(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) translation strategies for the addressing forms between english and vietnamese in the novel hunger

Rationale

Translation is a vital skill in English learning, especially in today's world of economic integration It serves as a crucial tool in various fields, including communication, education, culture, tourism, economy, and literature By facilitating understanding among people from different countries, translation fosters connections across cultures Effective translation requires the application of specific strategies tailored to each field to ensure accuracy Since translation involves transferring meaning, it is essential to pay close attention when converting from the source language to the target language, gaining a deep understanding of the source culture Translating from English to Vietnamese, for instance, involves conveying meanings rooted in English culture to the Vietnamese context.

Addressing forms play a crucial role in communication, reflecting the hierarchical, emotional, and attitudinal dynamics between conversation participants Selecting appropriate addressing forms is essential for facilitating smooth interactions However, many English learners struggle with translating these forms into Vietnamese, as this process is influenced by various factors, including cultural nuances and translation strategies.

The Vietnamese language features a rich and diverse system of addressing forms that varies according to context and relationships The rules governing these forms are complex and multifaceted, with personal pronouns and kinship terms commonly employed in communication.

Translating Vietnamese addressing forms into English presents unique challenges due to the absence of equivalent terms in English This difficulty compels translators to pay close attention and identify contextual cues to find words with similar meanings in both languages.

Cultural differences significantly influence the use of addressing forms in both English and Vietnamese Each language's addressing system is shaped by cultural factors and social norms, necessitating careful selection and adjustment based on the subject and context of communication This paper aims to explore the similarities and differences in the addressing systems of English and Vietnamese, as well as the translation strategies employed in the novel "Hunger" by Knut Hamsun.

Scope of the research

The translation process involves creating multiple versions of target texts from a source language, influenced by various factors such as translator behavior and cultural issues Cultural factors play a significant role, necessitating that translators possess a deep understanding of each culture's background for optimal translation outcomes The addressing forms in Knut Hamsun's novel "Hunger" and T.B Tan's "Đói" have been compiled by the author for research purposes.

Research objectives and research questions

Research objectives

 Describe types of addressing forms that occur in “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun

 Describe types of translation strategies used in “Đói” of T.B.Tan.

Research questions

Two following questions are formulated for this research:

1 What types of addressing forms occur in “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun?

2 What are the types of translation strategies used to translate addressing terms in “Đói” of T.B.Tan?

Research significance

This research aims to enhance the understanding of addressing forms for readers and English learners by exploring their definitions, types, and the factors influencing their use, while also comparing the addressing systems in English and Vietnamese The findings emphasize that varying translation strategies can significantly alter addressing forms Consequently, this study serves as a valuable resource for teachers, students, translators, and writers interested in the linguistic aspects of addressing forms and their implications in translation.

Research method

 Collecting and synthesizing the system of addressing forms in both English and Vietnamese for analysis and comparison

 Finding out the similarities and differences of the system of addressing forms between English and Vietnamese

 Drawing out the common translation strategies for the addressing forms

 Data collection: the addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan

 Descriptive and comparative methods are used in this research.

Thesis structure

This research consists of three main parts and a reference

Briefly introduces rationale for the research, research objectives, scope of the research, research significance and research methodology

The development includes two chapters:

Chapter I – Literature reviews deals with the literature reviews relevant to translation definition; translation types, translation process, translation strategies, addressing forms, previous studies and brife summary on the novel

Chapter focuses on the research approach, data and data sources, research instruments, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques

Chapter III – Findings and discussion present the research’s results and related discussion

Part C: Conclusions and suggestions give conclusions and suggestions drawn from the research’s results.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Translation

Translation is a critical process that involves transferring meaning from one language to another Larson (1984) defines it as rendering the source language's meaning into the target language through a semantic approach, considering the lexicon, grammatical structure, and communication context He emphasizes the importance of reconstructing the meaning using appropriate linguistic and cultural elements of the receptor's language Similarly, Nida (1969) highlights that translation aims to achieve the closest natural equivalence to the source language message in terms of both meaning and style Hatim and Munday (2004) further describe translation as the transfer of written text from the source to the target language, requiring the translator to employ strategies that ensure accurate and natural meaning conveyance.

Translation involves replacing textual material from one language (SL) with equivalent material in another language (TL), as noted by Catford (1995) Newmark (1988) emphasizes that translation captures the meaning of a text based on the author's intention and purpose, while Hatim and Mason (1990) describe it as a negotiation of meaning between text producers and receivers Picken (1989) defines general translation as transferring messages from oral and written forms across languages Bell (1991) reiterates that translation replaces texts in one language with equivalent texts in another Newmark (1981) characterizes translation as a craft, science, skill, art, and matter of taste, highlighting its complexity and the subjective nature of the translator's choices Kelly (2005) defines translation as the skill of understanding and rendering the source text into the target language, utilizing appropriate language resources and background knowledge Ultimately, a translator acts as a mediator between languages and cultures, facilitating the transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language.

