INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
High and low contexts significantly influence communication across cultures, leading to diverse interpretations A common saying highlights this challenge: "A high-context joke from a high-context culture may not resonate with someone from a different culture, even if they are also high-context." This underscores the importance of adapting to local customs, as in the adage, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." To effectively understand others, individuals must recognize the contextual nuances and underlying meanings present in conversations.
Vietnam is recognized for its high context culture, in contrast to the low context culture of the United States However, this study reveals that many Americans, including prominent figures like President Obama, often incorporate high context elements in their communication By analyzing Obama's inaugural speeches, this research aims to highlight the presence of both high and low context elements in American discourse.
This thesis analyzes two American presidential inaugurals to explore their significance An inaugural address serves as a vital communication tool, outlining the new president's intentions and responsibilities while reflecting their personality and enthusiasm By examining these speeches, the author aims to capture the contemporary American context and President Obama's aspirations for the nation Additionally, the research demonstrates how individuals from low-context cultures can effectively incorporate high-context elements, enhancing the study's objectivity and persuasiveness.
Analyzing both of Obama's inaugurals reveals distinct patterns in his use of high context versus low context elements, highlighting the significance of examining both events rather than focusing on just one in isolation This comparative approach uncovers the nuances in his communication style and the contextual factors that influenced his choices, offering deeper insights into his rhetorical strategies.
Scope and objectives of the study
This study examines the high and low context elements in Barack Obama's inaugural addresses from 2009 and 2013, utilizing Edward T Hall's high and low context culture theory The research aims to (1) analyze the usage of these context elements when Obama addresses similar topics at different times, (2) evaluate the frequency of high context elements in his speeches despite the United States being a low context culture, and (3) interpret the deeper meanings behind specific phrases.
Hall's high and low context culture theory stands out for its clarity and simplicity, especially when compared to other complex and poorly structured works This theory is not only concise but also effectively categorized into sub-groups, making it easier to understand the distinctions between high context and low context communication.
Research questions
In order to fulfill its objectives stated above, this paper needs to answer the following research questions:
1 In what circumstances does Obama employ high context elements to express his ideas instead of using low context elements?
2 What are the meanings between the lines in those circumstances?
3 To what extend does Obama use high context elements to express the same content in both of his inaugural speech?
DEVELOPMENT
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), encompasses the surroundings and circumstances that clarify the meaning of events or occurrences For instance, understanding the context of a confrontation requires knowledge of the tense relationship between the individuals involved In linguistics, context refers to the surrounding text that aids in determining the meaning of a word or passage.
Context in language use refers to the relevant constraints of a communicative situation that affect language variation and discourse In the language sciences, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis, context is understood in two primary ways: verbal context and social context.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or dialogue that influences our understanding of expressions such as words, sentences, or speech acts This highlights the importance of not citing individuals out of context Contemporary linguistics often analyzes texts, discourses, or conversations, focusing on discourse structures and their interrelationships, particularly the coherence between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been defined by objective social variables like class, gender, age, and race However, recent perspectives emphasize that social contexts are increasingly understood through the lens of social identity as expressed and constructed by language users in both text and conversation.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Context theory
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), refers to the surrounding circumstances and environment that clarify the meaning of an event For example, understanding the context of a conflict can reveal underlying tensions, such as a strained relationship leading to an emotional reaction In linguistics, context pertains to the text surrounding a word or passage, which is essential for determining its meaning.
Context in language use refers to the relevant constraints of the communicative situation that affect language variation and discourse In the language sciences, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis, context is understood in two primary ways: as verbal context and social context.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or dialogue that shapes our understanding of an expression, such as a word, sentence, or speech act This highlights the importance of avoiding out-of-context citations, as they can distort meaning Contemporary linguistics focuses on analyzing texts, discourses, and conversations, with modern studies of verbal context examining discourse structures and their interrelationships, particularly the coherence relations between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been defined by objective social variables like class, gender, age, and race However, recent approaches focus on how social contexts are constructed and expressed through the social identities of language users in both text and conversation.
I.1.2 Influences of context to communication, language and learning I.1.2.1 Ron Burnett and Emily Carr
In their paper "Context, Communication and Learning – The Meaning of Learning Project," Ron Burnett and Emily Carr emphasize that the learning experience is heavily influenced by its context They highlight that context encompasses a multitude of complex factors necessary for completing various tasks and meeting diverse demands and expectations.
Context is a dynamic concept that encompasses various approaches and interpretations, highlighting the diverse factors that influence individuals and society as a whole.
Learning is deeply influenced by the intricate dynamics of classroom and school culture The context of education is shaped by narratives, and often, the stories that inform and support learning are more fleeting than we tend to recognize.
