English for Law Students is designed • to meet the students’ needs in acquiring both language through law and law through language; • to strengthen their reading and writing skills; • to develop the students’ ability to analyse, summerise and interpret legal texts concerning particular legal area or issue; • to introduce common law terms, concepts and institutions to the students of a different law system; • to increase their competence in legal language usage; • to provide thought provoking materials; • to encourage analytical approach to and comparative studies of current legal issues and reforms; • to equip students with linguistic tools to advance in their scholarly activity. English for Law Students contains five UNITS: History and Sources of English Law, Constitution, Monarchy, Parliament, The Executive. Each unit includes a number of texts on a particular theme followed by LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND COMPREHENSION CHECK with TASKS ranging from word building to complicated legal vocabulary, grammar, syntax, discussion points. They focus on reading comprehension,speaking and writing activities. Each unit ends with the task to write an essay based on the texts of the unit on one of the exam questions. The KEY at the end of the book gives the answers to some exercises. The GLOSSARY provides definitions for most legal terms used in the units. English for Law Students is designed for all those who strive for academic excellence and professional success.
HISTORY AND SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW
1 apply; 2 justice; 3 judgment; 4 itinerant justices; 5 precedence; 6 evidence; 7 case; 8 evidence.
In today's modern landscape, various influences arise from diverse sources, contributing to the prevailing trends that shape our society These influences can affect and motivate individuals, leading to changes in behavior and perspectives As we judge the justice of these developments, it is essential to consider how they derive from a body of accumulated knowledge and experiences By establishing a framework to treat and deal with these variations, we can better understand the origins of our societal norms and the factors that drive them.
TASK IV accept reject gain miss occasional frequent; regular particular general, easy going common distinctive, unusual local general, national obvious(ly) hidden, obscure
1 different; 2 different, different; 3 various, differently; 4 different; 5 differently; 6.various; 7 various.
Unitary, single, separate, association, similar, differences; differences, substantial, ruled, originally.
1 precedent; 2 Appeal; reversed; 3 lost a case; 4 overruled; 5 judiciary; 6 brought; 7 sacked.
In Task III, the focus is on the act of proposing legislation aimed at establishing clear and precise statements or declarations This involves contemplating various aspects, judging implications, and presupposing outcomes The process requires a careful hypothesis and a definitive assertion to ensure that the law is explicit and well-defined.
1 cling to; 2 impartiality; 3 take sides; 4 preponderance; 5 to take account of; 6 ensured; 7 look up; 8 spelt out.
1 jurisdiction; 2 petition; 3 verdict; 4 specific performance; 5 charges; 6 redress; 7 writ; 8 High Court.
The equity fair system of laws, developed alongside British common law, aims to enhance fairness in legal proceedings A legal document known as a writ initiates court actions, while a litigant is the individual who files a lawsuit Remedies are essential for addressing harm or damage suffered, with damages representing the monetary compensation claimed by a plaintiff from a defendant Redress refers to the relief provided for wrongs, which are illegal or immoral acts A petition is a written request submitted to a court, leading to a verdict, the decision made by a jury or magistrate Additionally, an injunction is a court order that compels an individual to cease certain actions.
1 dispensed; 2 observed; 3 enforced; 4 granted; 5 refused; 6 emerged; 7 held; 8 administered; 9 decided.
CONSTITUTION text1.thedevelopmentoftheUKConstitution
TASK II a) 1) compelling, primary, dominant; 2) crucial decisive, basic, major;
3) supreme; 4) set of rules, fundamental principles; 5) legitimate successor; eligible to succeed; 6) the rule of the military.
In order to restore constitutional order and monarchy, it is essential to break the contract and avoid chaos by designing a workable compromise This involves exercising powers to dissolve or summon Parliament, while also laying down foundational principles that confer rights and exact necessary concessions To maintain continuity, it is crucial to propound a theory that addresses the existing challenges and fills the vacuum of leadership Additionally, it is important to override legislation and veto actions that crush support and resistance, ultimately aiming to reach a viable solution and ratify acts that reinforce stability.
