Research questions
The objectives mentioned above can be elaborated into the following research questions:
- What are similarities and differences in regard to how the English metaphor
“Anger is Heat” and the Vietnamese equivalent are perceived?
- What causes the differences in cognitive mechanism of this metaphor between the two languages?
- What are the possible recommendations for teaching English metaphors?
Scope of the study
This thesis focuses on the metaphor "Anger is Heat" in English and explores its possible equivalents in Vietnamese The aim is to analyze the contrasting cognitive models and mechanisms behind the metaphor's usage in both languages, providing insights into the differences in metaphorical expressions.
Methodology
Principles governing the research
This study is intended to provide an overview and a contrastiveness of the metaphor
“Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalent To achieve the aims, the type of research chosen is basic research
This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, prioritizing qualitative analysis to explore the metaphor "Anger is Heat" in English and its Vietnamese equivalents The qualitative method focuses on identifying and examining both the commonalities and unique characteristics of this metaphor across the two languages.
The researcher investigates various samples of metaphorical expressions related to the central conceptual metaphor "Anger is Heat" sourced from books, previous studies, novels, stories, and online content in both English and Vietnamese Commonly used metaphorical expressions are carefully selected for analysis, ensuring that the samples represent authentic data sources The research adheres strictly to established design and principles, thereby ensuring the validity and reliability of the study.
Methods of the study
This study utilizes a combination of methods, primarily focusing on contrastive analysis to examine the metaphor "Anger is Heat" in both Vietnamese and English The research aims to compare and contrast the mechanisms of this metaphor across the two languages, with Vietnamese serving as the instrumental language and English as the target language Additionally, a descriptive method is employed as a supportive approach to enhance the analysis.
Document analysis and observation serve as key data collection methods in this study Document analysis focuses on identifying occurrences of the metaphor "Anger is Heat" in English and its Vietnamese counterparts across various sources, including books, prior research, novels, and online content Meanwhile, the observation technique is utilized to enrich the qualitative analysis of cognitive mechanisms pertinent to the research area.
After being collected, the data are analyzed by using the following techniques:
- Classifying the samples collected into two sub-versions of the central metaphor
“Anger is Heat” based on the corresponding source domains
- Systematizing is used to categorize the samples into metaphorical entailments in accordance with their meanings
- Inferring the similarities and differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the possible equivalents in Vietnamese.
Structure of the thesis
The paper is divided into three parts as follows:
This study aims to explore [insert specific topic], highlighting its significance and relevance in the current context The research objectives focus on [insert specific aims], while the scope encompasses [insert scope details] Utilizing [insert methods], the study employs a comprehensive approach to gather and analyze data The thesis is structured to guide readers through the introduction, methodology, findings, and conclusions, ensuring a coherent understanding of the research outcomes.
Part B is “Development” This part consists of two chapters Chapter one is
“Literature Review” This chapter provides the background for the study Chapter two, “A Contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the
Possible Equivalent Expressions in Vietnamese”, provides a contrastive analysis of the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” and the Vietnamese equivalents
Part C, “Conclusion”, provides a recapitulation of the main points raised, concluding remarks on each of the objectives, and suggestions for further studies
CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the previous studies
As far as I know, so far there have been three major works related to the theme of this research Following are the major pieces of information about them:
In their groundbreaking 1980 work, "Metaphor We Live By," George Lakoff and Mark Johnson explore the significance of conceptual metaphors, establishing a foundational framework for numerous subsequent studies They argue that metaphors extend beyond mere language, playing a crucial role in human reasoning and comprehension Typically, abstract concepts are understood through more concrete experiences, suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical This perspective contrasts sharply with the classical view, which regards metaphors as mere linguistic artifacts devoid of meaning Their research serves as the primary theoretical foundation for my study.
In their 1983 research, "The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English," George Lakoff and Zoltan Kovecses explore the cognitive framework of anger in the English language, presenting a system of metaphorical expressions related to this emotion This study highlights the central metaphor "Anger is Heat," which I will analyze in contrast with its Vietnamese equivalents.
In "Ẩn Dụ Về Sự Tức Giận Và Niềm Vui Trong Tiếng Anh Và Tiếng Việt" (2009) by Trần Bá Tiến, the author explores metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in both English and Vietnamese The study highlights the central metaphor "Anger is Heat," which is prevalent in both languages Notably, it addresses the lack of contrastive analysis regarding this metaphor and its Vietnamese equivalents in previous research, prompting the author to conduct a comparative study of these expressions.
1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Traditional approach to metaphors
In the study of metaphor, two primary approaches are recognized: the traditional approach and the cognitive approach The traditional approach includes various theories but is unified by core assumptions Originating from Aristotle's perspective, the traditional theory of metaphor emphasizes its significance in language and thought.