Translation is the process of conveying the meaning of a source-language text into an equivalent target-language text A successful translation requires the translator to focus on the original meaning while considering various factors that influence the translation of literary works To achieve quality translation, it is essential to ensure that the translation is close, natural, and equivalent to the original text.

Translation strategies are categorized and analyzed by various experts, often alongside terms like procedure, technique, method, tactic, and approach Researchers typically focus on two main types of translation strategies: literal translation and free translation Vinay & Darbelnet define these as word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation, as well as source-oriented and target-oriented approaches In contrast, Eugene Nida emphasizes adequacy and acceptability, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, while Peter Newmark distinguishes between semantic and communicative translation.

Translation strategies, as defined by Lorscher (1991), are systematic procedures or sequences of actions employed during the translation process Krings (1986) emphasizes that these strategies represent potentially conscious plans aimed at resolving translation challenges The selection of specific procedures to address these problems significantly influences the final outcome of the translation.

Gerloff (1986) expresses that the text processing strategies include problem identification, linguistic analysis, storage and retrieval, general search and selection, inferencing and reasoning strategies, text contextualizatoin, editing, and task monitoring

Translation strategies, as identified by Chesterman (1997) and other researchers, are characterized by being goal-oriented and problem-centered They necessitate coordinated decision-making, can be consciously applied, and involve the manipulation of text.

Baker (1992) lists eight strategies which are used to deal with the problematic issues during the process of translation

When translating, it is essential to select the most precise word, as multiple Vietnamese terms may correspond to a single English word's general meaning This careful choice enhances clarity and accuracy in communication.

Example: “Carry” in English can be translated into “mang”, “địu”,

“xách”, “cầm”, “thồ”, “địu” etc in Vietnamese

Or “Rice” is used commonly for “thóc”, “gạo”, “cơm”, “cháo”, etc depending on whether one is planting it, is harvesting it or cooking it

 Translation by a more general word: in this strategy, a more general word is used to replace the more specific one

Example: the English words “paw”, “foot” or “leg” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word “chân”

 Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word: uses more neutral/less word to replace word which doesn’t have equivalent one

Example: Source language: The number of talent students in English class has mushroomed in recent days

Target language: Số lượng học sinh tài năng trong lớp tiếng Anh đã tăng nhanh trong những ngày gần đây

Back-translation: The number of talent students in English class has increased fastly in recent days

In this example, the verb “mushroom” mentions the fast growth, but it means “mọc lên như nấm” in Vietnamese which implies a negative meaning

In Vietnamese, the phrase "mọc lên như nấm" describes uncontrollable or excessive growth To convey a more neutral tone, it is better to use the term "increase," as the rise in the number of talented students is a positive development.

 Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a cultural-specific item with one of the different meaning but similar impact in the target language

Example: “Mother day”  Ngày lễ vu lan

 Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation: This strategy is used to handle culture-specific items in which loan word should be followed with an explanation

Example: HIV and AIDS are two loan words which are familiar concepts with Vietnamese Thus, they are often used without accompanying explanation

 Translation by omission: This strategy means the deletion of a word or words from the source language which do not have equivalent words in the target language during the translation

Example: Vietnamese culture is very various, diverse

 Nền văn hóa của Việt Nam rất đa dạng

 Translation by illustration: This strategy is used in case where is no equivalent in target language

 Chuỗi khách sạn (The hotel has branches around the world, such as Hyatt,

Addressing forms

Addressing forms is indispensable in any communication and defined in a various manner by different authors and experts C.Richards, H Platt

Addressing forms refer to the words and phrases used to communicate with others in speech or writing, influenced by factors such as age, gender, social group, and personal relationships In British family dynamics, for instance, younger individuals often use kinship terms when addressing older generations, while older individuals typically use first names for the younger ones In formal societal contexts, titles and respectful terms are commonly employed Similarly, in Vietnam, kinship terms are prevalent in both family and societal interactions, with formal communications utilizing titles and respectful language for addressing others.

Addressing forms, as noted by Fasold (1990), are the words speakers use to refer to the person they are communicating with, primarily categorized into names and second-person pronouns Braun (1998) emphasizes that addressing is a fundamental concept within the theory of address, encompassing words or expressions that signify relationships and social distinctions among individuals These forms not only reflect cultural nuances but also play a crucial role in face-to-face communication, serving as the initial conveyance of information Importantly, individuals of higher social status may address those of lower status using familiar terms, despite the absence of formal titles Conversely, the familiarity of a title or social class can also affect the dynamics of how one addresses another.