I.1.2.2 Bellon ML and Rees RJ
Bellon ML and Rees RJ, in their study The effect of context on communication: a study of the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injury
A 2006 study investigates the impact of varying contexts on the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injury The research involved four participants observed across different settings, including a baseline phase, two intervention periods (a 3-day camp and a post-camp phase), and a 2-month follow-up Findings revealed that participants showed significant improvements in constructive language production during the intervention phases, attributed to structured cues and positive experiences that helped mitigate the effects of organic damage However, at the 2-month follow-up, their language and communication skills reverted to baseline levels.
The findings suggest that sustained interventions for enhancing language and communication skills are essential in community-based rehabilitation programs Establishing supportive environments can effectively improve language and communication behaviors, ultimately promoting better community inclusion.
High and low context theory
I.2.1 Views on high and low context culture I.2.1.1 Dr Sangeeta R Gupta
In her book "A Quick Guide to Cultural Competency," Dr Sangeeta Gupta emphasizes the importance of recognizing that while discussing communication styles across different groups, we must acknowledge that these are generalizations and that there are individual variations within each group.
Individuals from high context cultures communicate in an indirect and formal manner, relying on both verbal and nonverbal cues to convey meaning In contrast, those from low context cultures prefer direct and informal communication To fully grasp messages in high context interactions, listeners must possess strong listening and observational skills, as they need to interpret subtle nuances and read between the lines.
When someone seems to be listening but exhibits closed body language, such as folded arms and a frown, they may not be open to your message despite their apparent attentiveness This phenomenon highlights the importance of understanding nonverbal cues in communication High-context cultures, including many in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and South America, often rely heavily on these nonverbal signals to convey meaning.
Low context cultures prioritize the literal and precise meaning of words, favoring explicit conversations that convey the majority of the message These cultures often prefer written communication, as it minimizes the need for nonverbal cues Notable examples of low context cultures include the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries.
I.2.1.2 Brett Rutledge, World Champion of Public Speaking and Executive Communication Specialist writes about communication (August 21, 2011)
In today's interconnected world, effective communication is crucial yet increasingly challenging Surprisingly, the most significant barriers often stem from subtle cultural differences rather than language disparities A key distinction is between high-context and low-context cultures, which can lead to misunderstandings and complications in interactions.
In a low context culture, communication is explicit and clearly articulated, relying heavily on what is said or written Conversely, a high context culture assumes a shared understanding among communicators, leading to more implicit and indirect forms of communication In low context cultures, listeners bear greater responsibility to stay informed and engaged with informal networks.
Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French The implications are obvious
Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic For example:
Japanese can find Westerners to be offensively blunt Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcoming with information
French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide no direction
High context cultures often face communication breakdowns due to assumptions of shared understanding, relying heavily on indirect communication methods, especially in diverse environments Conversely, low context cultures typically struggle with diversity and may communicate in a more explicit manner, which can lead to misunderstandings and resentment In today's diverse landscape, these cultural differences can manifest in local interactions just as easily as they do in international settings, highlighting that geographic proximity does not ensure a shared heritage.
High-context cultures emphasize ceremony and tradition, clearly defining individual roles, which can appear overly formal and rigid to outsiders Conversely, low-context cultures may seem disorganized and disrespectful, as they often lack the same level of adherence to tradition and courtesy.
Low and High-Context in Written Communication
High-context and low-context cultures significantly differ in their writing styles, particularly in the amount of contextual detail provided High-context cultures often omit extensive explanations, assuming that readers share a common understanding of the subject matter, similar to the way close-knit groups use clipped language In contrast, low-context cultures prioritize clarity and thoroughness, explicitly detailing information to ensure the message is comprehensible to all, regardless of cultural background This approach aims to make the message stand alone, free from specific contextual ties, while high-context cultures rely on shared knowledge and therefore include fewer explicit details.
Low and High-Context in More General Communications
In the United States, business meetings are typically low-context, characterized by informal interactions, brief introductions, and flexible speaking rules Conversely, Japan emphasizes high-context communication, where meetings are governed by formal procedures, including structured greetings, the exchange of business cards, and organized topic introductions.
The degree of high- and low-context communication varies within cultures and can differ significantly from one location to another In U.S culture, certain events such as weddings, court proceedings, funerals, and sporting events often impose structured behaviors that may go unnoticed The distinction between high and low context not only reflects a culture's self-representation but also influences actual behaviors Low-context cultures often take pride in their directness while minimizing the role of contextual factors in shaping interactions Understanding these nuances is essential for effective communication across different cultural settings.