"the application of an alien name by transference" (350 BC b [1950]: par.4 cited from Koller (2003)) and the following are the most important views of metaphor within this approach:
The substitution theory posits that metaphors serve as substitutes for literal expressions (Black, 1955) For instance, when someone says, "He is a fox," this metaphor can be replaced by the literal phrase "He is cunning," conveying the same meaning.
The term "fox" serves as a metaphor, enhancing the richness of language in a novel or poetic context This substitution highlights how metaphorical expressions can embellish speech, providing aesthetic pleasure and amusement to readers and listeners alike.
The challenge with interpreting metaphors lies in their ability to evoke numerous connotations, making it nearly impossible to capture all their nuances in a paraphrase Additionally, rephrasing a metaphorical expression often fails to convey the full spectrum of meanings inherent in the original metaphor (Ohkura, 2003).
The comparison view is a prominent dualistic theory of metaphor, positing that metaphors arise from the similarities between two concepts According to this theory, a metaphor functions as an implicit comparison between the principal and subsidiary subjects, as noted by Black (1955) and Hoang Tat Truong (1993) Consequently, interpreting a metaphor involves understanding the related simile, leading to the conclusion that the truth of a metaphor is essentially linked to the truth of its simile.
The issue with this perspective is that similarity is inherently symmetric, while metaphor often operates in an asymmetric manner For instance, the phrase “Surgeons are butchers” metaphorically characterizes the work of surgeons in comparison to butchers, without implying that “Surgeons are like butchers.”
In summary, the primary issues with these perspectives are their inability to account for the unique similarities that metaphors create, the conventional nature of many metaphorical expressions like "to defend a position," which renders them non-anomalous, and the tendency to view metaphor merely as a decorative element lacking cognitive significance, suggesting that metaphor is merely an aesthetic choice rather than a necessary component of language.
In other words, metaphor, according to traditional approach, is considered a mere matter of language
Cognitive linguistics challenges the traditional view that metaphor is secondary to literal meaning, asserting instead that metaphors are fundamental to our thought processes rather than just linguistic constructs.
According to this approach, metaphors do not express existing similarities; they create them by metaphorical mapping from a source domain to a target domain
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) argue that metaphor transcends mere language, representing fundamental thought processes Their focus lies not on linguistic expressions of metaphor but on the underlying concepts that inform these expressions They define metaphor as "understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another" (p 5), emphasizing its conceptual significance rather than providing a strict definition.
“conceptual metaphor” when discussing metaphors which are part of our ordinary conceptual system therefore reflected in our every language
Lakoff and Johnson explore the use, structure, mechanics, and entailments of conceptual metaphors without explicitly defining them This article will examine these aspects to provide a concise description of the specific type of metaphor being analyzed in this study.
Metaphor involves more than mere similarity or comparison; it encompasses the transfer of meaning through the mapping of two distinct domains According to Lakoff and Johnson, this process allows for a deeper understanding of figurative expressions by connecting literal and figurative meanings.
Literature Review
Review of the previous studies
As far as I know, so far there have been three major works related to the theme of this research Following are the major pieces of information about them:
In their groundbreaking 1980 work, "Metaphor We Live By," George Lakoff and Mark Johnson explore the concept of metaphor beyond mere language, establishing it as a fundamental part of human reasoning and understanding They argue that abstract concepts are often comprehended through more concrete experiences, highlighting that our conceptual framework is largely metaphorical This perspective contrasts sharply with the classical view, which sees metaphors merely as linguistic constructs devoid of deeper meaning Their insights serve as the theoretical foundation for my research.
The research "The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English" by George Lakoff and Zoltan Kovecses (1983) explores the cognitive framework of anger in the English language, highlighting various metaphorical expressions associated with this emotion A key focus of this study is the central metaphor "Anger is Heat," which serves as a basis for conducting a contrastive analysis with its Vietnamese equivalents.
In the article "Ẩn Dụ Về Sự Tức Giận Và Niềm Vui Trong Tiếng Anh Và Tiếng Việt" by Trần Bá Tiến (2009), the author explores metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in both English and Vietnamese The study highlights the central metaphor "Anger is Heat," which is prevalent in both languages Notably, it addresses a gap in previous research by providing a contrastive analysis of this metaphor and its equivalent expressions in Vietnamese, inspiring a deeper understanding of emotional metaphors across cultures.
Theoretical background
In the study of metaphor, two primary approaches are recognized: the traditional approach and the cognitive approach The traditional approach includes various theories that share core assumptions, tracing its roots back to Aristotle's perspective on metaphor.
"the application of an alien name by transference" (350 BC b [1950]: par.4 cited from Koller (2003)) and the following are the most important views of metaphor within this approach:
The substitution theory posits that metaphors serve as replacements for literal expressions (Black, 1955) For instance, when someone says, "He is a fox," this metaphor could be substituted with the literal phrase, "He is cunning," conveying the same meaning.