TASK III a) 1 legality; 2 legacy; 3 legitimacy; 4 legislation; 5 legislature. b) 1 legacies; 2 legality; 3 legislation; 4 legitimacy; 5 legislatures;
6 legislation; 7 legitimacy; 8 legislation; 9 legacy; 10 legislation; 11 egality; 12 legislature; 13 legacy; 14 legislatures; 15 legality; 16 legitimacy; 17 legality; 18 legitimacy; 19 legislature; 20 legitimacy; 21 legality.
T ExT 3 TASK I b) 1 institution, legal aid; 20 conventions; 3 Ombudsman; 4 pledge;
5 institution; 6 institutions; 7 patronage; 8 redress; 9 institution, institution; 10 maladministration
1 was assured; 2 to ensure against; 3 ensured; 4 insure; 5 ensures; 6 assured; 7 ensure.
1) a system or body of usages, laws, or regulations; single laws or usages if their operation is of vital importance and vast scope.
2) an organized society, established either by law or the authority of individuals, for promoting any object, public or social.
Comparative – comparison – compare different – difference – differ/differentiate
Notional – notion – notify descriptive – description – describe
Alterative – alteration – alter discoverable – discovery – discover
Significant – significance – signify distinctive – distinction – distinguish
To effectively limit governmental powers, it is essential to enforce laws that protect individual liberties while also placing necessary restrictions on the exercise of authority This involves interpreting legislation to settle disputes and ensuring that biases do not override personal rights Additionally, it is crucial to obtain protection against any provisions that may infringe upon these liberties.
T ExT 5 TASK I tyranny – tyrannous – tyrannize
Separation – separate – separate difference – different – differ division – divisional – divide
Reflection – reflective – reflect influence – influential – influence
Extent (extension) – extend – extensive distinction – distinct (distinctive) – distinguish
Contest – contentious – contend dominate – dominant – dominate
Ancient theories and classical doctrines have shaped the understanding of powerful government dynamics, highlighting the need for pragmatic compromises among different interests and perspectives In foreign affairs, a weak government often struggles against more influential power players, leading to a less favorable bargaining position The contributions of two classical exponents illustrate the importance of balancing attitudes and expectations to achieve efficient execution of policies Ultimately, a new and pragmatic approach is essential for establishing a proper sphere of action and maintaining a proper balance in foreign relations.
To combat tyranny, it is essential to propose a version of governance that divides functions effectively, allowing for the veto of legislation and the enforcement of laws This system not only interprets and enacts laws but also settles disputes and addresses major questions Furthermore, the ability to override vetoes ensures a balance of power, while the capacity to override common law reinforces the adaptability of the legal framework.
A deeply divided society faces challenges in interpreting and enforcing fundamental laws, with oversight provided by the Information Commissioner The devolution enacted aims to combat corruption, although it does not apply universally Proposed laws could be vetoed, prompting discussions on additional reforms needed to address these issues effectively.
Democracy is a form of government where sovereign power is held and exercised by the entire body of free citizens, either directly or through representation, distinguishing it from monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy Literally meaning "government by the people," the term is often used ambiguously Historically, the Greek concept of democracy was quite different, as it was a limited institution that only included clan members who were citizens, while a large population of slaves and other subordinate classes were excluded from participation.
Tyranny refers to an arbitrary or despotic form of government characterized by the severe and autocratic exercise of sovereign power This power may be constitutionally granted to a single ruler or unlawfully seized by undermining the established division and distribution of governmental authority.
Convention – 1) a term applied to constitutional rules which are observed although they do not have the force of law.
The term refers to meetings of the Houses of Lords and Commons that occur independently, without a summons from the Sovereign, typically during significant national crises Notable examples include the Convention Parliament of 1660, which reinstated King Charles II, and the 1688 assembly where the Lords and Commons convened to transfer the Crown to the Prince of Orange.
