit) Household size (hhsize) Household size squared (hhsize2) Age of household head (headage) Gender of household head (gender) Ratio of members younger than 16 (child16) Ratio of the old -male>60, female>55 (elder) Ratio of members with technical degree (technic) Ratio of members with secondary (secondary) Ratio of members with highschool (highschool) Ratio of members with college (college) Annual crop land per capita (m2) (pcannuland) Perennial crop land per capita (m2) (pcpereland) Forestry land per capita (m2) (pcforexland) Aquaculture water surface per capita (m2) (pcwatersuface) Red River Delta (reg_1) North East (reg_2) North West (reg_3) North Central Coast (reg_4) South Central Coast (reg_5) Central Highlands (reg_6) South East (reg_7) Mekong River Delta (reg_8) Urban (dummy) (urban) Observations R-squared 0.000*** [0.000] 0.402*** [0.096] [0.183] 0.155 [0.113] 0.080 [0.156] -0.290** [0.114] -3.88e-06 [0.000] 0.000** [0.000] -9.45e-06 [7.51e-06] 0.000 [0.000] 0.558*** [0.183] 0.041 [0.185] (base) 0.235 0.257** 0.222 [0.294] [0.108] [0.191] 0.636** 0.658*** 0.438** [0.299] [0.120] [0.194] 0.367 0.379*** 0.613*** [0.305] [0.132] [0.198] 0.695** 0.712*** 0.856*** [0.306] [0.136] [0.200] 0.337 0.333*** 0.828*** [0.293] [0.100] [0.188] 0.273** 0.289*** 0.166** [0.112] [0.111] [0.070] 5,476 5.476 5.476 5.476 0.033 0.437 0.437 0.094 Note: (1) Basis model, (2) Full model, (2) Restricted model Robust standard errors in parentheses -0.125** [0.056] -0.423*** [0.127] 0.987*** [0.108] -0.380*** [0.095] 0.000** [0.000] 0.545*** [0.068] 0.200** [0.086] 0.393*** [0.091] 0.577*** [0.101] 0.813*** [0.101] 0.783*** [0.072] 0.178** [0.070] 5.476 0.093 *** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level; * significant at 10% level) Source: Author's estimation from panel data of VHLSS 2006-2008 73 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 Appendix 5.4A Results of DD Regression with PSM for Urban only Variables Inremit Year Interact=inremit*year Loremit Hhsize Hhsize2 Headage Gender Child16 Elder Technic Secondary Highschool College Pcannuland Pcpereland Pcforexland Pcwatersuface Reg_1 Reg_2 Reg_3 Reg_4 Reg_5 Ln_income (1) (2) 0.292** [0.128] 0.092* [0.054] 0.263 [0.225] -0.030 [0.088] -0.154* [0.079] 0.009 [0.008] -0.003 [0.003] 0.068 [0.062] -0.282 [0.182] -0.058 [0.149] 0.516*** [0.162] -0.088 [0.135] 0.275* [0.166] -0.351** [0.140] 0.000 [0.000] 0.000** [0.000] 0.000*** [8.21e06] 0.000 [0.000] 0.245*** [0.087] -0.084 [0.091] 0.183 [0.141] 0.185 [0.122] base 0.284** [0.122] 0.096* [0.053] 0.278 [0.221] -0.073*** [0.019] 0.499*** [0.152] 0.368*** [0.131] -0.341*** [0.115] 0.000*** [0.000] 0.000*** [6.90e-06] 0.285*** [0.072] 0.227* [0.125] 0.202* [0.113] Ln_texpen (1) (2) 0.110 [0.120] 0.199*** [0.043] 0.149 [0.177] 0.134* [0.074] -0.250*** [0.060] 0.019*** [0.006] -0.004* [0.003] -0.016 [0.052] -0.191 [0.161] 0.022 [0.136] 0.281* [0.155] -0.091 [0.105] 0.413*** [0.141] -0.250** [0.118] -0.000 [0.000] 0.000** [0.000] 0.000*** 0.114 [0.122] 0.203*** [0.043] 0.164 [0.179] 0.155** [0.070] -0.283*** [0.058] 0.022*** [0.006] -0.003* [0.002] [6.24e-06] -0.000 [0.000] -0.010 [0.081] -0.047 [0.078] 0.166 [0.120] -0.007 [0.084] [5.66e-06] 0.265* [0.154] 0.496*** [0.117] -0.111** [0.096] 0.000** [0.000] 0.000*** 0.184* [0.109] Ln_education (1) (2) -0.283 [0.815] 0.162 [0.210] -0.515 [1.036] 0.913*** [0.273] 1.111*** [0.326] -0.087*** [0.032] -0.005 [0.011] -0.107 [0.242] 5.265*** [0.689] -1.424** [0.615] -1.506* [0.798] 1.855*** [0.516] 5.110*** [0.674] -0.849* [0.464] -8.60e-06 [0.000] 0.000** [0.000] -0.000 [0.000] 0.000 [0.000] -1.028** [0.474] -0.397 [0.445] -0.204 [0.691] -0.316 [0.493] -0.035 0.046 0.064 [0.102] [0.084] [0.421] 0.432*** 0.465*** 0.353*** 0.357*** 0.190 Reg_7 [0.119] [0.102] [0.093] [0.077] [0.452] 0.230*** 0.311*** 0.220*** 0.228*** -0.781* Reg_8 [0.085] [0.069] [0.074] [0.054] [0.436] 9.674*** 9.233*** 9.599*** 9.468*** -0.862 Constant [0.274] [0.105] [0.223] [0.188] [1.038] 498 498 498 498 498 Observations 0.276 0.263 0.310 0.304 0.488 R-squared Note: (1) Full model, (2) Restricted model Robust standard errors in parentheses -0.226 [0.833] 0.155 [0.205] -0.480 [1.040] 0.994*** [0.266] 1.080*** [0.309] -0.083*** [0.031] 5.319*** [0.601] -1.534*** [0.499] -1.592** [0.723] 1.798*** [0.490] 5.097*** [0.639] -0.842* [0.446] 0.000** [0.000] -0.920*** [0.306] Reg_6 -0.728** [0.284] -1.264 [0.818] 498 0.485 Ln_healthcare (1) (2) 0.49 [0.489] 0.259* [0.133] -0.208 [0.574] 0.159 [0.251] 0.082 [0.201] -0.007 [0.019] -0.002 [0.007] 0.050 [0.141] -0.623 [0.447] 1.685*** [0.356] 0.062 [0.472] 0.264 [0.338] -0.011 [0.348] 0.213 [0.351] -0.000 [0.000] 0.000 [0.000] 0.000*** [0.000] -0.000** [0.000] -0.661*** [0.253] -0.393 [0.297] -0.749 [0.540] -0.126 [0.341] -0.092 [0.276] -0.269 [0.315] -0.007 [0.262] 4.725*** [0.689] 498 0.146 0.572 [0.497] 0.276** [0.132] -0.244 [0.570] 1.702*** [0.234] 0.000*** [0.000] -0.000* [0.000] -0.450*** [0.150] 4.778*** [0.111] 498 0.122 *** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level; * significant at 10% level) Source: Author's estimation from panel data of VHLSS 2006-2008 74 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008 (LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008(LUAN.van.THAC.si).international.remittances.and.household.welfare.in.vietnam.from.VHLSS.2006.to.VHLSS.2008