In this context, the term "fox" serves as a metaphor, enhancing the richness of expression in a novel or poetic manner This substitution suggests that metaphorical language primarily aims to entertain and delight readers or listeners, rather than convey deeper meanings.
The challenge with interpreting metaphors lies in their ability to generate numerous connotations, making it nearly impossible to capture all nuances in a paraphrase As noted by Ohkura (2003), attempting to rephrase a metaphorical expression often fails to convey the full spectrum of meanings inherent in the original metaphor.
The comparison view is a prominent dualistic theory of metaphor, positing that metaphors are based on the similarities between two concepts This theory suggests that a metaphor functions as an implicit comparison between the principal and subsidiary subjects, as noted by Black (1955) and Hoang Tat Truong (1993) Consequently, understanding a metaphor involves interpreting its corresponding simile, which means that the truth of the metaphor is ultimately linked to the truth of the simile.
The issue with this perspective lies in the fact that similarity is a symmetric relationship, while metaphor often exhibits asymmetry For instance, the phrase "Surgeons are butchers" metaphorically characterizes the work of surgeons in comparison to butchers, without implying that "Surgeons are like butchers."
In summary, the key issues with these perspectives are their inability to account for the unique similarities that metaphors create, the conventional nature of many metaphorical expressions like "to defend a position," which renders them non-anomalous, and the tendency to view metaphor merely as a decorative feature lacking cognitive significance, suggesting that metaphor is not essential but merely aesthetically pleasing.
In other words, metaphor, according to traditional approach, is considered a mere matter of language
Cognitive linguistics challenges the traditional view that metaphors are secondary to literal meanings, arguing instead that metaphors are fundamental to our thought processes rather than just linguistic expressions.
According to this approach, metaphors do not express existing similarities; they create them by metaphorical mapping from a source domain to a target domain
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) assert that metaphor transcends mere language, reflecting deeper thought processes Their focus lies not on linguistic expressions but on the underlying concepts that shape these expressions Rather than offering a strict definition, they characterize metaphor as "understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another" (p 5), emphasizing its role in cognitive understanding.
“conceptual metaphor” when discussing metaphors which are part of our ordinary conceptual system therefore reflected in our every language
Lakoff and Johnson explore the use, structure, mechanics, and entailments of conceptual metaphors without explicitly defining them This article will examine the structure, mechanisms, and implications of conceptual metaphors to provide a concise description of the specific type of metaphor being analyzed in this study.
Metaphor extends beyond mere similarity or comparison; it involves a nuanced transference of meaning achieved through the mapping of two distinct domains According to Lakoff and Johnson, this process is fundamental to understanding how metaphors shape our perceptions and interpretations.
Mapping is the cognitive process that connects literal meanings to their extended interpretations, involving systematic correspondences between elements of the source and target domains The source domain is typically grounded in tangible, physical experiences, making it more concrete than the abstract target domain (Esenova: 2000) Understanding a conceptual metaphor requires knowledge of the specific mappings that apply to the pairing of the source and target domains.
The "Source Domain" refers to the set of concepts from which words and expressions are borrowed, while the "Target Domain" represents the concepts that receive these borrowed terms, exemplified by the metaphor "Anger is a Plant."
Source Domain Target Domain [PLANT] [ANGER]
Seed: And the small seed of anger against him knotted itself inside her into a hard little core of resentment
Germinations: And this, I think, is where much of the anger germinates Root: Anger is rooted in our survival instincts and has a legitimate and vital function in human behavior.
Bloom: The feeling of rejection had quickly blossomed into anger
As we can see in the above examples, the target domain “anger” is understood through the source domain “plant” “Plant” is described as having “seed”,
1.2.2.3 The structure of a conceptual metaphor
Metaphor operates by mapping a source domain onto a target domain, facilitating the transfer of meaning between these conceptual areas This relationship allows us to apply the characteristics of the source domain—such as its appearances, functions, and relations—to the target domain, highlighting systematic correspondences Consequently, multiple aspects of the source domain can be effectively utilized to enhance our understanding of the target domain.
Since a conceptual metaphor is about two domains of thought and not just using one word instead of another, the structure of a conceptual metaphor is complex
According to Kửvecses (2002), the concept of "conceptual domain" is essential in cognitive theories of metaphor, as it highlights how we use our knowledge of one concept to comprehend another A conceptual metaphor consists of two domains: the source domain, which provides metaphorical expressions, and the target domain, which is understood through these expressions (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Kửvecses, 2002) For instance, in the metaphor "Argument is War," the target domain of argument is interpreted through the source domain of war, illustrating how one conceptual domain can enhance our understanding of another.