Checks and balances refer to the arrangement of governmental powers where the authority of one branch is regulated by others, ensuring a balance of power This concept is vital in deliberative democracy and is often discussed in the context of constitutional conventions A robust separation of powers is essential to establish effective checks and balances, preventing tyranny and promoting representative and direct democracy The traditional model of separation of powers includes the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each with distinct roles to maintain faith in democracy and protect against the risks of tyranny Understanding these principles is crucial for fostering a resilient democratic system.
TASK III a) 1 others; 2 Each; another; 3 Each; 4 the other; 5 each other; 6 either; 7 each other; 8 another; 9 each, neither, the other.
This article outlines key terms related to various actions and their corresponding nouns For example, "to describe" leads to "description," while "to require" results in "requirement." Other pairs include "to reject" with "rejection," "to achieve" with "achievement," and "to identify" with "identification." The article continues with terms such as "to clarify" and "clarification," "to pronounce" and "pronouncement," as well as "to declare" and "declaration." Additional examples include "to state" with "statement," "to maintain" and "maintenance," "to obey" and "obedience," "to refuse" and "refusal," "to violate" and "violation," "to export" and "export," "to regard" and "regard," "to appoint" and "appointment," and finally, "to imagine" with "imagination."
TASK IV developed; applied; honouring; changing; analyzed; inducing; called; involving; developed; interpreting; being challenged; construed; upholding; contained.
TASK VI immoral, illegal, unaccepted, indirectly, to devalue, to misuse, invalid, non-democratic, impersonal.
In the realm of rights and duties, society grapples with the dichotomy of better or worse outcomes, navigating the complexities of public versus private matters The concepts of guilt or innocence often come into play, as legal proceedings may acquit or convict individuals, leading to a state of chaos or order Whether actions are wholly or partly justified can influence the broader themes of war and peace, as well as crime and punishment Ultimately, the choice to break a law or to obey it reflects a stance contrary to or in accordance with societal norms and regulations.
T ExT 8 TASK III b)1) federal; 2) Federal; 3) Federal; 4) federal, federal; 5) federal, federal; 6) federal; 7) federal, federal; 8) federal, federal; 9) federal; 10) unitary; 11) unitary; 12) unitary; 13) unitary.
MONARCHY text1.NatureoftheCrown
In the context of governance, authorities are empowered to exercise power as conferred by relevant regulations However, there are concerns that such powers may be undermined if they are assumed without proper delegation It is crucial for authorities to operate within the scope of their granted powers to maintain legitimacy When power is exercised without proper authority, it can lead to significant repercussions that undermine the established framework Therefore, ensuring that powers are clearly defined and delegated is essential for effective governance.
5 authorities; 6 authority; 7 authority; 8 powers; 9 powers, powers; 10 authority; 11 powers; 12 authority; 13 powers; 14 authority; 15 authorities; 16 powers, powers, powers; 17 authority; 18 power, powers; 19 power; 20 powers; 21 authority; 22 powers; 23 authority
TASK III alternative view; obscure concept; ceremonial and symbolic function; political significance; official capacity; executive power; corporation sole; legal powers.
The Crown, as an official entity, is distinct from the Queen; according to the Crown Proceedings Act 1947, legal actions can be taken against the Crown, but not against the Queen personally.
A corporation sole is a distinct legal entity that exists independently of the individual who occupies the office, ensuring its permanence even after the office holder's death The concept of the Crown is often unclear, especially regarding the relationship between the Crown and the Queen.
TASK VII possesses; is exempt; has entered; are funded; are funded; can be increased.
1 can, must; 2 have to; 3 should; 4 must; 5 might; 6 should, should; 7 must; 8 could, could, could; 9 can; 10 have to; 11 must.
In the context of governance, the task involves abolishing elections and proposing new legislation while exercising power as a personal choice It includes appointing a prime minister, influencing public opinion, and forming a government that can produce an overall majority The authority to dissolve Parliament and summon the leader is essential, as is the ability to advise on dissolution and determine the electorate’s preferences Ultimately, this process requires giving assent, commanding a majority, and, if necessary, dismissing a government.
