INTRODUCTION
Rationale for the study
English is one of the most widely spoken languages globally, and in Vietnam, the number of educational institutions teaching English has been steadily increasing This rise is driven by the country's need to integrate into the global community, particularly since the implementation of the open-door policy However, the differences between English and Vietnamese present challenges for learners, especially when it comes to understanding English idioms, which are deeply rooted in cultural context Idioms reflect a country's history, geography, and customs, making them difficult to grasp without cultural knowledge Both English and Vietnamese feature a rich array of idiomatic expressions, highlighting the importance of cultural understanding in mastering English idioms.
English idioms present a unique challenge, even for native speakers, due to their complexity and flexibility Recognizing this, I find it fascinating to explore various idioms; however, my graduation paper is focused specifically on “An English-Vietnamese Cross-Cultural Study of Idioms With Colors and Its Implications to ELT.” This topic captivates me because a cultural perspective can enhance the accuracy and vibrancy of studying and learning idioms I am motivated to conduct this research to assist Vietnamese learners in using idioms correctly and effectively.
This research highlights the significance of the English language and the correct use of idioms for effective communication, particularly focusing on the challenges associated with color idioms It aims to raise awareness among Vietnamese students about the necessity of mastering these idioms to enhance their proficiency in all four language skills.
Scope of the study
This study focuses on "An English-Vietnamese Cross-Cultural Study of Idioms With Colors and Its Implications for English Language Teaching" among Vietnamese learners of English, including a comparison with native English speakers It examines idioms related to colors from a cross-cultural perspective Given the diverse backgrounds of Vietnamese learners, including age, purpose, and occupation, the research primarily targets first-year students at CFL-VNU and includes insights from some native English speakers.
Objectives of the study
Effective communication for foreign language learners hinges on the ability to understand and articulate their viewpoints Achieving this requires not only a solid grasp of vocabulary and grammar but also an understanding of idiomatic expressions and their sound patterns Mastery of idioms is essential for learners to enhance their communication skills and express themselves more naturally.
This study aims to provide valuable suggestions for English learners to prevent communication breakdowns caused by the challenges of using color-related idioms Through personal experiences and observations, the research highlights the importance of understanding these idioms to enhance effective communication.
1 To provide the theoretical review of English idioms and a specification is given to English idioms with colors
2 To show how well Vietnamese students are exposed to English idioms in general and English idioms with colors in particular, and how they practice, use them in mastering English Also, it points out wrong interpretations that are usually encountered and made by students when using English idioms with colors, at the same time, seeks the sources of such mistakes
3 To supply some suggested implications for teaching and learning method, and some activities and exercises that can be useful for practicing English idioms with colors in teaching and learning process, contributing to improve ability of using English idioms with colors.
Methodology of the study
In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were utilized to collect reliable and comprehensive data Quantitative data, consisting of numerical information, underwent statistical analysis, while qualitative data, derived from interviews and observations, offered descriptive insights.
The primary methods employed in this study include analyzing reference materials to gather valuable knowledge and theories Additionally, the research incorporates survey questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observational techniques to enhance the depth and breadth of the findings.
Idioms represent a unique category of multi-word units that challenge our understanding of grammar and vocabulary (Fellbaum et al., 2006:349) While they are often viewed as distinct from standard language, defining the exact nature of this distinction remains complex Even among experts in idiomatic expressions, there is a lack of consensus regarding what qualifies as an idiom, highlighting the diversity within this linguistic class.
An idiom is an established expression whose meaning differs from the literal interpretation of its individual components This definition, however, also encompasses various phraseological structures like collocations, formulaic greetings, and clichés, which, while idiomatic, do not qualify as strict idioms Consequently, idiom researchers face the challenge of creating a definition that inclusively captures all recognized idioms while effectively excluding non-idiomatic expressions.
Current psycholinguistic theories suggest that idioms should be viewed as "long words," with their meanings accessed directly rather than through the analysis of their individual components (Gibbs 1994, 2002) However, when encountering an idiom for the first time, language users must rely on the meanings of its constituents, typically focusing on the most prominent meanings first (Giora 1997, 2002; Peleg & Giora).
The limited success rate of this tactic stems from the challenges in identifying the relevant meanings of polysemous components and the degree to which the idiom is semantically motivated or transparent.
If you look up the word idiom in Webster, you will be given the following definition:
An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be easily inferred from the individual words it contains, such as "kick the bucket" or "hang one's head." Additionally, idioms do not follow typical grammatical rules, exemplified by expressions like "the table round" for "the round table." These unique phrases stand alone and are not part of larger expressions with similar traits.
This definition seems a bit dry and doesn't really tell anything about the function of idioms in English language
English boasts a wealth of idioms, unique expressions that often challenge conventional logic and grammar These idiomatic phrases contribute significantly to the language's diversity and humor, enhancing both spoken and written communication Without idioms, English would lack much of its richness and playful character.
2 Cultural characteristics of English idioms:
The rich variety of English idioms can largely be attributed to the language's historical evolution, drawing from the daily experiences of people across different backgrounds Key sources of these idiomatic expressions include the Bible, which has significantly influenced the language, as well as the works of Shakespeare, known for their literary depth Additionally, many idioms find their origins in fables, myths, and legends, further enriching the English language.