According to cognitivists there are four main types of conceptual metaphors
The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and
2.1.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English
According to Lakoff and Kovecses (1983), anger metaphors in English are rooted in the physiological effects of anger, which include heightened body temperature, increased internal pressure, agitation, and impaired perception As anger escalates, these physiological effects intensify, eventually reaching a threshold that disrupts normal functioning This theory is often employed to identify signs of anger based on an individual's appearance, utilizing a general metonymic principle.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION With this principle, a system of metonymies for anger is yielded:
- Don’t get hot under the collar
(Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) INTERNAL PRESSURE
- When I found out, I almost burst a blood vessel
(Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) REDNESS IN FACE AND NECK AREA:
- She was scarlet with rage
- He got red with anger
- She was shaking with anger
- She was blind with rage
It has been argued also that the theory of physiological effects, especially the part that emphasizes HEAT, forms the basis of the most general metaphor for anger
"Anger is often described as heat, with two interpretations: one relating to fluids and the other to solids In the fluid context, 'Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container' reflects the concepts of heat, internal pressure, and agitation Conversely, when applied to solids, it transforms into 'Anger is Fire,' emphasizing the heat and redness associated with physiological effects This metaphor captures the essence of anger through its dynamic and intense nature."
2.1.2 The cognitive basis of the equivalent metaphor “Anger is Heat” in Vietnamese
In Vietnamese, we have available words widely accepted by the community and based on that we can know the specific content of the concept of "anger".
Vietnamese observes the same metonymic principle with English, and similar metonymic expressions are found in everyday use:
Một người đàn ông nóng tính, “một chính trị gia”, hay một người cha thiểu
…, tất cả những người đó đều là Sean Penn, ảnh đế của Oscar lần thứ 81 (http://www.thethaovanhoa.vn/135N200922416119893T0/sean-penn-chinh- tri-gia-cua-hollywood.htm)
Tức đến vỡ mật mất thôi, Khánh Bình quay phắt lại, anh chụp hai vai Mười
Bốn bóp mạnh: “Tôi báo cho cô biết, đừng chọc cho tôi nổi điên, không có lợi cho cô đâu.”
(http://www.hoahoctro.com/4rum/showthread.php?t)4299) REDNESS IN FACE AND NECK AREA
- Bà Chúa đỏ mặt tía tai, tức lắm nhưng chẳng dám nói gì
(http://namkna.blogspot.com/2011/05/ba-chua-mac-lom-truyen-trang- quynh.html)
An Nhiên cảm thấy giận run người, đó là lần đầu tiên cầm bản thảo trong tay cô chỉ muốn vò nát và vứt bỏ
(http://4phuong.net/ebook/22129502/nuoc-mua-co-vi-man.html) INTERFERENCE WITH ACCURATE PERCEPTION
Khi hôn nhân không còn hạnh phúc, đôi khi người phụ nữ trở thành nạn nhân của nhũng ông chồng bị cơn giận làm mờ mắt…
The central metaphor "Anger is Heat" in Vietnamese encompasses two interpretations: "Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container" and "Anger is Fire." These expressions illustrate the intense and often volatile nature of anger, highlighting its capacity to build up and eventually erupt if not managed properly Understanding these metaphors can provide deeper insights into the cultural perception of emotions and their impact on behavior.
In both languages, the central metaphor "Anger is Heat" is rooted in universal bodily experiences, highlighting a shared understanding of emotions This metaphor manifests in two similar forms across both languages, reflecting the commonality of human feelings.
The metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the equivalent in Vietnamese
The central metaphor "Anger is Heat" exists in both English and Vietnamese, represented by two variations: "Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container" and "Anger is Fire." This article explores these two sub-versions in English alongside their Vietnamese counterparts to highlight the similarities and differences between them.
2.2.1 The version “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” in English and the Vietnamese equivalent
In this metaphor, "anger" is likened to "the heat of a fluid in a container," highlighting the shared mechanisms in both English and Vietnamese This comparison is rooted in a set of correspondences that illustrate how the intensity of anger can be understood through the dynamics of heat within a confined space.
“anger” These correspondences are in two types: ontological and epistemic
Ontological correspondences refer to the relationships between entities in the source domain and their counterparts in the target domain Essentially, these correspondences involve mapping elements from the source domain to the target domain.
The heat of a fluid The anger
The heat scale The anger scale, with and end points zero and limit
Pressure in container Internal pressure in the body Agitation of fluid and container Physical agitation
The limit of the container’s capacity to the limit on the anger scale withstand pressure caused by heat
The dangers of explosion and loss of control highlight critical risks in various contexts Understanding these risks through ontological and epistemic correspondences enhances clarity regarding their implications Epistemic correspondences refer to the connections between knowledge in the source domain and its relevance to the target domain, allowing for a deeper comprehension of the metaphor's significance.