Homogeneous (inside/outside clearly defined)
Group oriented Deviance discouraged People oriented Non-confrontational Humanistic (self-control) Risk-averse
Heterogeneous (open to outsiders) Individual oriented
Encourages variation Active and solution oriented Conflict encouraged (productive) Procedural (rules govern behavior) Welcome risk
(adapted from Ting-Toomey, 71-86, qtd in Andrews, 9)
I.2.2 Concept of high and low context culture by Edward T Hall (1976, p105) I.2.2.1 Context
The context gives additional information, which is necessary to encode the whole situation / background of given information
High context communication relies heavily on shared knowledge and relationships to convey meaning For instance, when I ask, "Where is my black pepper?" the answer, "Above my microwave," assumes familiarity with my apartment layout Those who know me can easily locate the pepper because they understand the context of my living space Without this shared context, the information lacks clarity, highlighting the importance of background knowledge in effective communication.
In high context communication, [a piece of] information can have different meanings according It needs additional information to encode (understand) Speaking in examples is also high context information
High Context Communication is prevalent in several Western countries, highlighting the challenges foreigners face in interpreting British expressions For instance, the phrase "you must come for dinner" is often misunderstood as a genuine invitation, while it is typically uttered out of politeness and may not lead to an actual invite Additionally, when a Brit begins a sentence with "with the greatest respect," it can be interpreted as a veiled insult, implying they think the listener is foolish.
I hear what you say I disagree and do not want to discuss it further
He accepts my point of view
You are an idiot He is listening to me
That‘s not bad That‘s good That‘s poor
That is a very brave You are insane He thinks I have courage proposal Quite good A bit disappointing Quite good
I would suggest Do it or be prepared to justify yourself
Think about the idea, but do what you like
Oh, incidentally/ by the way
The primary purpose of our discussion is
That is not very important
I am annoyed that It doesn‘t really matter
The situation is intriguing yet absurd, leaving many impressed While I will remember this, it seems I've already forgotten it It's likely that they will take action, and I acknowledge my responsibility in this matter However, it's puzzling why they believe the fault lies with them.
You must come for dinner
It‘s not an invitation, I‘m just being polite
I will get an invitation soon
I almost agree I don‘t agree at all He‘s not far from agreement
I only have a few minor comments
Please rewrite completely He has found a few typos
Could we consider some other options
I don‘t like your idea They have not yet decided
(adapted from 'Translation table explaining the truth behind British politeness becomes internet hit' by Alice Philipson, the Telegraph, 02 Sep 2013)
A well-crafted manual exemplifies low context communication, where the information provided is clear and straightforward, requiring no additional context for comprehension In this form of communication, each piece of information conveys a singular meaning, ensuring that the intended message is easily understood without the need for extra details.
I.2.2.4 High Context vs Low Context
Take a look how members of high and low contextual cultures see themselves and their opposites:
High Context claims Low Context
2 ―cannot read between the lines‖
Low Context claims High Context
Spain Italy England France North America Scandinavian Countries German-speaking Countries
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Applications of E T Hall`s Theories of the Context
Hall‘s theory, for its plausibility, can be found in a number of studies of the influences of high and low context elements A brief summary of such works is as follows
II.1.1 Website Design in High and Low Context Cultures
Tendency in Low Context Cultures Animation High use of animation, especially in connection with images of moving people
Lower use of animation, mainly reserved for highlighting effects e.g., of text
Promotion of Images promote values Images promote values values characteristic of collectivist societies characteristic of individualistic societies
Individuals separate or together with the product
Featured images depict products and merchandise in use by individuals
Images portray lifestyles of individuals, with or without a direct emphasis on the use of products or merchandise
Links promote an exploratory approach to navigation on the website; process-oriented
Clear and redundant cues in connection with navigation on a website; goal-oriented
Linear vs parallel navigation on the website
Many sidebars and menus, opening of new browser windows for each new page
Few sidebars and menus, constant opening in same browser window
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
II.1.2 Studies on influences of high and low context The influence of high/low-context culture and power distance on choice of communication media: Students’ media choice to communicate with Professors in Japan and America, by Rieko Maruta Richardson and Sandi W., is the study which focuses on two widely used cultural constructs: high context/ low-context culture and power distance (PD), and investigates their influences on media choice behavior The propositions that Japan is a higher context and PD culture than the United States are tested The study also explores the association between individual cultural values and choice of communication media
In his 2009 study "Uncertainty Reduction and Predictability of Behavior in Low and High Context Cultures," William B Gudykunst explores the differences in initial interactions between high and low context cultures The research reveals that individuals from high context cultures tend to be more cautious and rely heavily on assumptions based on a stranger's cultural background compared to their low context counterparts While they ask more questions about a stranger's background, this does not lead to increased predictive certainty regarding future behavior The findings have significant implications for uncertainty reduction theory and the understanding of high and low context cultural dynamics.
