INSECTICIDES – PEST ENGINEERING Edited by Farzana Perveen Insecticides – Pest Engineering Edited by Farzana Perveen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Insecticides – Pest Engineering, Edited by Farzana Perveen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-895-3 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Insecticides Mode of Action 1 Chapter 1 Insecticide 3 A. C. Achudume Chapter 2 Chlorfluazuron as Reproductive Inhibitor 23 Farzana Perveen Chapter 3 Organophosphorus Insecticides and Glucose Homeostasis 63 Apurva Kumar R. Joshi and P.S. Rajini Chapter 4 The Toxicity of Fenitrothion and Permethrin 85 Dong Wang, Hisao Naito and Tamie Nakajima Chapter 5 DDT and Its Metabolites in Mexico 99 Iván Nelinho Pérez Maldonado, Jorge Alejandro Alegría-Torres, Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez, Francisco Javier Pérez Vázquez, Sandra Teresa Orta-Garcia and Lucia Guadalupe Pruneda Álvarez Chapter 6 Presence of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in Croatia and Evaluation of Its Genotoxicity 117 Goran Gajski, Marko Gerić, Sanda Ravlić, Željka Capuder and Vera Garaj-Vrhovac Part 2 Vector Management 151 Chapter 7 Vector Control Using Insecticides 153 Alhaji Aliyu Chapter 8 Susceptibility Status of Aedes aegypti to Insecticides in Colombia 163 Ronald Maestre Serrano VI Contents Chapter 9 Behavioral Responses of Mosquitoes to Insecticides 201 Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap Chapter 10 Essential Plant Oils and Insecticidal Activity in Culex quinquefasciatus 221 Maureen Leyva, Olinka Tiomno, Juan E. Tacoronte, Maria del Carmen Marquetti and Domingo Montada Chapter 11 Biological Control of Mosquito Larvae by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 239 Mario Ramírez-Lepe and Montserrat Ramírez-Suero Chapter 12 Metabolism of Pyrethroids by Mosquito Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Impact on Vector Control 265 Pornpimol Rongnoparut, Sirikun Pethuan, Songklod Sarapusit and Panida Lertkiatmongkol Part 3 Pest Management 285 Chapter 13 Bioactive Natural Products from Sapindaceae Deterrent and Toxic Metabolites Against Insects 287 Martina Díaz and Carmen Rossini Chapter 14 Pest Management Strategies for Potato Insect Pests in the Pacific Northwest of the United States 309 Silvia I. Rondon Chapter 15 Management of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) with Insecticides on Tomatoes 333 Mohamed Braham and Lobna Hajji Chapter 16 Management Strategies for Western Flower Thrips and the Role of Insecticides 355 Stuart R. Reitz and Joe Funderburk Chapter 17 The Past and Present of Pear Protection Against the Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. 385 Stefano Civolani Chapter 18 Effects of Kaolin Particle Film and Imidacloprid on Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis ) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Populations and the Prevention of Spread of Xylella fastidiosa in Grape 409 K.M. Tubajika, G.J. Puterka, N.C. Toscano, J. Chen and E.L. Civerolo Chapter 19 Use and Management of Pesticides in Small Fruit Production 425 Carlos García Salazar, Anamaría Gómez Rodas and John C. Wise Contents VII Chapter 20 The Conundrum of Chemical Boll Weevil Control in Subtropical Regions 437 Allan T. Showler Chapter 21 Management of Tsetse Fly Using Insecticides in Northern Botswana 449 C. N. Kurugundla, P. M. Kgori and N. Moleele Part 4 Toxicological Profile of Insecticides 477 Chapter 22 Trends in Insecticide Resistance in Natural Populations of Malaria Vectors in Burkina Faso, West Africa: 10 Years’ Surveys 479 K. R. Dabiré, A. Diabaté, M. Namountougou, L. Djogbenou, C. Wondji, F. Chandre, F. Simard, J-B. Ouédraogo, T. Martin, M. Weill and T. Baldet Chapter 23 The Role of Anopheles gambiae P450 Cytochrome in Insecticide Resistance and Infection 503 Rute Félix and Henrique Silveira Chapter 24 Genetic Toxicological Profile of Carbofuran and Pirimicarb Carbamic Insecticides 519 Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy Preface Agriculture is the mainstay of worldwide economy