The effect of intense fluid heat is container heat, steam, and agitation
The effect of intense anger is body heat, internal pressure, and agitation
When the fluid is heated past a certain limit, pressure increases to the point at which the container explodes
When anger increases past a certain limit, pressure increases to the point at which the person loses control
An explosion is damaging to the container and dangerous to bystanders
A loss of control is damaging to angry person and to other people
The fluid can be prevented from explosion by removing the fire
Removing the cause of anger can prevent it form being vented
It is sometimes possible control the release of heated fluid for either destructive or constructive purposes; this has the effect of lowering the level of heat and pressure
It is sometimes possible control the release of anger for either destructive or constructive purposes; this has the effect of lowering the level of anger and internal pressure
The correspondences between the source domain and target domain elaborate on conceptual metaphors, particularly the central metaphor “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container.” This metaphor encompasses a rich system of entailments that express varying intensities of anger The following sections will explore the metaphorical entailments of this central metaphor in both English and Vietnamese, highlighting the similarities and differences in how anger is expressed in these two languages.
2.2.1.1 The entailment “Increase in the intensity of anger is the rising of the fluid”
The understanding of fluid dynamics reveals that when a liquid begins to boil, it rises This concept is reflected in metaphorical expressions that illustrate varying degrees of anger, paralleling the ascent of the fluid from its initial state to the boiling point Both English and Vietnamese languages feature such metaphorical phrases that capture this emotional progression.
In English, various metaphorical expressions convey intense emotions, particularly anger, such as "gorge rise," "well up," "get a rise," "towering rage," "seethe with anger," "build up," "blood boil," and "boiling point." These phrases illustrate the escalating nature of anger and the physical sensations associated with it.
- I felt my gorge rise and I knew I was going to lose my temper
(http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/gorges)
- His pent-up anger welled up inside him ( Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983)
- We got a rise out of the teacher when we opened the window in the cold weather (http://www.americanidioms.net/get-a-rise-out-of-
- "I have a towering rage over this," Mr Katter said
(http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and- general/finance/katters-towering-rage-over-tully-sale/2217534.aspx)
- Like other taxpayers who will be promptly penalized if they pay their income tax late, I am seething with anger after reading the Auditor-General's
2006 Report on the wanton wastage of public funds for government procurement (http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/72421)
- My anger kept building up inside me (Lakoff and Kovecses, 1983)
- You make my blood boil (Lakoff and Kovecses, 1983
- Public anger reached boiling point when troops were called in to control protesters (http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/reach+boiling+point)
In Vietnamese people usually use the states “nóng” and “sôi” of the fluid to express the anger
- Sau sự cố Phương Thanh giẫm chân lên sách, cư dân mạng thêm một lần nữa nóng mắt với hình ảnh Angela Phương Trinh giẫm chân lên sách
(http://giaoduc.net.vn/Van-hoa/Nguoi-mau/Nong-mat-anh-Angela-Phuong- Trinh-giam-chan-len-sach/206142.gd)
Trong những ngày gần đây, Mỹ đã có nhiều hành động liên quan đến Biển Đông, gây ra sự tức giận cho Bắc Kinh Những động thái này không chỉ thể hiện sự quyết tâm của Mỹ trong việc duy trì tự do hàng hải mà còn làm gia tăng căng thẳng trong khu vực Bắc Kinh đã phản ứng mạnh mẽ trước những hành động này, cho thấy tầm quan trọng của Biển Đông trong chính sách đối ngoại của cả hai nước.
- Tiểu Long sôi máu: “Ngày nào mày cũng đi từ sang sớm đến tối mịt mà bảo là không có gì à?” (Nguyễn Nhật Ánh; 2012, p 2)
- Chao ôi! Nghe đến đó, cả chục triệu người đã ứa gan sôi mật vì đặt lộn niềm tin! (http://vietbao.vn/Giai-tri/Tieu-pham-Niem-vui/40136430/238/)
Tôi nhìn Ngữ với vẻ tức giận, mặt tôi đỏ bừng và mắt thì long lanh Tuy nhiên, Ngữ lại không chú ý đến tôi, mà lại nhìn đi chỗ khác Tôi nhận ra nó đang mím môi, có lẽ là đang cố nén cười.
Quốc Toản bức xúc đứng dậy, hỏi: “Ai là người chủ trương hòa bình? Ai lại cho kẻ thù mượn đường? Không nhận ra rằng đó là kế sách giả dối nhằm tiêu diệt chúng ta hay sao? Có thật là muốn dâng đất nước này cho giặc không mà lại bàn luận như vậy?”
(http://truyenviet.com/truyen-danh-nhan/131-danh-nhan-viet-nam- khac/8514-la-co-theu-sau-chu-vang)
Hẹn hò luôn là một khái niệm phức tạp, đặc biệt đối với những người như tôi, một thanh niên từng trải qua nhiều thất bại trong tình yêu Cảm xúc của tôi trở nên mãnh liệt, tràn đầy sự tức giận và đau khổ khi nghĩ về tình yêu đã bị từ chối.