In a collaborative study, Elizabeth G Chua and William B Gudykunst explore conflict resolution styles across low and high context cultures, focusing on 355 international undergraduates in the U.S Utilizing an organizational communication conflict instrument, the research identifies five distinct conflict styles The findings align with R Ting-Toomey's theoretical predictions, based on E T Hall's definitions of low and high context communication The study reveals that individuals from low context cultures tend to adopt solution-oriented approaches more frequently than those from high context cultures, while high context culture members prefer non-confrontational strategies.
Also being inspired by Hall‘s concepts of culture, in 2005, the article Intercultural
In her article "Communication on Websites: A Cross-Cultural Analysis," Elizabeth Würtz examines how high context cultures leverage the Internet, a predominantly low context medium, for effective communication and marketing The study posits that individuals from high context cultures are more inclined to utilize visual elements to convey messages than those from low context cultures It raises the question of how these cultures can maximize the Internet's capabilities today By prioritizing visual communication in high context website design, the research analyzes how visual strategies differ across cultural communication styles Utilizing Hall’s high and low context dimensions, the exploratory analysis of McDonald’s websites reveals five distinct strategies that enhance high context communication through visual methods.
Researches on high and low context elements in two inaugural speeches of 2009 and
2009 and 2013 by American President Barack H Obama
Junling Wang, a student at the School of Foreign Languages at Northwest Normal University in Lanzhou, China, explores the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in political discourse, particularly in public speeches that aim to elicit favorable responses from audiences In his paper, "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches," Wang utilizes CDA theory and Systematic Functional Linguistics to examine Obama's presidential speeches, focusing on transitivity and modality This analysis reveals how language is employed to convey ideology and exert power, enhancing our understanding of the political objectives behind these speeches.
The research conducted by Fadipe Modupeoluwa Ebunoluwa critically analyzes President Barack Obama’s Inauguration Speech, focusing on his persuasive public speaking strategies Grounded in Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis, the study asserts that ideologies are embedded in texts and cannot be overlooked, allowing for multiple interpretations It evaluates the ideological and persuasive elements of the speech, exploring the connection between textual features and power dynamics This analysis highlights Obama's rhetorical techniques, illustrating the interplay between language, ideology, and reality, while emphasizing the speech's potential to empower citizens with a renewed sense of political agency.
John Gary Stobbs has another way to critically analyze Obama‘s Inaugural through his paper Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s 1st Inaugural Speech
(May 26, 2012) This study investigates the methods and lexis used by Barack Obama to foster a sense of inclusion of the American public in his inaugural speech
This article analyzes the frequency and use of pronouns in Barack Obama's speeches to explore how they foster public inclusion in governmental processes By comparing his linguistic inclusivity to that of recent presidents, the research aims to determine if Obama employs more inclusive language It examines his syntactic choices that enhance the flow and emotional impact of his speeches, alongside the phrases and structures that construct his narrative and persona Additionally, the article discusses how various narratives within his speeches contribute to his overall persona Political discourse is defined as the formal exchange of reasoned views on societal issues, and this study investigates how Obama articulates his views and actions to address social problems Through an analysis of lexical and syntactical choices, it seeks to uncover underlying ideologies and intentions, ultimately assessing whether Obama’s language is more or less inclusive than that of his predecessors.
William A Galston has a very sharp perception into Obama‘s second inaugural through his critique Reaction and Analysis to President Obama's 2013 State of the
Union He states that President Obama‘s victory in the 2012 election leaves
With Republicans controlling the House of Representatives, the administration faces a crucial decision: either engage with the opposition or leverage public opinion to influence House Republicans Recent negotiations over the fiscal cliff indicate that the White House is opting for the latter strategy The president's 2013 State of the Union address, a pivotal moment to outline his second-term agenda, further underscores this choice, which could significantly impact the trajectory of his presidency.
On January 23, 2013, Allan Erickson from Portland Political Buzz criticized President Obama's second inaugural address, stating, "We Americans want to trust and respect our leaders," highlighting the challenge of maintaining respect when leaders take citizens for granted Similarly, Sam Leith described Obama's speech as a compilation of rhetorical techniques, likening it to a "greatest hits album" of oratory, showcasing all his favored devices in a dramatic fashion.
David Lightman’s analysis of President Obama’s second inaugural address highlights its coherence and depth, presenting a clear and compelling argument that distinguishes it from recent inaugurals, particularly those of reelected presidents that often resemble a laundry list While the speech may lack memorable lines, it effectively articulates a significant aspect of American political thought, warranting future re-examination However, this clarity also exposes the shallowness and confusion inherent in the progressive worldview prevalent in American politics.