Besides, English idioms are created by people in different trades and occupations
Many idioms originate from the experiences of working individuals, such as seamen, hunters, farmers, and cooks, who incorporate familiar terms from their trades For instance, phrases like "in deep water" and "tide over" stem from maritime activities, while "kill two birds with one stone" reflects hunting practices Other idioms, such as "have all one's eggs in one basket" from farming and "new brooms sweep clean" from domestic life, illustrate how these expressions are rooted in specific occupations Their vivid and impactful nature allowed them to transcend their original contexts, leading to widespread acceptance and integration into everyday language Today, these idioms enrich our communication and are applied across various situations.
The cultural disparities between English and Vietnamese languages lead to notable differences, particularly in idioms, which embody the vibrant characteristics of each nation Consequently, various cultural distinctions can be observed in English and Vietnamese idioms.
Idioms are closely intertwined with people's daily lives and professions Given that England is an island, its culture places a significant emphasis on water, which is reflected in idioms such as "spend money like water."
Cultural attitudes towards dogs vary significantly between Western countries and Vietnam In the West, dogs symbolize loyalty and faithfulness, often regarded as close companions Conversely, in Vietnamese culture, the term for dog often carries a negative connotation For example, the English phrase "You are a lucky dog" reflects a positive sentiment, highlighting the disparity in perceptions across cultures.
Religious beliefs significantly influence English idioms, introducing various ideas and customs linked to spirituality Phrases such as "God helps those who help themselves" and "Go to hell" exemplify how these beliefs shape language and expression.
Many English idioms originate from significant historical events Phrases like "to cross the Rubicon" and "to meet one's Waterloo" are linked to Napoleon and the fall of his empire, while the American Civil War inspired expressions such as "by the grapevine."
Literature Review
Cultural characteristics of English idioms
The richness of English idioms can largely be attributed to the language's historical evolution, drawing from the daily lives of diverse English speakers Key sources of these idiomatic expressions include the Bible and the works of Shakespeare, which provide a wealth of literary inspiration Additionally, many idioms have their origins in fables, myths, and legends, further enriching the language.
Besides, English idioms are created by people in different trades and occupations
Many idioms originate from the language of working individuals, such as seamen, hunters, farmers, and cooks, who incorporate familiar terms from their trades into everyday expressions For instance, phrases like "in deep water" and "tide over" stem from maritime experiences, while "kill two birds with one stone" and "have all one's eggs in one basket" reflect the perspectives of hunters and farmers, respectively These vivid and impactful expressions transcended their original contexts, eventually becoming widely accepted and integrated into the core of the language, allowing them to be used in various situations today.
The cultural disparities between English and Vietnamese languages lead to noticeable differences, particularly in their idioms, which showcase the unique and vibrant characteristics of each nation Consequently, there are distinct cultural contrasts between English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions.
Idioms are deeply intertwined with our daily lives and work experiences In England, an island nation that values its connection to water, phrases like "spend money like water" illustrate this relationship.
The perception of dogs varies significantly across cultures; in many Western countries, dogs symbolize loyalty and companionship, while in Vietnam, the term often carries negative connotations For instance, the phrase "You are a lucky dog" in English reflects a positive sentiment, showcasing the stark contrast in attitudes towards dogs between these cultures.
Religious beliefs significantly influence English idioms, introducing various ideas and customs tied to spirituality Phrases such as "God helps those who help themselves" and "Go to hell" exemplify how these beliefs shape language and expression.
Many English idioms originate from significant historical events, such as "to cross the Rubicon" and "to meet one's Waterloo," which are linked to Napoleon's downfall Similarly, the phrase "by the grapevine" stems from the American Civil War, illustrating how history shapes language.
Classification of idiom
English idioms can be classified based on various criteria, with cultural style being a preferred approach This classification divides idioms into five groups: colloquialisms, proverbs, slang, allusions, and phrasal verbs Understanding these categories enhances the study, learning, usage, and translation of idioms Overall, English idioms exhibit diverse styles, applicable in different contexts, including formal and informal situations Familiarity with this classification is advantageous for learners and translators alike.
Colloquialisms are informal words and phrases commonly used in everyday conversation For instance, the expression "on the blink" refers to something that is not functioning properly, such as a washing machine Another example is "hang in (there)," which conveys encouragement to persevere through difficulties Understanding these colloquial expressions enhances communication and connects speakers in casual settings.
―not to give up‖; ―big wheel‖，means ―an influential or important person‖
A proverb, originating from the Latin word "proverbium," is a widely recognized and repeated saying that conveys a truth based on common sense or human experience Often metaphorical, proverbs can encapsulate fundamental rules of conduct and are sometimes referred to as maxims When a proverb features particularly eloquent phrasing, it is known as an aphorism.
Proverbs are frequently derived from related languages and cultures, often transmitted through multiple linguistic channels The Bible, particularly the Book of Proverbs, alongside medieval Latin, has significantly contributed to the spread of proverbs throughout Europe, while nearly every culture boasts its own unique examples.