- Ông nội tôi biết chuyện tức sôi ruột, chửi bới cả gia đình nhà mẹ tôi Tiếng dữ đồn tới xóm làng bên kia sông
(http://music.vietfun.com/trview.php?IDv2&cat)
In the expressions “mắt long sòng sọc” and “mắt long lên” there is no word “nóng” or “sôi”, but “long sòng sọc” and “long lên” imply the boiling fluid
English has a broader range of words and expressions to convey anger compared to Vietnamese Additionally, while English often views the entire body as the container for emotions, Vietnamese typically associates anger with specific body parts such as the eyes, face, intestines, liver, heart, and bile.
2.2.1.2 The entailment “Intense anger produces steam and pressure on the container”
These two entailments are yielded from the knowledge that the intense heat produces steam and creates pressure on the container
B: No, I just got fired! I’m so angry!
A: I’m sorry to hear that What are you going to do?
B: I’m going to blow off some steam by going for a bike ride
(http://www.idiomeanings.com/idioms/blow-off-some-steam/)
- She got all steamed up because he arrived over an hour late
(http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/steamed+up)
- "I will never forget, I was fuming," Zeligzon said "I was outraged."
(http://articles.courant.com/2011-08-12/news/hc-restroom-camera-finder- 0812-20110811_1_voyeurism-starbucks-employees-sound-activated-camera) These examples belong to the entailment intense anger produces steam
Another entailment is that intense anger produces pressure on the container
- He felt he would burst with anger and shame
(http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/burst_1)
- I could barely contain my rage (Lakoff and Kovecses; 1983)
- I could barely keep it in anymore (Lakoff and Kovecses; 1983) The entailment intense anger produces pressure on the container has a variant involving keeping the pressure back :
- My friends were teasing me I was patient at the beginning, but I couldn't suppress my anger
(http://www.angermanagementresource.com/uncontrolled-anger1.html)
- He turned his anger inward (Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983)
In Vietnamese there is only the entailment intense anger produces pressure on the container :
Mẹ tôi ngồi trên chiếc ghế dựa trắng, ánh mắt mở trừng trừng nhìn thẳng vào tôi, thể hiện sự giận dữ, oán trách và một chút thương hại như dành cho kẻ bại trận.
Dù là một giám khảo cá tính, nữ giám khảo này đã không thể kiềm chế được cơn giận khi gặp phải một thí sinh cứng đầu.
(http://www.tinmoi.vn/tai-mat-vi-phuong-uyen-ngoc-anh-07942599.html)
In English, anger is often represented through metaphors involving steam and pressure within a container, while Vietnamese primarily conceptualizes anger through pressure alone Additionally, English metaphors typically depict the entire body as the container for anger, whereas Vietnamese expressions frequently focus on specific body parts, such as "mắt" (eyes) and "lòng" (heart).
2.2.1.3 The entailment “When anger becomes too intense, the person explodes”
This entailment is based on the knowledge that when the pressure on the container becomes too high, the container explodes
The container is usually the whole body:
Explanation for the differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in
In this part, the question that arose in the previous part will be answered As we have seen, both English and Vietnamese share the same central metaphor for anger:
Anger is often metaphorically described as heat, with two primary interpretations: "Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container" and "Anger is Fire." While English conceptualizes anger as a whole-body experience, Vietnamese culture tends to emphasize specific body parts in its understanding of anger This difference raises intriguing questions about the cultural perceptions and expressions of this intense emotion.
English predominantly describes anger through the physiological effects experienced by the entire body, with limited expressions that focus on specific body parts Notably, the head, face, and blood vessels are frequently referenced in the conceptualization of anger.
Lakoff and Kovecses (1983) explain that the terms "face" and "head" are rooted in the physiological experience of increased body temperature and pressure, which causes the face and neck to redden This observable physiological effect highlights the connection between our bodily responses and the language we use.
The phrase "burst a blood vessel" is commonly used, highlighting a specific focus on blood vessels rather than other organs like the heart, liver, or lungs In England, where heart disease is the leading cause of death, there is a widespread understanding that excessive pressure can lead to the rupture of blood vessels Extreme anger can significantly increase this pressure, reflecting how modern medical knowledge shapes the conceptualization of health among the English population.
Vietnamese traditional medicine is significantly influenced by Oriental medicine, particularly Chinese medical theories This influence shapes the Vietnamese conceptualization of health, emphasizing the principles of Yin-Yang and the five elements These foundational theories explore the relationships between humans and nature, as well as the connections among internal organs and their external counterparts.
Five elements and corresponding organs of the body
Elements Wood Fire Earth Metal Water
Locations East South Central West North
Seasons Spring Summer Late summer
Climates Windy Hot Wet Dry Cold
Zang Liver Heart Spleen Lung Kidney
Sense Eyes Tongue Lips Nose Ears
Emotions Anger Happiness Anxiety Grief Fright
The liver, gallbladder, and eyes, associated with the Wood element, are linked to the emotion of anger, as illustrated in the provided table.