In summary, extensive research has been conducted to analyze and critique Obama's two inaugural addresses from both discourse and political perspectives However, the literature review reveals that previous studies primarily focus on political content or general discourse analysis, lacking a methodological evaluation of high and low context elements This study aims to address this gap in the existing literature.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY III.1 Research methodology
This research employs a qualitative method, relying on document analysis rather than numerical data or statistics It effectively gathers culturally specific insights into the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of targeted populations By categorizing data into patterns, the qualitative approach serves as the foundation for organizing and reporting findings This method allows researchers to closely examine individual texts and utilize various analytical strategies.
The analysis of texts employs both synthetic and analytic methods, where the analytic perspective focuses on isolating specific aspects for detailed examination, while the synthetic perspective explores the interdependence of these elements to understand their collective function By objectively analyzing the two inaugural speeches through the lens of high and low elements, deeper meanings can be uncovered Ultimately, the synthesis of these findings reveals the contexts in which these high and low elements are utilized.
This study employs both descriptive and comparative methods to provide comprehensive evaluations and insights By analyzing two inaugural texts instead of one, the research enhances the credibility of its findings through detailed descriptions and logical comparisons The descriptive research method is particularly emphasized, as it aims to capture specific behaviors within their natural context, with observation being the primary focus among various available methods.
This thesis integrates various methods to analyze two inaugural speeches, categorizing the characteristics of high and low context elements into distinct sections These characteristics are derived from Hall's high and low context theory (1976).
Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information
More internalized understandings of what is communicated
Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an
Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
Rule oriented, people play by external rules
More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
Knowledge is more often transferable
Task-centered Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities
(adapted from 'Communicating Across Cultures' by Jennifer E Beer, 1997-2003)
This article examines the use of high and low context elements in Barack Obama's inaugural speeches by illustrating and analyzing specific lines from both addresses It explores the rationale behind the selected examples, their meanings, and their representation of high or low context elements By presenting the information from both inaugurals in a parallel format, the author aims to determine whether Obama employs high context elements to convey similar messages in each speech Ultimately, the paper synthesizes the instances of high and low contexts used by Obama and provides a comprehensive commentary on their significance.
This data analysis schedule is based on these steps below:
1 Reading and doing an analysis to get the contents and formats of both texts (Analytic method)
2 Giving an overview of both texts according to the purposes, presentation approaches, ideologies (Synthetic method)
3 Comparing two scripts to produce the same and differences between their formats and between their contents Examining the appearance of high and low context elements in both speeches to express the same idea (Comparative method)
4 Providing an assessment of the influences of high and low context elements on changing the idea of the speakers or the way to understand of the audiences (Descriptive method)
This section presents the results of applying the previously discussed steps and evaluates how high and low context elements impact the content of both inaugural addresses.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION IV.1 Brief introduction of the inaugural addresses
Barack Hussein Obama, born on August 4, 1961, is the 44th President of the United States and the first African American to hold this position A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was president of the Harvard Law Review, he launched his presidential campaign in 2007 After a competitive primary against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he secured the Democratic nomination and won the general election against Republican John McCain, being inaugurated on January 20, 2009 In recognition of his efforts, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009 He successfully ran for re-election in November 2012, defeating Mitt Romney, and was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013.
IV.1.2 Overviews of Obama’s two inaugural addresses IV.1.2.1 First inaugural 2009
On January 20, 2009, President Obama delivered his Inaugural Address, calling for a "new era of responsibility." The official theme for the 2009 inauguration was
2.2.1.3 Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
“These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.”
The challenges we face today are significant and numerous, requiring time and effort to overcome.
To grasp the meanings of these lines, it is essential to connect them with the societal, educational, economic, and military contexts of the time, a task best suited for those who experienced it firsthand rather than outsiders.
The current generation of Americans has faced significant challenges that have strengthened our determination and demonstrated our resilience As we conclude a decade of conflict and embark on an economic recovery, the potential for America is boundless We embody the essential traits required in a global landscape: youthful energy, diversity, openness, a willingness to take risks, and an exceptional ability to reinvent ourselves.
The inaugural address connects various events and concepts, including crises, the timing of wars, and economic recovery For effective communication, both the speaker and the audience need to share a common understanding and background knowledge to grasp the significance of the events referenced by Obama.
Our journey has been defined by hard work and resilience, not by shortcuts or complacency It is a path suited for the brave, those who prioritize effort over leisure and seek fulfillment beyond mere wealth and fame It is the risk-takers and creators, often unsung heroes, who have guided us along the challenging road to prosperity and freedom.
“This is the journey we continue today”
To fully grasp the significance of Obama's speech, audiences must cultivate a long-term understanding of their nation's history, recognizing the journey from its inception and the key figures who shaped it.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time.”