Proverbs are concise, impactful expressions commonly used to convey fundamental truths or practical wisdom Examples include phrases like "A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit," "Do as they do at Rome," and "Bitter pills may have wholesome effects."
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb)
Slang refers to informal words and expressions that deviate from standard language norms, often serving as a means to express ideas in a more relatable or casual manner It is frequently used to convey concepts that may be deemed inappropriate in formal contexts and helps individuals connect with like-minded peers.
Slang is a dynamic form of language primarily used in informal and playful conversations, characterized by temporary expressions and creative phrases that replace standard terms for enhanced humor and expressiveness Its widespread appeal stems from its vividness and directness, as seen in examples like "dough" or "bread" for "money," "kick the bucket" for "die," and "cancer stick" for cigarettes.
( Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang)
Allusions are indirect references that often serve as more nuanced alternatives to general terms For instance, "the Trojan horse" alludes to the historical event of the Trojan War, while "a Sphinx riddle" references Greek mythology, where the Sphinx is depicted as a winged creature with the head of a woman and the body of a lion, known for posing riddles to those it encounters.
Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions formed by combining a verb with a preposition and/or a particle For instance, "get away with" refers to the act of doing something wrong without facing punishment, while "put down to" indicates attributing a cause or explanation to something Additionally, "look into" means to investigate a matter further.
There is another way to classify idioms as follows:
Phrase idioms consist of a central word that can be a noun, verb, adjective, preposition, or adverb, aligning with familiar parts of speech These idioms fulfill specific syntactic functions within sentences, enhancing their meaning and coherence.
Verb phrase idioms consist of a verb combined with an adverb, such as "look up," a verb paired with a preposition, like "make for," or a verb that includes both an adverb and a preposition, as seen in "come round to." These idiomatic expressions enhance the richness of language and are essential for effective communication.
The features of certain expressions highlight their unique characteristics: they often align closely with loanwords of Roman origin, such as "calculate," which can replace phrases like "work out (the salaries)." Additionally, these expressions can create noun compounds, as seen in "a gang of thieves did a break-in last night." Furthermore, they tend to be more vivid and expressive than single verbs, exemplified by the phrase "the firecracker went off," which conveys a livelier image than simply stating "exploded."
Verb+direct object +complement pattern：
Verb+indirect object +direct object pattern：
Use of idiom
Different idioms show different stylistic meanings Some are casual, others formal, still others neural in style The same idiom may show stylistic differences when denoting different meanings
(1) Phonetic manipulation a alliteration such as "chop and change" b rhyme such as "toil and moil"
Lexical manipulation involves various techniques to enhance language use Reiteration refers to the duplication of synonyms, exemplified by phrases like "chop and change." Repetition entails the use of the same word multiple times, as seen in expressions such as "by and by." Juxtaposition combines two antonyms, creating contrast, illustrated by the phrase "day and night."
Figures of speech enrich language and enhance expression Similes compare two unlike things using "as," such as "as proud as a peacock" or "as graceful as a swan." Metaphors imply direct comparisons, exemplified by phrases like "white elephant" or "black sheep." Metonymy substitutes a term with something closely related, as seen in "velvet glove" or "in the cradle." Synecdoche uses a part to represent the whole, evident in expressions like "earn one's bread" or "fall into good hands." Lastly, personification attributes human qualities to non-human entities, illustrated by sayings like "Failure is the mother of success" and "actions speak louder than words."
Definition of color
Colors are more than just pigments; they represent forms of energy that communicate with us nonverbally In essence, life is intertwined with color, influencing our emotions and overall health significantly (John Gage, 1999, Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism, University of California Press).
Moreover, color is one component of environmental language in non-verbal communication.
Classification of colors
There are 3 kinds of colors
Primary colors are essential color sets that can be mixed to create a wide spectrum of colors The standard primary colors for additive color mixing are red, green, and blue, while cyan, magenta, and yellow are used for subtractive color mixing, such as in printing.
- Secondary color: is a color made by mixing two primary colors in a given color space
- Tertiary color: A tertiary color is a color made by mixing one primary color with one secondary color
Tertiary colors, such as brown and grey, differ from primary and secondary colors as they do not have universally recognized names These colors are often created by mixing complementary colors, resulting in a diverse palette that enhances artistic expression.
This classification originates from Nguyen Quang's 2007 work, "Nonverbal Communication across Cultures," published by CFL-VNU It also references the concept of tertiary colors as discussed in the Wikipedia article on the subject.
7 Denotational meaning and connotational meaning of colors:
Black Evil, falsehood, error, grief, despair, death
Gray Formal, conservative Blue Chastity, loyalty, fidelity, faith, modesty, eternity, immortality
Green Love, joy, abundance, hope, youth, mirth, gladness, resurrection, spring
Purple Temperance, royalty Lavender Grace
Red Magnanimity, fortitude White Purity, truth, innocence, hope
Ivory Elegance Brown Wholesomeness, earthiness Beige Conservative, relaxing Orange Energy, spontenaeity Yellow Faith, constancy, wisdom, glory, jealousy, inconsistency
(Source: John Gage, 1999, Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism, University of California Press)
Colors evoke various meanings based on cultural associations rather than inherent qualities For instance, red signifies warmth due to its connection to fire, while it also represents anger, reflected in the flushed redness of the face Similarly, purple symbolizes royalty, a connotation stemming from the historical rarity and expense of purple dye.