and the majority of urban and rural population of the world depends on it. Production of agricultural commodities is hindered by pest attacks. Sometimes the damage caused can be so severe that the economic yield of a crop is not possible. Insecticides are organic or inorganic chemical substances or mixtures of substances that can occur naturally or be synthesized, and are intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating the effect of any pest including avian, mammalian, crawling and flying insect pests. Pesticides are divided to insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, acaricides and nematocides according to the organisms that they affect. There are various forms of insecticides; most are repellants or insect growth regulators used in agriculture, public health, horticulture or food storage. It is evident that insecticides have been used to boost food production to a considerable extent and to control disease vectors. Insecticides are used in various forms; from hydrocarbon oils, arsenical compounds, organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, dinitrophenols, organic thiocynates, sulfur, sodium fluoride, pyrethroids and rotenone, to nicotine and bioactive natural products in solid or liquid form. These insecticides are highly toxic to pests and many others are relatively harmless to other organisms. Pests can respond to insecticides in at least two different ways: behavioral action, namely avoidance and toxicity. A bacterium Bti is applied successfully in biological control programs against mosquitoes and flies larvae all over the world. The study of each of its facets is addressed in this book and will open new perspectives to improve their effectiveness in biological control. Vector-borne diseases are a major contributor to the overall burden of diseases, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and a significant impediment to socio- economic development in developing countries. Insecticides still provide the most promising countermeasures to control malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and other arthropod-borne diseases. The knowledge about the mosquito’s behavioral responses to particular chemicals is very important for the prioritization and design of appropriate vector prevention and control strategies. Today, the development of insecticide resistance in insect pests and disease vectors occurs worldwide and on an increasing scale. This phenomenon suggests that behavioral responses will likely play a significant role in how certain pesticides perform to interrupt human-vector contact X Preface while also reducing the selection pressure on target insects for developing resistance. Several factors are believed to play major roles in inducing pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. The most serious factor is the uncontrolled use of photo-stable pyrethroids. The relative resistance of mammals to pyrethroids is almost entirely attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid and alcohol components, following direct injection into the mammalian CNS. This book provides information on various aspects of pests, vectors, pesticides, biological control and resistance. Farzana Perveen Chairperson, Department of Zoology Hazara University, Garden Campus Mansehra Pakistan [...]... 00.0 25.0±2.4 72.5± (2.9) 17 .5(0.7) 12 .5(0.5) 7.5(0.3) 54.0±9.2 86.4 (1. 6) 21. 7(0.4) 16 .4(0.3) 9.4(0.2) 10 8.2 12 .5 17 2.8 (1. 6) 30.4(0.3) 19 .5(0.2) 10 .8(0 .10 ) 216 .2 14 .6 280.8 (1. 3) 45.8(0.2) 22.9(0 .1) 19 .8(0.09) 430.0±20.6 324.0(0.8) 86.4(0.2) 25.8(0.06) 37.3(0.09) 9 61. 2±70.5 11 53.2 (1. 2) 576.6(0.6) 28.8(0.03) 76.9(0.08) Table 1 III Tissue total raid concentrations and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in... 0.08±0.04 0 .18 ±0.02 0.96±0.04 0.06±0.09 0 .15 ±0.6 0.90±0.04 Control 0.08±0.04 0 .18 ±0.02 Liver 0.06±0.02* 0 .15 ±0. 01 1.05±0 .12 Control 0.09±0.05 0 .19 ±0.05 0.96±0.52 Plasma 0.06±0. 01 0 .11 ±0.05 1. 09±0.52 Control 0.08±0.08 0 .19 ±0.02 0.96±0.06 Liver 9 61. 2±70.5 mg/ml Plasma 430±20.2 µgml-min-L 0.05±0.08* 0.09±0.03* 1. 