“For more than two hundred years, we have….”
Long-term relationships are essential for analyzing the purpose, outcomes, and processes of actions They enable audiences to grasp their country's history and development, fostering a shared background knowledge with leaders like Obama As a result, presidential speeches become more comprehensive and persuasive.
IV.2.2.1.5 Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an ―outsider‖
―For everywhere we look, there is work to be done”
“But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control.”
To fully grasp the nuances in Obama's inaugural address, audiences must possess insider knowledge regarding the tasks at hand and the crises he references The distinction between insiders and outsiders is prominently highlighted, shedding light on the high-context elements present in Obama's first public speech as President of the United States.
Our generation's responsibility is to bring the principles of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness to life for all Americans Upholding our founding documents does not necessitate unanimous agreement on every aspect of life, nor does it require us to share identical definitions of liberty or pursue happiness in the same manner.
“For now decisions are upon us, and we cannot afford delay”
Insiders and outsiders perceive ideas differently, with insiders—those who engage directly with figures like Obama—having a unique understanding of his messages This American generation, represented by these insiders, is the primary audience Obama aims to persuade and inspire.
IV.2.2.1.6 Knowledge is situational, relational
“We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense”
“For we know that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness….”
“As we consider the role that unfolds before us…”
“And yet at this moment, a moment that will define a generation, it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.”
The statements and promises made by Obama are context-specific and cannot be generalized to different situations or historical contexts His emphasis on certain words during this speech highlights that the knowledge conveyed is temporary and relevant only to the present moment and the audience at hand.
“That is our generation's task …”
“It is now our generation's task to carry on what those pioneers began …”
“We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still…”
In his second speech, Obama emphasizes the unique responsibilities and roles of his generation, highlighting that only they can shoulder these vital missions By leveraging situational information and momentary details, he instills a sense of pride and determination among his audience, encouraging them to unite and advocate for their lives and their country.
IV.2.2.1.7 Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
―My fellow citizens, I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.”
The essence of our freedom and beliefs is reflected in the unity of men, women, and children from diverse races and faiths celebrating together in this grand space This moment highlights the remarkable progress we’ve made, allowing a man whose father faced discrimination less than 60 years ago to now stand before you and take a solemn oath.
“Today I say to you that …‖
In his inaugural speech, Obama establishes a strong sense of authority by frequently using personal pronouns such as "my" and "I," which emphasize his ownership of the promises made and his commitment to leading the nation.
In my address, I emphasized that the oath I took today is a solemn commitment to God and country, transcending party lines and factions This pledge mirrors the dedication of soldiers who enlist and the aspirations of immigrants pursuing their dreams Ultimately, it reflects the shared promise we all make to honor the flag that symbolizes our unity and pride.
2.2.2.1 Rule oriented, people play by external rules
On this day, we unite to embrace hope instead of fear, prioritizing a shared purpose over division We gather to declare an end to trivial disputes and empty promises, moving beyond the blame and outdated ideologies that have long hindered our political progress.
―Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things‖
Obama emphasizes the significance of hope over fear and unity over conflict, urging people to embrace their identity as risk-takers and creators He calls for an end to petty grievances and outdated ideologies, presenting a clear message that resonates even with those who join the audience later His speech serves as a guiding principle that everyone can understand and follow, reinforcing the importance of collective purpose and action.
Every presidential inauguration reaffirms the resilience of our Constitution and the commitment to our democratic ideals It serves as a reminder that our nation's unity transcends race, religion, and heritage.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time”
In his interactions with the public, Obama often encourages them to align with his vision and objectives Having completed his first term, he possesses greater knowledge, understanding, and confidence in his approach As a result, his second address is viewed as more persuasive, practical, and hopeful than the first Obama aims to leverage both the positive and negative experiences from his initial term to regain the trust of his constituents and effectively communicate his goals.
IV.2.2.2.2 More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
“As for our common defense ”
“To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent …”
“To the people of poor nations …”
In his speeches, Obama addresses various critical topics such as the economy, defense, and finance with clarity and precision, demonstrating a deep understanding of each issue He effectively communicates his points to build trust among his audience While political and military matters may sometimes be ambiguous, Obama consistently delivers straightforward and dependable insights on topics that require transparency.
“Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers.”
“Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.”
“Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life's worst hazards and misfortune.”
Obama's announcement is designed to be relatable and approachable, featuring clearly defined criteria across various sectors such as the economy, market, and nation His well-structured presentation allows listeners to easily follow along, ensuring that even newcomers can grasp his message effectively.