RED: warmth, love, anger, danger, boldness, excitement, speed, strength, determination, desire, courage
ORANGE: cheerfulness, low cost, affordability, enthusiasm, stimulation, creativity YELLOW: attention-grabbing, comfort, liveliness, cowardliness, hunger, optimism, overwhelm, Summer, comfort, liveliness, intellect, happiness, energy
GREEN: durability, reliability, environmental, luxurious, optimism, well- being, nature, calm, relaxation, Spring, safety, honesty, optimism, harmony, freshness
BLUE: peace, professionalism, loyalty, reliability, honor, melancholia, boredom, coldness, Winter, depth, stability, professionalism, honor, trust
PURPLE: power, royalty, nobility, elegance, sophistication, artificial, luxury, mystery, royalty, elegance, magic GRAY: conservatism, traditionalism, intelligence, serious, dull, uninteresting
BROWN: relaxing, confident, casual, reassuring, nature, earthy, solid, reliable, genuine, Autumn, endurance
BLACK: Elegance, sophistication, formality, power, strength, illegality, depression, morbidity, night
WHITE: Cleanliness, purity, newness, virginity, peace, innocence, simplicity, sterility, snow
(Source: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/communication/color_effect.htm)
Certain colors have been utilized in English to symbolize particular emotions or reactions or flavors
In Western culture, the color white symbolizes weddings and vanilla, while brown is commonly associated with chocolate Green represents botanical fertility, as well as jealousy and safety, and has connections to Irish identity Magenta often denotes raspberry flavor, whereas warmer shades of red are linked to strawberries, cherries, and notions of danger or flammability, and are also associated with St.
Valentine's Day Purple may indicate grape flavor, or injury in the line of duty (the Purple Heart Medal) or radioactivity and combined with yellow is associated with Easter
Yellow symbolizes both cowardice and loyalty, particularly in military ribbons Green and red are recognized as traditional Christmas colors, while red and white stripes historically represent barber shops and peppermint candy The question arises: Are these color associations unique to English culture, or do they hold universal significance?
Red is a vibrant color often associated with heat and strong emotions in American culture The term "red hot" signifies intense anger, particularly regarding perceived injustices Additionally, the term describes spicy peppers commonly used in Mexican cuisine, known for their fiery flavor Fast-paced, energetic music, particularly Dixieland jazz, is also referred to as "red hot," reflecting its lively and passionate nature.
Pink is a lighter shade of red often associated with good health, as reflected in the expression "in the pink," which originated in America in the early twentieth century This phrase likely stems from the healthy pink hue commonly seen in newborns.
Blue is often associated with sadness and soulfulness, as exemplified by traditional blues music in the United States, which contrasts with the vibrant energy of red hot music A notable example is Duke Ellington's "Mood Indigo," highlighting the emotional depth of the color blue Conversely, green represents nature, symbolizing trees and grass, but can also indicate discomfort in humans; someone feeling nauseous might describe themselves as feeling "a little green," particularly if they are seasick.
Feeling envious of a friend's possessions, such as a fast car or more money, can lead to expressions like being "green with envy," a term that references the green color of U.S dollars, also known as greenbacks Additionally, the color black is frequently associated with negative experiences; for instance, a day filled with misfortunes is often referred to as a "black day," and significant tragedies are similarly remembered as black days Historically, a blacklist was used to prevent individuals associated with unpopular organizations from gaining employment, although such practices are now considered illegal.
8 The difference in colors’ meaning and symbolism
Colors carry symbolic meanings, with red often representing love, while blue is also linked to this emotion, as seen in the tradition of brides carrying something blue Interestingly, blue has a calming effect, lowering blood pressure and respiration, but it can also be associated with feelings of sadness or depression, as indicated by the phrase "feeling blue."
Colors evoke a range of emotions and meanings For instance, blue can signify feelings of depression, yet it remains a favorite, being the top choice for toothbrushes in America Black symbolizes power, while brown conveys authenticity, with more men favoring brown than women Green, associated with nature, is noted as the most soothing color for the human eye Purple, often linked to royalty, can also help alleviate migraines Pink, commonly associated with romance alongside red, is known to relieve tension and is used in diet therapy as an appetite suppressant White represents purity, making it a popular choice for brides, and marrying in white is considered good luck Interestingly, yellow is the first color our eyes notice.
Color holds diverse meanings across cultures, influencing our responses to them In the U.S., Egypt, Rome, and much of Europe, black symbolizes mourning, while in China and Japan, white serves this purpose In India, a married woman in white may be seen as inviting widowhood, contrasting with the Celtic association of red with death and its status as the mourning color in South Africa Burma identifies yellow with mourning, whereas Iran associates it with blue Purple signifies death in Greece and Mexico, while in Thailand, it represents mourning Colors also carry connotations of luck; for instance, Egyptians wore blue to ward off evil, and red eggs in Greece symbolize good fortune In China, red is a color of celebration for holidays and weddings Green is revered in Egypt, represents the national color of Ireland, signifies honor in Scotland, and symbolizes victory in Greece Traditionally, brides wore white, but during the Middle Ages, green was favored for its fertility symbolism The Mennonites painted doors green to indicate a daughter's readiness for marriage, while Zulu traditions use colors to convey a woman's marital status Historically, yellow was worn by executioners in Spain, and criminals' doors were painted this color in France Native Americans associate colors with directions: blue for north (cold/trouble), white for south (warmth/peace), red for east (success), and black for west (problems).