66±0.04 mg/g liver 0.94±0. 01 Data values are mean±SD *Statistically significant p< 0.05 Table 1 IV... Nil 1 2 13 5=5.4 13 5= 21. 7 13 2=2.9 12 9=3.2 12 8 =19 .8 11 8=20.5 11 6=5.3 Table 1 II mortality and growth of wistar rats exposed to different concentrations of “Raid” Raid Concentration in Wistar Rats (µg/g)a and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) Mean±SD Insecticide “Raid” in Feed (µg/g) Lipid Muscle Brain Liver 00.0 25.0±2.4 72.5± (2.9) 17 .5(0.7) 12 .5(0.5) 7.5(0.3) 54.0±9.2 86.4 (1. 6)... cells is 8 Insecticides – Pest Engineering associated with markedly decreased survival (Kohlmeier et al., 19 97), thus, chemically stable lipid-soluble, organophosphorus insecticides are hazarddous to health through mechanisms including depletion of GSH (Menegaux et al., 2006) Means SD concentrations of insecticide “Raid” in feed (Mg/g) 0.00 25.0=2.4 54.0=9.5 10 8.2 =12 .5 216 .2 =14 .6 430.0=20.2 9 61. 2=70.5... decreases in response to oxidative stress (McCord, 19 90) It is evident that decrease of SOD in the tissue is a confirmation of its protection from damage caused by insecticide Raid 2 Classes of insecticides The classification of insecticides is done in several different ways (Hayes, 19 82),(Heam 19 73, Lehman, 19 54, Martin and 19 77) Insecticide 11 Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants... Nordbery, G.F and Serenius, FR (19 69a) on the site and mechanism of mercuric nitrate Hg 203.Arch.Environ Health 18 , 42-50 Brodie, M.E and Aldridge, W.N 19 82 Elevated cerebellar cyclic GMP levels during the deltamethrin induced motor syndrome Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4, 10 911 3 Burges, H.D (19 82) Control of insects by bacteria Parasitology 84, (symp), 79 -11 7 Casida, J.E (19 73) Biochemistry of the pyrethrins... Wistar Rats Inter Environ Toxicity 24(4); 357-3 61 Barcley, R.K;peacock, W.C and Karnofsky,G.A (19 53) Distribution and excretion of radioactive thallium in the chick embryo, rat and man.J Phaemacol.Exp.Ther 10 7, 17 8 -18 7 Barnes, J.M and Verschoyle, R.D 19 74 Toxicity of new Pyrethroid insecticide Nature (London) 248- 711 Bauer, G.C.; Carlsson, A and Lindquist, B (19 56) A comparative 45Ca in rats Biochem J 63,... as resin Rotenone is (2R,6a 5 ,12 a 5) -1, 2,6,6a ,12 ,12 a-hexahydro-2-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxychromeno (3,4-b) furo(2,3-h) chromen-6-one Its structure is depicted in fig 3 Although 16 Insecticides – Pest Engineering rotenone generally is considered to be the active ingredient in all resins isolated, the other constituents show considerable insecticidal activity (Metcalf, 19 55) Rotenone is readily oxidized... potential insect control agents since all play a part in limiting the growth of natural insect populations 5 .1 Viral insecticides Viral insecticides are still in the experimental stage but many are under investigation, as reviewed by Miller et al., 19 83 Bacterial insecticides represent the largest and widest used group and reviewed by Burges (19 82) and Lysenko (19 85) All of those used are sporeformers, since... of pesticides available Insecticides are pesticides used to control insects many of these insecticides are very toxic to insects and many others are relatively harmless to other organism except fish Insecticides decompose readily so the residues do not accumulate on crops or in the soil Insecticides include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively The use of insecticides . weight (g) 0.00 Nil 13 5=5.4 25.0=2.4 Nil 13 5= 21. 7 54.0=9.5 Nil 13 2=2.9 10 8.2 =12 .5 Nil 12 9=3.2 216 .2 =14 .6 Nil 12 8 =19 .8 430.0=20.2 1 118 =20.5 9 61. 2=70.5 2 11 6=5.3 Table 1. II mortality and. 72.5± (2.9) 17 .5(0.7) 12 .5(0.5) 7.5(0.3) 54.0±9.2 86.4 (1. 6) 21. 7(0.4) 16 .4(0.3) 9.4(0.2) 10 8.2 12 .5 17 2.8 (1. 6) 30.4(0.3) 19 .5(0.2) 10 .8(0 .10 ) 216 .2 14 .6 280.8 (1. 3) 45.8(0.2) 22.9(0 .1) 19 .8(0.09). INSECTICIDES – PEST ENGINEERING Edited by Farzana Perveen Insecticides – Pest Engineering Edited by Farzana Perveen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00