In Vietnamese culture, eyes are often referred to as "the windows of the soul," symbolizing a range of emotions and states of being Expressions like "nóng mắt," "mắt long (song sọc)," "sôi mật," and "sôi gan" illustrate how the eyes reflect feelings, drawing from both the Yin-Yang theory and the five element theory This cultural perspective emphasizes the deep connection between emotional states and eye expressions.
In Vietnamese culture, both the intestines and heart are associated with a range of emotions, including happiness, grief, and anger, as reflected in expressions like "sôi ruột," "nổ ruột," and "sôi tim." The heart, in particular, is viewed as the central organ that embodies various emotional states—anger, happiness, anxiety, grief, and fear—according to the principles of Yin-Yang and the five elements This cultural perspective highlights the heart's role in expressing not just joy, but a full spectrum of human emotions.
In Oriental medicine, the liver and intestines are interconnected organs within the digestive system Emotions like anger can cause the liver's blood to heat up, resulting in an increase in intestinal heat, which is the foundation for the expression "sôi ruột." Additionally, steam is recognized as one of the two essential elements in this traditional healing practice.
Steam and blood play a crucial role in maintaining the normal functioning of the body's organs When a person experiences anger, the circulation of steam in the liver is disrupted This disruption affects the flow of Yin steam in the liver, which in turn hampers the Yang steam in the intestine, leading to the phenomenon known as “nổ ruột” (Trần Bá Tiến, 2009).
In summary, cultural aspect and medical knowledge form the differences in the conceptualization of anger between English and in Vietnamese.
Summary
Basing on what have been discussed in this chapter, it is possible now to have a clear view on the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in the two languages:
- The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in both languages is the same and based on bodily experiences
- English tends to express anger through the physiological effects of the whole body; while Vietnamese tends to utilize body parts to express anger
- Differences in culture and medical knowledge cause differences in conceptualization between the two languages
Recapitulation
The study has fulfilled its aims with the following major points presented:
Firstly, the study has provided a brief account for conceptual metaphor
Secondly, it has investigated the cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents
Thirdly, the study has analyzed cognitive mechanism of the metaphor “Anger is
Heat” in the two languages English usually describes anger through the physiological effects of the whole body; in contrast, Vietnamese tends to utilize body parts
The study has also explained the reason why there are differences between the two languages These differences result from differences in culture and medical knowledge.
Concluding remarks
This thesis aims to provide a theoretical foundation on conceptual metaphor, highlighting that metaphor extends beyond mere language to encompass thought processes Additionally, it emphasizes that metaphors are prevalent not only in poetry but also in everyday communication, suggesting that language learners can enhance their communication skills by incorporating metaphorical understanding.
The thesis aims to explore the similarities and differences between the English metaphor "Anger is Heat" and its potential Vietnamese equivalents, highlighting that conceptual metaphors for emotions are rooted in universal bodily experiences While both English and Vietnamese may share similar conceptual metaphors due to this common human experience, cultural distinctions inevitably result in linguistic differences, illustrating the intricate relationship between language and culture.
This thesis emphasizes the significance of teaching metaphors, which are prevalent in everyday English It aims to provide valuable implications for educators to enhance their instruction of metaphorical expressions, ultimately benefiting their teaching practices.
When teaching metaphorical expressions, educators should focus on conveying not just their meanings, but also the cultural context and structural characteristics of these phrases By doing so, learners can more effectively develop semantic memories related to English metaphorical expressions, enhancing their overall understanding and use of the language.
To effectively teach metaphorical expressions, educators should present them within relevant contexts This approach allows students to infer meanings and grasp their usage, facilitating better retention of these expressions By contextualizing metaphorical language, teachers enhance students' understanding and memorization skills.
Comparing and contrasting English metaphorical expressions with their Vietnamese counterparts can enhance translation and reading skills Teachers should emphasize these metaphorical expressions during lessons, facilitating a deeper understanding by drawing parallels between the two languages This approach not only raises students' awareness of universal metaphorical concepts but also aids them in using metaphorical expressions accurately and effectively.
Suggestions for further studies
This study acknowledges its limitations, particularly regarding the data collected primarily from online sources in Vietnamese, which may not fully reflect real-world experiences Constructive feedback on the study is welcomed The research specifically explores the central metaphor of anger as "Anger is Heat," derived from bodily experiences, while also recognizing other metaphors related to anger, such as "Anger is Insanity."
Future research should focus on the central metaphors related to anger as defined by the folk theory of its physiological effects Such studies would provide a comprehensive understanding of metaphorical expressions for anger, enhancing readers' knowledge and enabling them to use these expressions effectively in everyday conversations.