According to Khang (2008), “addressing terms are words used to call self and others, which used to address or call the hearer or speaker in the communication”

Luong (1990) emphasizes that the usage and meanings of Vietnamese addressing forms are closely connected to the dimensions of power, solidarity, and formality in the relationships between the speaker, listener, and other involved parties.

Addressing forms can be categorized based on social status and familial relationships in various languages Dunkling (1990) identifies two main types of address terms: nominal vocatives and verbal vocatives In contrast, Braun (1988) offers a more detailed classification, dividing addressing forms into five categories: pronouns of address, verb forms of address, nouns of address, bound forms of address, and free forms of address.

The Vietnamese addressing forms is much more diversified and complicated According to Luong (1990), for example, English I and you,

Addressing forms in the Vietnamese language encompass a variety of linguistic elements, including personal pronouns, kinship terms, status terms, and proper nouns These forms can be categorized based on social status and familial relationships Experts have identified several types of addressing forms, prompting this research to explore pronouns, names, titles, and endearment expressions as groups of words or phrases The study will first outline the fundamental concepts of addressing forms, referencing Trudgill (1992) and other scholars Ultimately, the addressing forms will be classified into distinct categories for further analysis.

Pronouns are essential components of addressing forms, with the second person being the primary pronoun used for direct address Each language has its own unique pronoun system for this purpose This article will explore the pronoun systems in English and Vietnamese.

Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984)

Point of View Singular Plural

Third person Masculine Feminine Neuter

Table 2: Vietnamese Pronouns System by Ngo (2006)

English First person tôi tao, mình

I, me chúng tôi bọn tao, bọn mình

Mày, bạn you Các ông

Masculine Ông ta, ngài ấy, anh ấy

Các ông ấy, các ngài ấy, các anh ấy

Mấy thằng đó, bọn nó

Feminine Bà ấy, cô ấy

Con nhỏ đó, cô ta

Các bà ấy, các cô ấy

Mấy con đó, bọn nó

Neuter - nó it Họ Chúng nó

The pronoun systems in English and Vietnamese share a similar structure, demonstrating that both languages serve the same functional purpose Pronouns in both languages are classified into three categories: first person, second person, and third person However, while English pronouns primarily rely on grammatical roles, Vietnamese pronouns also reflect the social status and relationships between the speaker and others.

In terms of grammatical role, English pronouns are classified into subject pronouns and object pronouns

A subjective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting as the object of the verb

Example: Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer

In this example, “she” takes the place of “Marry” which is the subject of the sentence

An objective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting as the object of the verb or preposition

In this example, Tom is the subjective case Her is the objective case

In addition, English pronouns must be in accordance with the gender and the number of people mentioned

Regarding gender, there are three genders in English pronouns: masculine, feminine and neuter In term of number, English pronouns are divided into singular and plural pronouns

Therefore, English pronouns used depend on the grammatical role and must be in concord with the gender and number of people indicated

The Vietnamese pronoun system is significantly more complex than that of English Unlike English, which categorizes pronouns into subjective and objective forms, Vietnamese pronouns serve dual functions, acting as both subjects and objects within sentences.

Example, in English we say:

Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer I idolize her

Compare with the way we say in Vietnamese:

Marry là một nhà văn Cô ấy được nhận giải thưởng nhà văn xuất sắc Tôi rất thần tượng cô ấy

From the example above we can see that in English, the pronoun “she” is the subject of the verb “was awarded” and “her” is the object of the verb

In Vietnamese, the pronoun "cô ấy" can serve as both the subject of the verb "được nhận giải thưởng" (to receive an award) and the object of the verb "thần tượng" (to idolize), showcasing the flexibility of the language in expressing admiration and recognition.

Vietnamese pronouns reflect not only person, gender, and number like English pronouns but also convey social status among speakers For instance, the first-person pronoun "tôi" is exclusively used in polite contexts, highlighting the importance of social hierarchy in communication.

The term "ta" signifies a higher status for the speaker and is also employed in self-reflection, akin to a soliloquy In contrast, other forms that denote superiority over inferiority, such as "tao," "mày," "mi," and "bay," are perceived as impolite and are typically used in casual settings, particularly among family members (Huynh, 2009).

The following example will illustrate this difference:

I think this restaurant looks like good I want to have lunch here

 Tôi nghĩ nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tôi muốn ăn trưa ở đây

In this sentence: context is formal and form is inferior-to-superior

 Tao thấy nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tao muốn ăn trưa ở đây

In this sentence: context is informal, form is superior-to-inferior or between two people at the same age

Names serve as a fundamental means for humans to address one another, as highlighted by Trudgill (1992) They play a crucial role in interpersonal communication, particularly when two individuals are engaged in conversation The way names are used for addressing people varies significantly between languages, with distinct differences in the Vietnamese and English approaches.

Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English

Family name/Surname/Last name Middle name First name

In Western countries, including the US, individuals are typically addressed by their last name For instance, in the name Barrack Hussein Obama, "Obama" is the last name used to refer to the former President of the United States.

In English, the combination of first name and surname is commonly used when there is uncertainty about whether the listener recognizes the person being referenced, while first names alone are typically reserved for informal contexts.

In many English-speaking countries, it is common for women to adopt their husband's last name upon marriage, although not all choose to do so Widowed women typically retain their husband's surname unless they remarry, while divorced women often revert to their maiden name.

Table 4: Example of Addressing People Using Names in Vietnamese

Family name/Surname/Last name Middle name First name

Previous Studies

To support this research, previous studies on the translation of addressing forms are presented, highlighting various authors' assessments of translation strategies These studies provide a foundation for comparing relevant sources and deriving final findings, whether they align with or contradict the current research.

The first research is come from Fauliyah (2012) in which he analyzed the translation of addressing forms in Ketika Cinta Bertasbih II (Indonesian-

This research encourages the investigator to further analyze addressing forms across various contexts, specifically in novels, and to explore language transfer between English and Vietnamese.

Fauliyah intends to find the most frequently addressing forms and the most frequently strategies used by the translator in the movie of Ketika Cinta

Bertasbih II The result shows that the most frequently found addressing forms is pronoun and the most frequently strategy found is a more general word strategy This means that Indonesian addressing forms is often translated into a more common and general English addressing forms and the translation tends to accommodate the target readers instead of maintaining the culture of Indonesia addressing forms

Ngo's (2006) research on the translation of Vietnamese terms of address and reference reveals the strategies used in translation and their effectiveness in conveying nuanced meanings The study found that while both source language (SL)-oriented and target language (TL)-oriented approaches were utilized, the translations predominantly favored TL-oriented strategies, leading to a significant loss of socio-cultural meanings and pragmatic implications essential for understanding the original texts Conversely, instances where translators employed SL-oriented strategies demonstrated success in preserving the linguistic and cultural elements, allowing target readers to grasp the intended meanings as original readers would This highlights the necessity for translators of Vietnamese-English literary texts to attentively consider the linguistic and cultural aspects of the source material, particularly regarding terms of address and reference.

In their 2010 research, S Khani and R Yousefi explore the complexities of addressing forms in Persian and English, highlighting the translation strategies informed by Newmark’s procedures for cultural words Their findings emphasize that culture plays a crucial role in determining appropriate equivalence in translations between these two distinct languages and cultures Key factors influencing the selection and translation of addressing forms include the source and target languages, contextual situations, the characteristics of the interlocutors, the translator's ideology, and personal traits.

R.Febriyanto (2016) also conducted a research related to translation of addressing forms The research results mentioned that thirteen strategies by Newmark including transference, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shifts or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, compensation, paraphrase, couplets, and notes are not all occurred and employed in the text by the translator to translate the addressing forms The research findings also indicates that the target text of addressing forms tends to in equivalent meaning than non-equivalent meaning, and also show that the result of the translation from the translator is good to understand for readers.

RESEARCH METHOD

Research Approach

This research employs a comparative method, descriptive qualitative method, and quantitative method to analyze the sufficiency of translation texts Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009) define qualitative research as descriptive, utilizing techniques for data finding, collection, classification, and analysis The study highlights frequencies and percentages to describe data related to types of addressing forms It categorizes these forms and compares them between the source and target languages, revealing differences in addressing forms between Vietnamese and English Additionally, quantitative analysis supports the research by using numerical data and percentages to assess the frequency of addressing forms and translation strategies.

This research aims to classify the forms of addressing found in Knut Hamsun's novel "Hunger" and T.B Tan's "Đói." The objective is to identify and tally the occurrences of each addressing category, contributing to the overall goal of the study Effective data collection is crucial for achieving accurate results, as emphasized by Silverman.

According to a 2011 study, early data analysis is often linked to effective qualitative research The quantitative data obtained reveals the frequency of various occurrences, leading to conclusions that are drawn from specific contexts within qualitative research applications.

Data and Data Sources

This research analyzes addressing forms found in the novel, utilizing data that consists of words and phrases These elements are expressed through sentences within the written text, providing a comprehensive understanding of the language used.

The analysis utilizes data from Knut Hamsun's "Hunger," alongside its translation "Đói" by T.B Tan This novel features a variety of addressing forms, making it a compelling choice for in-depth research and data analysis.

About source text “Hunger” of Author Knut Hamsun, Author Knut

Knut Hamsun, a prominent Norwegian author, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920 His literary career, which spanned over 70 years, produced more than 20 novels, a poetry collection, short stories, plays, a travelogue, and essays, showcasing a diverse range of subjects, perspectives, and settings.