IV.2.2.2.3 Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
“At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office,…”
“Today I say to you that …”
“On this day, we gather because …”
The current economic situation demands immediate and decisive action to create jobs and establish a solid foundation for future growth We will invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and digital networks, to enhance commerce and connectivity By prioritizing science and leveraging technology, we aim to improve healthcare quality while reducing costs Additionally, we will utilize renewable energy sources like solar and wind to power our vehicles and industries Finally, transforming our educational institutions is essential to prepare for the challenges of a new era.
Obama emphasizes clarity in his communication by specifying the time, place, and future activities, such as creating new jobs, building infrastructure, restoring scientific integrity, and improving healthcare quality His approach ensures that his intentions and directions are easily understood by the public, fostering a transparent dialogue about his administration's goals.
“For more than two hundred years, we have …”
As times evolve, we recognize the necessity of adapting our approaches while staying true to our foundational principles Addressing new challenges effectively requires innovative responses, and safeguarding our individual freedoms ultimately depends on our ability to unite and take collective action.
“This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience A decade of war is now ending.”
The inauguration address is marked by a clear and logical flow of time, place, and activities, enhancing its coherence and persuasive impact Obama skillfully addresses each issue without unnecessary repetition, ensuring that his speech is sharp, complete, and well-organized This structure makes the inaugural address easy to follow and deeply resonant.
IV.2.2.2.4 More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
In his 2009 inaugural speech, President Obama addressed a vast audience, including those present at the inauguration and millions more watching on television or listening via radio The connection he established with the American people was fleeting, lasting only for the duration of the ceremony, as it lacked the continuity of personal engagement, eye contact, and a sense of collective identity beyond the event.
The inaugural speech of 2013 is directed towards the diverse audience present in the square, as well as those watching from home or listening via radio Once the speech concludes, the connection will be severed, leaving many ordinary citizens with little opportunity to encounter the President in person again.
IV.2.2.2.5 Knowledge is more often transferable
In times of crisis, it is the kindness of individuals who welcome strangers and the selflessness of workers who prioritize their colleagues' job security that help us endure our toughest moments The bravery of firefighters confronting smoke-filled stairways, alongside the nurturing spirit of parents caring for their children, ultimately shapes our destiny.
Obama's examples of relatable figures, such as a firefighter and a parent, illustrate concepts that are easily understood and transferable across generations The clarity and simplicity of these low-context elements enhance their applicability, allowing ideas from his speech to be shared among individuals, nations, and future generations.
We are committed to protecting our citizens and maintaining our principles by combining military strength with the rule of law We will demonstrate the bravery needed to seek peaceful resolutions to our differences with other countries.
“And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice …”
CONCLUSION
Recapitulation of main ideas
Context is essential in communication as it provides crucial background information necessary for understanding the complete situation This article specifically explores the distinction between high context and low context elements, highlighting their significance in effective communication.
To further examine the different results and effects which high context and low context elements can cause, I deeply analyze two inaugural addresses of 2009 and
In 2013, President Obama addressed the use of specific elements in his communications, highlighting the consistency in his message despite varying contexts The core of his addresses remains unchanged, with differences arising solely from the circumstances in which they were delivered This prompts an exploration into why the President employs high or low context elements in his statements, revealing underlying implications, intentions, and possible omissions in his messaging.
Obama often employs high-context communication to obscure the truth about war, politics, and military situations, particularly during his inaugurations when he aims to showcase his leadership and achievements In these moments, he tends to present a narrative that may contrast with reality, requiring listeners to delve deeper into his words and consider the societal context Conversely, he utilizes low-context communication for topics like promises and duties, emphasizing clarity and specificity to ensure that both his citizens and international audiences grasp his messages and directives fully.
This study is structured into three key sections: the Introduction, which provides essential background information; the Development, which offers in-depth analysis; and the Conclusion, which summarizes the findings and presents suggestions for future research.
During the research process, three research questions can eventually be answered
1 In what circumstances does Obama employ high context elements to express his ideas instead of using low context elements?
Obama employs high-context communication by referencing historical elements, urging citizens to actively participate in national progress, and rallying his audience for collective action He also strategically omits certain topics, particularly regarding military issues, war, the situation in Iraq, and other colonial matters, to maintain focus and manage public perception.
2 What are the meanings between the lines in those circumstances?
According to each circumstances and each issue, the author gives specific meaning
When discussing sensitive topics like politics or military affairs, Obama tends to obscure the truth or convey only partial truths, often using figurative language He promotes friendship with other nations while simultaneously asserting America's leadership role Although he speaks of freedom, he implies that war is the means to achieve it.