The powers of the Crown originate from three primary sources: statute, private law, and the royal prerogative While other government bodies primarily derive their powers from statute, police possess common law powers Statutory powers, mainly conferred upon individual ministers, constitute the majority of Crown powers Additionally, the Crown holds inherent prerogative powers unique to itself, which are practically exercised by ministers Recognized as a legal person by common law, the Crown can engage in contracts and own property like a private individual, marking it as a 'third source' of its powers (Harris, 1992) In contrast, public bodies, such as local authorities, are limited to actions explicitly authorized by statute and cannot invoke ordinary law.
1 before looking at the Royal Prerogatives…
2 in this connection daintith has distinguished…
3 For example, to all intents and purposes…
4 it could be argued that…
5 Parliament can in principle supervise Crown contracts
1 usually; 2 directly; 3 lawfully; 4 properly; 5 ultimately; 6 finally; 7 notably.
Certain prerogative powers, such as the dissolution of Parliament and the granting of honours and titles, are traditionally beyond parliamentary oversight due to their reliance on the monarch's personal discretion, although these powers are typically exercised based on the prime minister's advice.
The powers to levy taxes, declare wars, and dissolve Parliament are critical functions of governance Additionally, the ability to prevent criticism and restore the monarchy plays a significant role in maintaining authority However, there is a necessity to give up the right to exercise powers, particularly in appointing prime ministers, to ensure a balanced and democratic political system.
In the process of creating a cohesive whole, it is essential to put forward ideas for consideration and to support various concepts Over time, certain ideas and practices may die out, ceasing to exist or disappearing entirely Many traditions and knowledge systems date back to specific historical periods, having existed for generations It is crucial to pass down valuable insights and practices to younger individuals, ensuring their continuity for future generations.
T ExT 1 TASK I to grant/ to give Aid; to meet expenses; to persuade barons; to get one’s assent; to summon barons/knights; to hold Parliament; to deal with emergency.
TASK V a) 1 to provoke; 2 to convoke; 3 to invoke; 4 to revoke; 5 to evoke. b) 1 provoke; 2 provoked; 3 convokes; 4 revoked; 5 invoked; 6 revoked;
7 provoke; 8 provoked; 9 revoke; 10 evoked; 11 revoked.
T ExT 2 TASK III were summoned; went on, had appeared; be considered; approved; being considered; was made; emanated; starting; giving; increasing; were granted; stipulated; securing.
1) powerful, useful, forceful, skillful, lawful, purposeful, rightful 2) influential, functional, commercial, original, official, pyramidal, judicial
3) theoretical, monarchical, systematical, practical, historical, periodical 4) wealthy
TASK II b) 1 conferred; 2 gathered; 3 adopted; 4 granted, granted; 5 transfer;
6 conferred; 7 enact, enacted, enacted; 8 dismissed; 9 aspires, develop;
10 originated; 11 evolved, to dismiss; 12 dismiss; 13 developed; 14 summoned, enacted.
In the context of contrasting ideas, we find terms such as simplify versus complicate, and the rise versus the fall This juxtaposition extends to family lineage, with descendants and ancestors representing different generations The notion of superiority is challenged by the concept of inferiority, while the idea of separation contrasts with that of mixing Approval and rejection further highlight divergent perspectives, just as the beginning and the end mark distinct phases In evaluating qualities, we encounter words like questionable and inferior, alongside considerable and efficient The terms superior and inferior emerge again, emphasizing distinctions in value, while separate suggests a lack of integration In contrast, harmonious conveys a sense of unity The repeated emphasis on superiority underscores the importance of distinguishing between significant and insignificant elements.
1 that; 2 which; 3 which; 4 who; 5 which; 6 which; that; 7 that.
T ExT 4 TASK I b) 1 executive; 2 principal; 3 elections; 4 succession; 5 legislation, veto, subject; 6 binding, void; 7 subjects; 8 void; 9 legislation; 10 to legislate; 11 legislation, legislator; 12 legislatures, principles; 13 subjects, legislative; 14 legislate; 15 summoned; 16 subjects; 17 executive; 18 election.
1 legislate; 2 successive; 3 legislature; 4 succeed; 5 executive; 6 summoned; 7 summons; 8 void; 9 binding; 10 legalized.