The novel "Hunger" (Norwegian: Sult), published in 1890, is recognized as a significant literary work that heralded the 20th century and exemplifies modern, psychology-driven literature Drawing from the author's personal experiences, it has been translated into English by various authors, further expanding its reach and impact.

1899 by Mary Chavelita Dunne (under the alias George Egerton), in 1967 by Robert Bly, and in 1996 by Sverre Lyngstad

The novel, comprising 27 chapters, chronicles the struggles of a journalist grappling with hunger and the pursuit of high ideals in his writing for the masses Despite his relentless passion for crafting the perfect pieces, he often sacrifices basic needs, leading to a significant decline in his health and a descent into alternate realities Convinced of his talent, he resists seeking conventional employment The narrative is divided into four parts, each beginning with the journalist in search of food and encountering others in similar states of hunger, such as Ylayali, who craves love Each section concludes with him managing to earn enough money for a few meals, highlighting the persistent theme of struggle and survival.

The novel, translated into Vietnamese by the renowned translator T.B.Tan, was featured in Foreign Literature Magazine No 5 in 2004 and published in 1994 by the Labour and Social Publishing House T.B.Tan, a prominent figure in Vietnam's literary scene, is not only an accomplished translator, poet, and writer but also an English teacher He has served as an editor at the Labour Publishing House and held positions as vice president of the Foreign Literature Council and a member of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Vietnamese Association of Translators, Poets, and Writers Over his career, he has published approximately 70 works, including translations of poems, novels, and short stories, as well as his own original compositions.

Research Instruments

The researcher employed a qualitative approach, making herself the primary instrument for the study She meticulously designed the research, and took charge of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and reporting The research procedure involved several stages: reading the novels "Hunger" and "Đói," selecting expressions of addressing forms from both texts, classifying the data by types of addressing forms and translation strategies, comparing the data, and ultimately presenting the findings.

The research utilizes data sheets and analysis as a key instrument, essential for classifying different types of data Two main categories of data sheets are employed: addressing form data sheets and translation strategies data sheets The researcher consolidates these sheets into a single table, with an example provided on the following page.

Pr: Pronoun Lit: Literal translation Tr: Transposition

Tt: Titles Md: Modulation Eq: Equivalence

End: Endearment and Expression Adp: Adaption T: Transcription

Kin: Kinship terms Th: Through-translation Cul: Cultural equivalent

Co: Couplets De: Deletion Na: Naturalization

Table 6: The Table Data Sheet

Nm Pr Tt Kin End Bw Ca Lit Tr Md Eq Adp T Th Cul Co De Na Ad

TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com

Table 6 presents the data analysis, which highlights the results obtained from the data The analysis categorizes the data into two main sections: types of addressing forms and translation strategies.

The data sheet is organized into two main sections, each utilizing specific symbols for categorization The first section outlines five types of addressing forms as defined by Trudgill (1992): Nm for names, Pr for pronouns, TT for titles, Kin for kinship terms, and End for endearment expressions The second section details translation strategies based on the work of Vinay and Darbelnet, which includes categories such as Bw for Borrowing, Ca for Calque, Lit for Literal translation, Tr for Transposition, Md for Modulation, Eq for Equivalence, and Adp for Adaptation.

T for Transcription, Th for Through-translation, Cul for Cultural equivalent,

Co for Couplet, De for Deletion, Na for Naturalization.

Data Collection Techniques

Data collection techniques are essential for researchers to gather information effectively The first technique utilized is data observation, where the researcher analyzes source texts, such as Knut Hamsun's "Hunger," to extract valuable insights.

T.B.Tan’s Đói for understanding the context and the content Addressing forms found in both source language and target language were mentioned and listed in different sheets The data observation was started in a sequential manner from the first chapter of the source language and followed by its translation in the target language The data that have been listed are the data used for the analysis

The addressing forms are categorized into five distinct types: pronouns, names, titles, kinship terms, and endearment expressions, based on the limitations of the issue The researcher aims to explore the translation strategies used for these addressing forms by comparing and analyzing data from both the source and target languages Through a detailed description and comparison of the data, the researcher identifies the techniques employed in translation Ultimately, the study presents the most frequently used translation strategies for addressing forms and discusses the concept of meaning equivalence.

Data Analysis Techniques

After organizing data into a table, the researcher initiates the analysis process, which occurs concurrently with data collection (Wiersma, 1995) The analysis begins with careful observation and description of the data Addressing forms from the source text are listed, compared to the target text, and classified according to the translation strategies employed The analysis seeks to determine the degree of equivalent meaning achieved in the translation, categorized into complete meaning, partial meaning, and non-equivalent meaning Non-equivalent meaning is further divided into two types: different meaning, where the target text conveys a meaning that does not align with the source text, and meaningless, where the target text fails to retain any meaning from the source text.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

In the novel "Hunger," the researcher identified 99 instances of addressing forms, which are systematically presented in tables aligned with three formulated research problems These addressing forms are categorized into word groups or phrases, highlighting the various types and the translation strategies employed The study emphasizes the strategies utilized to achieve equivalence in the target text, identifying which methods are most frequently applied for effective translation.