The difference in colors’ meaning and symbolism
Colors carry significant symbolic meanings, with red often representing love, while blue is also associated with love and is traditionally included in a bride's wedding attire Interestingly, blue has a calming effect, lowering blood pressure and respiration, contrasting with the stimulating nature of red However, blue can also be linked to feelings of sadness, as evidenced by the phrase "feeling blue."
Colors evoke various emotions and associations, with blue often linked to feelings of sadness, yet it remains a favorite choice, particularly for items like toothbrushes in America Black signifies power, while brown is more popular among men, symbolizing reliability Green, associated with nature, is recognized as the most soothing color for the human eye Purple, representing royalty, can also provide relief from migraines Pink, connected to romance, is known to reduce tension and is utilized in diet therapy as an appetite suppressant White symbolizes purity, making it a traditional color for brides, and is also considered a symbol of good luck in marriage Interestingly, yellow is the first color that catches our attention.
Color holds diverse meanings across cultures, influencing our perceptions and responses In the United States, Egypt, Rome, and most of Europe, black symbolizes mourning, while in China and Japan, white is the color of grief In India, a married woman wearing white may be seen as inviting widowhood Interestingly, red signifies death in Celtic regions and is the official mourning color in South Africa, whereas yellow represents mourning in Burma and blue in Iran Purple is associated with death in Greece and Mexico, and in Thailand, it signifies mourning Certain colors also carry connotations of luck; for instance, Egyptians donned blue to ward off evil, while red eggs in Greece symbolize good fortune In China, red is a color of celebration for holidays and weddings Green is revered in Egypt, symbolizes national pride in Ireland, signifies honor in Scotland, and represents victory in Greece Traditionally, brides wore white, but in the Middle Ages, green was chosen to symbolize fertility The Mennonites painted their doors green to indicate a daughter's readiness for marriage, and Zulu traditions use specific colors and patterns to denote a woman's relationship status Historically, yellow was worn by executioners in Spain, and criminals' doors were painted this color in France Native Americans associate colors with the four cardinal directions, attributing blue to the north and trouble, white to the south and peace, red to the east and success, and black to the west and challenges.
English Vietnamese cross-cultural understanding and use of idioms
Description of the survey
To gain insight into the understanding and usage of English idioms, particularly those involving colors, I conducted a survey among first-year students at CFL-VNU.
The survey aimed to explore students' understanding of English idioms, particularly those related to colors By analyzing the results, I hope to gain insights into students' typical knowledge, perspectives on idioms, the challenges they face, and the frequency with which they incorporate color-related idioms in their language use.
There are 14 questions in the survey These 14 questions are divided into 3 groups based on the contents
The first group of questions (1-3) aims to assess students' familiarity with English idioms, the frequency with which they incorporate idioms into their language skills, and their understanding of cross-cultural nuances.
- The second group comprises questions from 4 th to 12 th concentrating on students‘ understanding about English idioms with colors
- The last 2 questions are to work out difficulties that students are facing and their own ways to practice using English idioms
1.1 Reasons for the chosen methods to survey:
This study used questionnaires and in-depth interviews as the main sources of data collection
Survey questionnaires are a vital research tool, allowing for the efficient collection of reliable information from large groups of individuals in a shorter time frame compared to other methods They are easy to create, highly versatile, and capable of gathering substantial amounts of data quickly in a processable format Additionally, questionnaires are cost-effective, require less effort from the researcher than verbal or telephone surveys, and often feature standardized responses that simplify data compilation.
The survey questionnaires are composed of a variety of questions including open- ended questions and styles of closed-ended questions
Opened-ended questions Open-ended questions are questions to which there is not one definite answer Fink
Open-ended questions are effective for initiating surveys, allowing respondents to express their thoughts in their own words, which can lead to valuable and quotable insights This approach is particularly beneficial for gathering suggestions on teaching strategies, as it encourages detailed responses and supporting arguments.
Closed-ended questions offer a limited range of answers for respondents to select from, making them straightforward to standardize The primary advantage of using closed-ended questions is that they facilitate statistical analysis of the gathered data (Fink, 1995).
The data collected from the questionnaires will give the researcher valuable insights into students' comprehension and frequency of English idiom usage, particularly idioms involving colors, as well as the challenges they face and their strategies for mastering these expressions.
First-year students possess a solid understanding of language and idiomatic expressions, marking the beginning of their cultural education and awareness of cultural differences Consequently, the survey results highlight both their accomplishments and initial errors in using English idioms.
A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to first-year students, encompassing various ages, genders, and English proficiency levels Participants reviewed the questions and selected the most suitable options, while also having the opportunity to provide additional comments beyond the given choices.