3 Does Obama use high context elements to express the same content in both of his inaugural speech?
In his inaugural speeches, Obama employs a consistent rhetorical approach, particularly when addressing military situations He utilizes techniques of reduction and avoidance in his language, while simultaneously reinforcing his message of encouragement through repetition, as seen in phrases like "We must act " and "So it has been So it must be " This strategic use of language effectively conveys his commitment to action and resilience.
Limitations of the study
Despite its insights, the study has notable limitations It focuses solely on high and low context cultures and analyzes only two inaugural speeches by President Obama Consequently, the findings regarding the presence and implications of high and low context elements cannot be generalized to all instances Therefore, while the research title implies a comprehensive analysis, it ultimately lacks exhaustiveness.
Recommendations for further research
Due to the limitations stated earlier, several follow-up studies can be implemented to cover the areas which are not included in this thesis
Analyzing speeches from both well-known and lesser-known figures can enhance our understanding of high and low context elements, revealing the nuanced meanings embedded within the lines.
Another specific study could be done such as symbolic context or situational context…
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Appendix 1: First inaugural speech of American President Barack Hussein Obama (2009)
My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors
I thank President Bush for his service to our nation as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition
Forty-four Americans have taken the presidential oath, spoken in times of both prosperity and peace, as well as during challenges marked by turmoil During these turbulent moments, America has persevered not only due to the leadership of those in power but also because the people have upheld the ideals of our founders and remained loyal to our foundational documents.
So it has been; so it must be with this generation of Americans
We are currently facing a significant crisis characterized by widespread violence and hatred, compounded by a weakened economy resulting from both individual greed and a collective inability to make difficult choices for the future This turmoil has led to lost homes, job cuts, and closed businesses, while our healthcare system remains prohibitively expensive and our educational institutions continue to underperform Furthermore, the energy consumption patterns we maintain not only empower our adversaries but also pose a threat to our planet's well-being.
Indicators of crisis can be observed through data and statistics, yet a more profound issue lies in the erosion of confidence throughout the nation There is a pervasive anxiety that America's decline is unavoidable, leading to the belief that future generations may need to adjust their aspirations downward.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real They are serious and they are many They will not be met easily or in a short span of time But know this America: They will be met
On this day, we unite in hope and purpose, rejecting fear and division We declare an end to the grievances and empty promises that have hindered our political progress As a young nation, it is time to set aside childish things and reaffirm our enduring spirit We choose to honor our better history and uphold the fundamental belief that all individuals are equal, free, and entitled to pursue their happiness.
Greatness is not a given; it must be earned through hard work and perseverance Our journey has been challenging, requiring courage and dedication from those who embrace risk and action It is the unsung heroes, the diligent workers, who have propelled our nation towards prosperity and freedom, rather than those seeking shortcuts or the allure of fame and wealth.
They left behind their few belongings and journeyed across oceans in pursuit of a better life They worked tirelessly in sweatshops, helped settle the West, faced harsh conditions, and cultivated the land They bravely fought and sacrificed their lives in significant battles such as Concord, Gettysburg, Normandy, and Khe Sanh.
Throughout history, countless individuals have persevered and made sacrifices, working tirelessly to create a better future for us all They envisioned America as a collective entity, transcending personal ambitions and uniting us beyond our differences in birth, wealth, or social groups.
We continue our journey as the most prosperous and powerful nation on Earth, with our workforce remaining as productive as ever Our creativity and the demand for our goods and services are unchanged, reflecting our undiminished capacity However, the time for complacency and protecting narrow interests has ended Starting today, we must rise, regroup, and recommit to the vital work of remaking America.
The urgent state of our economy demands decisive action to create jobs and establish a sustainable foundation for growth We will invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and digital networks, to enhance commerce and connectivity By prioritizing science and leveraging technology, we aim to improve healthcare quality while reducing costs Additionally, we will utilize renewable energy sources to power our transportation and industries Our education system will be transformed to meet the challenges of a new era This vision is not only achievable but essential for our future.
Some question our ambitious goals, forgetting the remarkable achievements of free individuals united by imagination and courage The outdated political debates of the past no longer hold relevance; our focus has shifted Today, we assess not the size of government, but its effectiveness in providing families with decent jobs, affordable care, and dignified retirement We will advance where success is evident and terminate ineffective programs Those managing public funds will be accountable for wise spending and reforming poor practices, as transparency is essential to restoring trust between the people and their government.
The market's unparalleled ability to generate wealth and enhance freedom is not in question; however, recent crises highlight the necessity of vigilance to prevent it from spiraling out of control A nation cannot thrive if it only benefits the wealthy True economic success relies not solely on GDP growth but on the inclusivity of prosperity, ensuring that opportunities are accessible to all willing individuals This approach is not merely an act of charity but the most effective path toward achieving our collective well-being.