1.1 The types of Addressing Forms

The table below outlines the frequencies of various addressing forms identified in the research, categorized according to Trudgill's (1992) framework The five categories include Names (N), Titles (Tt), Pronouns (Pr), Kinship terms (Kin), and Endearment Expressions (End) Table 7 details the frequency of these addressing forms as they appear in the novel "Hunger."

The table below presents data collected by the researcher, highlighting the frequencies of findings categorized by different addressing forms Furthermore, the researcher provides additional insights into translation strategies and their impact on meaning equivalence.

Table 7 The Frequencies of Types of Addressing Forms in the novel

No Types of Addressing Forms Frequency Percentage

Table 7 illustrates the various addressing forms present in the novel, highlighting that titles are the most frequently used form Out of a total of 99 addressing forms, pronouns appear 20 times (20.20%), names 19 times (19.2%), titles 31 times (31.31%), kinship terms 23 times (23.23%), and endearment expressions 6 times (6.06%).

In order to help the readers to see visualization of the data, the researcher also visualized the table into diagram as follows:

Figure 1 The Diagram of Types of Address Terms

Pronouns Names Titles Kinship terms

The diagram illustrates that titles account for 31.31% of addressing forms, highlighting their significance in social interactions Titles reflect the hierarchical relationships among individuals, particularly in contexts involving aristocratic families, where full respect is essential This indicates a vertical relationship in communication, reinforcing the idea that titles are the most prevalent form of address in everyday interactions.

1.2 The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms

Table 8: The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms

No Translation strategies Frequency Percentage

Source language Target language Translation strategy

He Ông ta Literal translation

He Lão ta Literal translation

He Anh ta Literal translation

She Cô ta Literal translation

She Cô gái Literal translation

We Cả hai chúng tôi Literal translation + addition

She Bà ta Literal translation

He Anh chàng Literal translation

Fabian Olsen Fabian Onxen Transcription

Jens Olaj Ienx Clai Transcription

Hans Pauli Hanx Pauli Transcription

Madam Tiểu thư Literal translation

Madam Bà chủ nhà Literal translation +

Miss Nagel Công chúa Nagel Literal translation +

Mrs.Gundersen Bà Gunnersen Literal translation +

Mr Christie Ông Crixti Literal translation +

The Ladies Cả ha i người đàn bà

Ladies Các bà Literal translation

Ladies Quý bà Literal translation

Two ladies Hai người đàn bà Literal translation

Gentlemen Quý ông Literal translation

This lady Cô gái này Literal translation

Landlady Bà chủ nhà Literal translation

Dancing-master Ông thầy da ̣y múa Literal translation Master himself Ông chủ hiê ̣u Literal translation

Sir Thưa ông Literal translation

Good Lord Trời ơi Literal translation

Lord Đức chúa trời Literal translation

Lord God Đấng cứu rỗi Literal translation

Holy Ghost Thánh thần Literal translation

Father Đức chúa cha Literal translation

Son Đức chúa con Literal translation

Table 12: Kinship Terms Source language Target language Translation strategy

Her father Bố nó Literal translation

Your father Bố cô Literal translation

Wife’s father Bố vợ Literal translation

Landlady’s father Bố đẻ bà chủ Literal translation

Husband Ông chồng Literal translation

My wife Vợ tôi Literal translation

Wife Bà vợ Literal translation

His wife Bà vợ Literal translation +

Her mother Mẹ tôi Literal translation

My mother Mẹ tôi Literal translation

Her son Câ ̣u con bà chủ Literal translation

Mother Bà mẹ Literal translation

Landlady’s son Con trai bà chủ Literal translation

The mother Bà chủ nhà Literal translation

Mother Bà mẹ Literal translation

His daughter Con gái của ông Literal translation

Sister Chị em gái Literal translation

Older sister Chị gái Literal translation

Your sister Chị cô Literal translation

My sister Chị tôi Literal translation

Sisters Bà con Literal translation

Brother Ông em ông ta Literal translation +

Table 13: Endearment expressions Source language Target language Translation strategy

A little, old man Ông già bé nhỏ Literal translation This little man Con người bé nhỏ này Literal translation

Young man Cái anh này Literal translation

My dear fellow Anh ba ̣n Literal translation +

Deletion Loved one Chàng yêu quý của em Literal translation

My dear women Thưa bà Literal translation

Table 8 indicates that the translator did not fully utilize all proposed strategies for translating addressing forms in the novel This study reveals that literal translation emerged as the most frequently employed strategy.