Conducting interviews with English native speakers of various ages, genders, and occupations is an effective approach to explore the differences in idiom usage, particularly those involving colors This research aims to compare the understanding and application of idioms between English native speakers and Vietnamese learners, highlighting both correct usage and common misinterpretations.
Experienced English teachers from the English Department at CFL-VNU, each with over four years of teaching experience, provide valuable insights into the common mistakes first-year students make with English idioms In interviews with ten of these knowledgeable educators, I explored the challenges faced by beginners in mastering idiomatic expressions.
- How long have you been teaching English?
- What are mistakes do you think the first year students often make when they use English idioms and idioms with colors?
- Can you tell me the way you often do to help them correct their mistakes when using idioms?
English idioms pose challenges even for native speakers, making their mastery a complex task Understanding how native speakers approach learning these expressions can provide valuable insights for Vietnamese students aiming to improve their grasp of English idioms.
After consulting with teachers and native English speakers, I categorized the identified mistakes along with their suggested solutions While the common errors remain consistent, the recommendations provided for addressing these issues are highly beneficial.
This study aims to explore first-year students' understanding of English idioms, particularly those involving colors, by combining qualitative methods with a survey questionnaire The author seeks to gain insight into how these students perceive and interpret color-related idioms in the English language.
Data analysis and findings
The survey is to find out figures about students‘ knowledge and their opinion, ways to master English idioms (Table of figures is shown in the Appendix)
A recent study reveals insights into students' understanding of English idioms and cross-cultural awareness Notably, 78% of students recognize what an English idiom is, with 70% providing an accurate definition as multi-word units that challenge our grasp of grammar and vocabulary Additionally, 64% of students (32 out of 50) actively incorporate idioms in their language, while 36% (18 out of 50) rarely or never use them Furthermore, a significant 84% of students acknowledge that colors carry different meanings across cultures, contrasting with 16% who do not share this belief.
The data presented in the following nine questions (questions 4 to 12) reveals students' understanding of English idioms related to color, along with their correct responses regarding the meanings of these idioms Detailed results can be found in the Appendix.
As being presented in the table, the data collected of the last two questions supplies information about difficulties and their own solutions to master English idioms
Vietnamese students generally possess a solid understanding of English idioms related to color; however, they often misinterpret non-literal idioms due to cultural differences For instance, "blue in the face" typically signifies being very angry or upset, while the term "blue" is commonly associated with sadness in Vietnamese culture Another example is the idiom "the grass is always greener on the other side," which suggests that distant or different places often seem better than one's current situation, rather than referring to the literal color of grass This concept has a Vietnamese equivalent, "Đứng núi nọ đọ núi kia." Despite differences in word usage, the meanings and contextual applications of these idioms are often similar in both Vietnamese and English.
However, for questions about English idioms that use colors which have similarity inference of Vietnamese culture, most students give the correct answers For example,
―Red-carpet treatment‖ means receiving special/royal treatment As we all know, red- carpet is only used for special events to welcome important or governmental-level people
Mistakes in understanding English idioms can be categorized into two types The first type involves misinterpreting the usage of words within idioms, which often have meanings that are not literally applicable Essentially, idioms are figures of speech that convey specific meanings beyond their literal interpretations The second type of mistake arises from cultural differences, particularly in the interpretation of colors, leading to misinterpretations in their usage.
English idioms often perplex non-native speakers because they contradict established language rules A single idiomatic expression can have a literal interpretation that conveys a completely different meaning, adding to the confusion for those learning the language.
As mentioned above, the data have shown a lot of problems facing Vietnamese students of English, and these problems are caused by different reasons
It is difficult for students to avoid the inference of the mother tongue into second language They are affected by the concepts, symbolism and culture of its country
Vietnamese students often struggle with understanding and using English idioms due to their complexity While many students wish to incorporate idioms into their language skills, they face challenges because teachers may not provide adequate explanations Mastering the correct usage of English idioms requires a gradual approach, emphasizing the importance of practice and contextual understanding.
At high school, Vietnamese students are taught mostly grammar not the cross- culture or much of English idioms
In Vietnam's high school education system, teachers play a crucial role in shaping their students' learning experiences Their guidance, oversight, and support are essential for helping students effectively master English idioms.
English idioms present significant challenges, particularly in developing the four language skills among students While many students demonstrate a satisfactory understanding of idioms, misconceptions and errors persist, especially among Vietnamese learners of English This research identifies common difficulties and mistakes, proposing effective teaching methods and exercises to enhance the learning and application of English idioms for both teachers and students.
Building on the valuable feedback from teachers and students, along with my self-research, the next chapter will present practical recommendations for teaching and learning English idioms These suggestions will include effective teaching strategies and various exercise types designed to enhance the study of English idioms.