1 authority; 2 organization; 3 a large amount; 4 organ; 5 corpse; 6 the main part; 7 legal body.
T ExT 5 TASK III a) 1 to stand as; 2 understanding; 3 long standing; 4 understand;
5 notwithstanding; 6 stands; 7 standing; 8 understanding; 9 feudal under- standing; 10 understandable, stand; 11 standards; 12 to stand; 13 standing; 14 stands down; 15 withstand.
T ExT 6 TASK III a) 1 withhold; 2 withhold; 3 upholding; 4 holder; 5 holder; 6 holder, holder; 7 holder, holders; 8 holder; 9 holder; 10 holder; 11 holding; 12 holder; 13 hold; 14 holdings; 15 hold; 16 holding; 17 held; 18 withhold; 19 to hold.
In the context of institutional nominations, it is crucial to understand the terms eligible and ineligible, as they determine who can participate in the nomination process Institutions play a significant role in managing nominations, ensuring that qualified candidates are put forward while also addressing any disqualifications The power to delay nominations can impact the overall suffrage process, highlighting the importance of timely and appropriate nominations Ultimately, the dynamics of eligibility and disqualification within institutions shape the effectiveness of the nomination process.
1 of, of; 2 of, by, of, for, for, under; 3 into; 4 over, of, of, for, in; 5 forward, of, to of; 6 by/in, in; 7 by, of, in
T ExT 8 TASK II b) 1 adjourned; 2 prorogued; 3 adjourned; 4 prorogued; 5 prorogue;
6 adjourned; 7 adjourned; 8 prorogue; 9 adjourn; 10 adjourn.
TASK VI developed; increased; are exercised; include; choosing; sustaining; supplying; authorizing; supervising; debating; govern; checks; controls; approves; amends; criticizes; vetoes.
T ExT 11 TASK II a) 1 parliamentary procedure; 2 parliamentary control; 3 parliamentary privilege; 4 parliamentary majority; 5 parliamentary committees; 6 parliamentary business; 7 parliamentary privilege; 8 parliamentary timetable; 9 parliamentary commissioner.
1 democratic government; 2 effective government; 3 new government; 4 Government intervention; successive Governments 5 Government functions; Government activities; Government departments; 6 Government departments; 7 central Government; 8 Her Majesty’s Government; 9 government policy; 10 Government bills
1) government; 2) government; 3) Parliament; 4) government; 5) gov- ernment; 6) government; 7) Parliament; 8) Parliament; 9) government; 10) Parliament; 11) government; 12) government; 13) Parliament; 14) Par- liament; 15) government;16) Parliament; 17) Parliament; 18) Parliament; 19) government; 20) Parliament; 21) Parliament; 22) Parliament.
TASK VI b) 1 the Government; 2 the Cabinet; 3 the Government; 4 the Cabinet;
5 the Government; 6 the Cabinet; 7 Cabinet, government, the executive.
Task II is intended to mean that work is divided into specific roles where employees are not allowed to deviate from their assigned responsibilities It has been shown that individuals who are relied upon for certain tasks are expected to perform them effectively Those who were employed in this capacity have had varied experiences, but they are not involved in tasks that do not align with their designated functions.
T ExT 4 TASK III b) 1) government; 2) government; 3) State; 4) Governments; 5) state;
6) state; 7) government; government; 8) state; 9) government; 10) state; 11) states; 12) government.
1 Alder John Constitutional and Administrative Law 2009 (Palgrave Macmillan Law Masters)
2 black's Law dictionary 9-th еd / bryan A Garner (еditor in сhief) WESt thomson Reuters, 2009.
3 Collins dictionary of british History HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1997.
4 Garner Bryan A A dictionary of Modern Legal Usage Oxford Uni- versity Press 2001.
5 Longman dictionary of English Language and Culture Longman, 2005.
6 Merriam-Webster’s dictionary of Law / Еd by L.P Wood USA, 1996. 7 Oxford dictionary of Law / Еd by Elizabeth A Martin Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1997.
15 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/
17 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
20 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
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