75 times (70.1%), followed by shift or transcription for 22 times (20.56%), deletion for 7 times (6.54%), addition used 3 times (2.80%) The diagram of translation strategies is shown below

Figure 2 The Diagram of Translation Strategies

Literal translation Transcription Deletion Addition

The diagram illustrates the various translation strategies employed by the translator for addressing forms in the novel, revealing a predominant use of cultural approaches in the translation process.

The use of a cultural approach significantly influences the translation strategies employed by translators This is evident in the diagram, which shows that literal translation is the most effective method for translating addressing forms.

Discussion

This study examines the translation of addressing forms from English to Vietnamese in the specified novel The primary aim is to analyze the translation strategies employed by the translator.

The analysis reveals that literal translation is the predominant strategy for translating pronouns, while transcription is employed for names Additionally, the translator utilizes literal translation, transcription, and deletion for titles The term "sir" is translated in two distinct ways: "Ông," which serves as a generic term for Mr., and another use of "Ông" that conveys respect towards someone of higher rank, reflecting the power dynamics between speakers For kinship terms, the translator also favors literal translation, aligning with Cooke's (1968) definition of kinship terms as nouns primarily denoting blood relationships.

Vietnamese culture places a strong emphasis on family relations, as noted by Aliakbari and Toni (2008), leading to a diverse array of addressing forms for family members and relatives In contrast, English, which is rooted in a nuclear family system according to Methven (2006), has a more limited vocabulary for familial terms For instance, the English word "aunt" translates into two distinct terms in Vietnamese, highlighting the complexity of familial relationships in the language.

In Vietnamese culture, the terms for "aunt" reflect significant familial distinctions, with "bác" referring to one's father's sister and "cô" or "dì" denoting one's mother's sister This highlights a notable cultural difference between English and Vietnamese, where the English term "aunt" encompasses all maternal and paternal aunts without differentiation.

In this research, there is a case the translator used deletion strategies in which “sailor’s wife” in the target source were not translated into Vietnamese

In translating endearment expressions, the term "dear" is incorporated to create more natural and affectionate address terms in Vietnamese, such as "my dear fellow." This approach not only enhances the authenticity of the translation but also reflects the strong affection prevalent in Vietnamese society.

This section presents the conclusions and recommendations derived from the analysis of various addressing forms identified in the novel, along with the strategies utilized by the translator to effectively translate these forms.

Summary of findings

This research found five types of addressing forms in which titles account for 31.31%, followed by kinship terms with 23.23%, pronouns make up 20.20%, names occupy 19.20% and endearment expression account for 6.06%

The analysis of addressing forms in the novel "Hunger" reveals significant differences between English and Vietnamese systems To bridge this gap, the translator employed various strategies, with literal translation being the most prevalent at 70.1% Other methods included transcription (20.56%), deletion (2.80%), and addition (6.54%), often combining strategies However, the complexity of translating addressing forms means that reliance on literal translation can result in a loss of meaning.

Conclusions

This thesis examines the translation of addressing forms from English to Vietnamese in the novel "Hunger," establishing a theoretical framework in Chapter I that includes definitions of translation and addressing forms It highlights the varying definitions of translation strategies proposed by different theorists, with a focus on Vinay and Darbelnet's strategies for comparing the source and target texts The findings reveal that titles are the most frequently used addressing forms, with literal translation being the predominant strategy employed The study indicates that Vietnamese addressing forms are influenced by familial relationships, occupational positions, and social status, unlike English, which does not emphasize these distinctions Additionally, it was found that not all addressing forms and translation strategies outlined by Trudgill (1993) and Vinay and Darbelnet were utilized in the text Ultimately, the results suggest that the target text often conveys equivalent meanings, demonstrating the translator's capability and attention to specific strategies, ensuring the text is acceptable to Vietnamese readers.

Chapter II of this thesis outlines the research methods utilized, including mixed methods, descriptive qualitative, and quantitative approaches The researcher gathers and analyzes data from both the source and target texts, focusing on the comparison of addressing forms in the novel "Hunger" and its Vietnamese translation This analysis reveals significant differences between the addressing systems in English and Vietnamese To bridge this gap, the translator employed various strategies, including deletion, transcription, literal translation, and addition However, due to the complexities of translating addressing forms, literal translation emerged as the predominant strategy, which may lead to a loss of meaning.

Suggestions

The findings of this research could be useful in translator training and translation courses at schools as well as researchers

The translator is crucial in conveying meaning to target readers, utilizing various translation strategies to effectively transfer content from the source language to the target language Selecting appropriate translation strategies is essential for achieving high-quality translation results Additionally, the translator must carefully consider the context and content prior to making these strategic choices.

3.2 For students majoring in translation

To enhance their translation skills, students must deepen their understanding of addressing forms and translation strategies Mastery of addressing forms is essential as it reflects the cultural nuances of both the source and target languages Consequently, students should engage in further study to broaden their knowledge in these areas.