Implications
Some suggested exercises for better study of idioms with color
Exercise 1: Choose an idiom to replace the expression in the brackets:
1 The girl was (very pleased) that she was chosen to represent her class at the competition
(a) blacked out (b) tickled pink (c) green with envy (d) out of the blue
2 My boss is not very flexible and he always sees things (as either good or bad)
(a) in the red (b) off-color (c) with flying colors (d) in black and white
3 The man argued with his wife until he was (very angry) but still she would not agree with him
(a) brown bagging it (b) in the black (c) blue in the face (d) a pot calling the kettle black
4 I go to the swimming pool only (rarely) although I love to swim
(a) green around the gills (b) with flying colors (c) in the red (d) once in a blue moon
Exercise 2: Identify the correct meaning of the following idioms by simply clicking on the correct letter: A, B, C, D, or E
Young Hilda has recently uncovered her identity as a witch, but she is still learning to harness her magical abilities As she experiments with spells, she often practices on her cat, Salem, despite her inexperience in witchcraft.
2 After the September 11 attacks, the world felt blue
2.2 Type 2: Filling in the blank with a correct word to make a meaningful idiom:
3 to put someone on a _ list (a list of undesirable, rejected people)
4 _ collar worker (professional, upper class)
5 _ market (illicit trade in goods)
3 It's not my cup of tea
8 He brings home the bacon
B He's not telling the truth
D He doesn't know what he's talking about
H He brings home the family money
Exercise 1: Write some idioms using colors: green, blue and black and then make a conversation with those written idioms Work in pair
Exercise 2: Give students a song or a passage and ask them to find out idioms used in that context
I try to see but I'm blinded by the white light
I can't remember why I'm lyin' here tonight And I can't stand the pain And I can't make it go away
No I can't stand the pain Chorus:
How could this happen to me?
I've made my mistakes got nowhere to run the night goes on as I'm fadin' away I'm sick of this life
How could this happen to me?
I try to make a sound but no one hears me I'm slippin' off the edge
I wanna start this over again
So I try to hold onto a time when nothing mattered And I can't explain what happened
And I can't erase the things that I've done
No I can't How could this happen to me?
I've made my mistakes got nowhere to run the night goes on as I'm fadin' away I'm sick of this life
I just wanna scream How could this happen to me?
I've made my mistakes got nowhere to run the night goes on as I'm fading away I'm sick of this life
I just wanna scream How could this happen to me?
There is one idiom used in this song which is quite similar to Vietnamese culture:
To hang by a thread / hang by a hair: (of a person‘s life) to be in great danger
Trong tình trạng nguy hiểm ( ngàn cân treo sợi tóc ) Besides, there are some phrasal verbs:
To go on: to continue
To hold onto: to keep something that is advantageous to you
Ex: Should emigrants hold onto their traditional cultures or try to be a part of the new society?
To be sick of something : to be bored with or annoyed about something that has been happening for a long time and wanting it to stop
The term "stand" is often used in negative sentences and questions to emphasize a strong dislike for someone or something For example, one might say, "I can't stand his brother" or "I can't stand people interrupting all the time." This usage highlights the intensity of the speaker's feelings, making it clear that they find the subject particularly bothersome.
Exercise 1: Give students some posters that can indicate some idioms they may know:
To effectively teach English idioms, particularly those involving colors, educators should dedicate time and effort to gathering and developing a variety of engaging exercises.
In conclusion, the suggestions provided aim to enhance the teaching and learning of English idioms, particularly those involving color I sincerely hope that these recommendations will be beneficial in improving the understanding and correct usage of idioms among Vietnamese learners, ultimately reducing the occurrence of errors in their application.
This chapter will conclude in the next part which is the suggestions for further studies.
Recommendations for further studies
Future research should address the limitations of this study by increasing the participant pool to enhance generalizability Additionally, observing idiom learning sessions will offer researchers deeper insights into the examined issues.
This research highlights the importance of using English idioms with color to activate students' prior knowledge in English teaching and learning Future studies should expand to include idioms related to animals and body parts, as well as broader themes, to facilitate students' mastery of idiomatic expressions.
In summary, the researcher acknowledges certain limitations but believes that this study will significantly assist both teachers and students in enhancing their understanding and use of English idioms.
The significance of the English language and the correct application of idioms is crucial for effective communication My research is driven by the challenges associated with using color-related idioms Additionally, I aim to raise awareness among Vietnamese students about the importance of incorporating color idioms to enhance their mastery of English and improve their four language skills.
The research is carried out using both quantitative and qualitative methods with the means of survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews
Based on valuable feedback from teachers and students, along with my own research, I present practical recommendations for teaching and learning English idioms These suggestions include effective exercises designed to enhance the study of English idioms.
This research aims to enhance teachers' understanding of student expectations, enabling them to make necessary adaptations to better meet students' needs It specifically focuses on effective exercises for teaching English idioms, with an emphasis on activating background knowledge, particularly regarding idioms that involve color.
Despite utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods to leverage their respective advantages, several limitations remain in the study Firstly, it concentrates solely on idioms that involve color, which narrows its scope Secondly, the survey's limited scale resulted in a small sample size, hindering the ability to generalize the challenges faced by Vietnamese learners of English Additionally, the data was gathered from a restricted group of students, failing to represent the broader context accurately The research was conducted exclusively at CFL-VNU in Hanoi, limiting its applicability to the overall teaching and learning of English idioms in Vietnam Lastly, the study's findings should be considered tentative due to the inherent possibility of errors.
Due to limited knowledge and resources, this paper does not encompass all aspects of English idioms Any suggestions for improvement would be greatly appreciated Additionally, the author hopes this paper serves as a valuable resource for individuals looking to enhance their understanding and proper use of colorful English idioms.
Allen, V G (1989) Literature as a support to language acquisition In P Rigg & V G Allen (Eds.), When they don‘t all speak English: Integrating the ESL student into the regular classroom (pp.55-64) Urbana: NCTE
Bafile, C (2003) Reader‘s Theater: A reason to read aloud Education World
Brandi-Muller, J (2005) Retelling stories http://www.colrincolorado.org/article/13282 Cooper, T C (1999) Processing of idioms by L2 learners of English TESOL Quarterly,
Freeman, D E., & Freeman, Y S (1994) Between worlds: Access to second language acquisition Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
John Gage, 1999, Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism, University of California Press
Nguyen Quang (2004), Intercultural Communication, CFL-VNU Nguyen Quang (2007), Giao tiep phi ngon tu qua cac nen van hoa (Nonverbal Communication across cultures), CFL-VNU
Nippold, M A., & Martin, S T (1989) Idiom interpretation in isolation versus Nunan, D (2003) Practical English language teaching New York: McGraw Hill
Robert J Dixson, Tran Van Diem (2001), Essential Idioms in English, Thanh Nghia publisher
Websites: www.google.com.vn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb http://changingminds.org/disciplines/communication/color_effect.htm
B A class of multi-word units “which pose a challenge to our understanding of grammar and lexis that has not yet been fully met”
C A sentence that the meaning is different from the words it expose
2 Do you apply idioms in your language use?
3 Colors have different meanings in each culture?
4 “A honey tongue, a heart of gall” means:
A xanh vỏ đỏ lòng B Mật ngọt chết ruồi C khẩu phật tâm xà 5.What is the meaning of “men/boys in blue”?
A the police B naughty boys C boys who are always sad
6 What is the meaning of “as black as coal”?
A very black B not black at all C so white
7 “Blue in the face” means:
A very angry or upset B sad C happy
8 “Grass is always greener on the other side” is:
B A place that is far away or different seems better than where we are now
C A green place with trees and grass
9 What does “see pink elephants” mean?
B elephants that are very dangerous
C see things which are not really there because they are only in your imagination
A to receive special/royal treatment B to receive money C to get bad treatment
11 What is “as white as a ghost”?
A so scared B so nervous C very pale because of fear/ shock/ illness
13 What are the difficulties that you meet when studying English idioms?
14 How do you improve your knowledge of English idioms?
Thank you for your co-operation!
1 Whether students know English idiom is:
A class of multi-word units “which pose a challenge to our understanding of grammar and lexis that has not yet been fully met”
2 Whether you apply idioms in your language use
3 Whether colors have different meanings in each culture
4 “A honey tongue, a heart of gall” means A: 17
5 What is the meaning of “men/boys in blue”?of questions there are in English
6 What is the meaning of “as black as coal”?
7 “Blue in the face” means: A: 23
8 “Grass is always greener on the other side” is:
9 What does “see pink elephants” mean? A: 9
11 What is “as white as a ghost”? A: 21
13 What are the difficulties that you meet when studying English idioms
- Remember difficult idioms due to the difference of culture, word use
14 How do you improve your knowledge of
- Buy books on idioms to practice
- Ask teacher to explain difficult idioms to use it in right context
- Search the internet for materials,
Survey Questionnaire (questions from 4 to 14)
4 “A honey tongue, a heart of gall” means A: 17
5 What is the meaning of “men/boys in blue”?of questions there are in English
6 What is the meaning of “as black as coal”?
7 “Blue in the face” means: A: 23 Correct (46%)
8 “Grass is always greener on the other side” is:
9 What does “see pink elephants” mean? A: 9
10 “Red-carpet treatment” means: A: 25 Correct (50%)
11 What is “as white as a ghost”? A: 21
12 “Have a yellow streak” means: A: 19 Correct (38%)
Meaning of color and your Birthday
Don't cheat, If you are honest, this tells the truth It's pretty good Write your answers on a piece of paper, and NO cheating!! The answers are at the bottom
1 Which is your favorite color out of: red , black , blue , green , or yellow ?
4 Which color do you like more, black or white?
5 Name of a person of the same sex as yours
7 Do you like Flying or Driving more?
8 Do you like a lake or the ocean more?
9 Write down a wish ( a realistic one) When you're done, scroll down (Don't cheat!)
Red - You are alert and your life is full of love
Black - Y ou are conservative and aggressive
Green - Your soul is relaxed and you are laid back
Blue- You are spontaneous and love kisses and affection from the ones you love
Yellow - You are a very happy person and give good advice to those who are down
A-K You have a lot of love and friendships in your life
L-R You try to enjoy your life to the maximum & your love life is soon to blossom
S-Z You like to help others and your future love life looks very good
3 If you were born in:
Jan-Mar: The year will go very well for you and you will discover that you fall in love with someone totally unexpected
April-June: You will have a strong love relationship that will not last long but the memories will last forever
July-Sep: You will have a great year and will experience a major life-changing experience for the good.