Addressing forms vary across countries and cultures, highlighting the need for further research to enhance data quality and deepen understanding in this field Such studies could significantly influence translation strategies Additionally, researchers should engage in more comprehensive investigations of content and context to improve their analytical assessments.

Mistakes are inevitable due to limited knowledge, and the researcher seeks understanding, support, and encouragement Any feedback, comments, or contributions to the researcher's work will be greatly valued.

Baker, M (1992) In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation London:

Bell, R (1991) Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice London and

Braun, F (1988) Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various

Languages and Cultures Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de

Casning, J (2012) A Language of Metaphors Kingston, Ontario, Canada: acessed via http://knowgramming.com/nicknamese_pet_names_and_metaphors.htm

Catford, J (1995) A Linguistic Theory of Translation London: Oxford

Chesterman, A (1997) Memes of Translation: The Spread of Ideas in

Translation Theory Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins

Dunkling, L (1990) A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address Beijing:

Fasold, R (1990) The Sociolinguistics of Language Oxford: Blackwell

Febriyanto, R (2016) Addressing Terms Translation Strategies, And Meaning

Equivalence in Doyle's The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dianasari's Petualangan Sherlock Holmes Sastra Inggris-Quill, 2016 - journal.student.uny.ac.id

Garcez, P (1992) English Into Brazilian Portuguese: The Problems of

Translating Address in Literary Dialogue Ilha do Desterro

Gerloff, P (1986) Second Language Learners' Reports on the Interpretive

Hatim dan Munday (2004) Translation, An Advanced Resource Book London:

Hatim, B & Masion, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator New York:

Hatim, B & Mason, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator New York:

Inez Probst Lucena, M (n.d.) A Brief Analysis of Forms of Address in the

Translation of Animal Farm retrieved from the web December 19, 2009 www.periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/viewFile/5192/4616

Kelly, D (2005) A Handbook for Translator Trainers: A Guide to Reflective

Practice Manchester, UK: St.Jerome

Khani, S and Yousefi,R (2010) The Study of Addressing Terms and their

Translation from Persian to English accessed from www.TranslationDirectory.com on October 24.2014

Krings, H (1986) Translation Problems and Translation Strategiesn of

Advanced German Learners of French Germany: Narr

Larson, M (1994) Translation and Linguistic Theory NY: Pergamon Press

Lorscher, W (1991) Translation Performance, Translation Process and

Translation Strategies Tubingen: Gunter Narr

Lương, H V (1990) Discursive Practices and Linguistic Meanings: The

Vietnamese System of Person Reference Amsterdam and Philadenphia:

Maxwell, J (1992) Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research

Methven, A (2006) Discussion of the Difficulties in Translating Terms of

Address in Chinese and English MA Chinese Translation Practice and

Newmark, P (1981) Approaches to Translation Tehran: Rahnama

Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation Hertfordshire: Prentice

Ngo, T (2006) Translation of Vietnamese Terms of Address and Reference

Translation Journal Retrieved December 15th, 2009 from http://accurapid.com/Journal/38viet.htm

Nida, E (1969) The Componential Analysis of Meaning The Hague: Mouton

Odber De Baubeta, P (1992) Modes of Address: Translation Strategies or the

Black Hole Ilha do Desterrro

Richards, J.C Platt, J and Platt, H (1999) Longman Dictionary of Language

Teaching and Applied Linguistic London: Longman

Silverman, D (2011) Interpreting Qualitative Data: A Guide to the Principles of Qualitative Research London: SAGE

Trudgill, P (1992) Introducing Language and Society London: Penguin

Vanderstoep, S & Johnston, D (2009) Research Methods for Real Life:

Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches San Fransisco:

Wardhaug, R (2006) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics UK: Blackwell

Wiersma, W (1995) Research Methods in Education: An Introduction Boston:

Xiao-uing, W (2007) On Address Term Translation from the Cognitive

Perspective: Sino-US English Teaching USA

“Hunger”of Knut Hamsun published in 1890

“Đói” translated from “Hunger” by Thái Bá Tân printed in Foreign Literature Magazine No 5 in 2004 and published in 1994 by Labour and Social Publishing House.

11 We Cả hai chúng tôi  

Cả hai người đàn bà

49 Two ladies Hai người đàn bà 

52 This lady Cô gái này 

54 Dancing- master Ông thầy dạy múa 

55 Master himself Ông chủ hiê ̣u 

62 Lord God Đấng cứu rỗi 

81 Her son Câ ̣u con bà chủ 

83 Landlady’s son Con trai bà chủ 

84 The mother Bà chủ nhà 

86 His daughter Con gái của ông 

92 Brother Ông em ông ta  

Định dạng
Số trang	66
Dung lượng	1,19 MB