1 Black, M (1955) Metaphor Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol 55 (1954 - 1955), p 273-294
2 Esenova, O (2009) Anger metaphors in the English language Varieng, 3
3 Koller, V (2003) Metaphor clusters in Business Media Discourse: A Social
Cognition Approach University of Vienna Ph.D thesis
4 Kovecses, Z (2000) Metaphor and Emotions in The Cambridge Handbook of
Metaphor and Thought, Raymon W and Gibbs Jr Cambridge University Press
5 Kovecses, Z (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction Oxford University Press
6 Lakoff, G and Johnson M (1980) Metaphor We Lived By The University of Chicago Press
7 Lakoff, G and Kovecses, Z (1983) The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in
American English Berkeley Cognitive Science Report georgelakoff.files.wordpress.com/ /the-cognitive-model-of-anger-in
8 Ortony, A (1975) Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice, Educational Theory, 25, 45-53
9 Ohkura, C (2003) The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination Equilibria Lexicon and Figurative
10 Ortony, A and Fainsilber, L (1987) The Role of Metaphor in Descriptions of
Emotions dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id0346&type=pdf
11 Reddy, M.J (1979) The conduit metaphor: A case of Frame conflict in Our
Language about Language www.biolinguagem.com/ /reddy_1979_conduit_metaphor.pdf
12 Richards, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H (1992) Dictionary of Language Teaching
13 Hoang Tat Truong (1993) Basic English Lexicology National University College of Foreign language
14 Verspoor, C.M (1993) What are Characteristics of Emotional Metaphors citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi.1.1.55 rep
15 Trần Bá Tiến (2007) Ẩn Dụ Về Sự Tức Giận Và Niềm Vui Trong Tiếng Anh
Và Tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Ngôn Ngữ, 7, 22-34
16 Lê Ðình Tư (2010) Chúng Ta Làm Gì Khi Tức Giận http://ngnnghc.wordpress.com/2010/02/20/chung-ta-lam-gi-khi- t%E1%BB%A9c-gi%E1%BA%ADn/
1 Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (2011) Hoa Hồng Xứ Khác Nxb Trẻ
2 Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (2011) Kính Vạn Hoa Tập 46: Người Giúp Việc Khác
3 Lê Vũ Trường Giang (2010) Giọt Úa Ðại Ngàn Tạp chí Sông Hương, 254
4 Phan Duy Nhân (1984) Chùm Thơ Phan Duy Nhân Tạp chí Sông Hương, 6
5 Nguyễn Huy Tưởng (2012) Lá Cờ Thêu Sáu Chữ Vàng Nxb Kim Ðồng
6 http://www.thethaovanhoa.vn/135N200922416119893T0/sean-penn-chinh-tri-gia-cua hollywood.htm
7 http://www.hoahoctro.com/4rum/showthread.php?t)4299
8 http://namkna.blogspot.com/2011/05/ba-chua-mac-lom-truyen-trang-quynh.html
9 http://thegioigiadinh.com.vn/doi-song/toa-an/2304/to-am-mong-manh.html
10 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/gorges
11 http://www.americanidioms.net/get-a-rise-out-of-%28someone%29/
12 http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and general/finance/katters-towering-rage-over-tully-sale/2217534.aspx
13 http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/72421
14 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/reach+boiling+point
15 http://giaoduc.net.vn/Van-hoa/Nguoi-mau/Nong-mat-anh-Angela-Phuong
Trinh-giam-chan-len-sach/206142.gd
16 http://phunuonline.com.vn/the-gioi/24h-qua/my-lam-trung-quoc-nong-mat-ve van-de-bien-dong/a70807.html
17 http://vietbao.vn/Giai-tri/Tieu-pham-Niem-vui/40136430/238/
18 http://truyenviet.com/truyen-danh-nhan/131-danh-nhan-viet-nam-khac/8514-la co-theu-sau-chu-vang
19 http://www.idiomeanings.com/idioms/blow-off-some-steam/
20 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/steamed+up
21 http://articles.courant.com/2011-08-12/news/hc-restroom-camera-finder-0812
20110811_1_voyeurism-starbucks-employees-sound-activated-camera
22 http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/burst_1
23 http://www.angermanagementresource.com/uncontrolled-anger1.html
24 http://me.truyennganhay.net/space-5639-do-thread-id-2040.html
25 http://www.tinmoi.vn/tai-mat-vi-phuong-uyen-ngoc-anh-07942599.html
26 http://www.dvrcv.org.au/stories/jennas-story/
27 http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/celebs/news/miley-cyrus-defends-her-fan outburst
28 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/burst+a+blood+vessel
29 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+a+gasket
30 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+a+gasket
31 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/erupt
32 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/set+off
33 http://alobooks.vn/forum/13206/nguoi-khong-mang-ho-full-xuan-duc.aspx
34 http://giaoduc.net.vn/Utilities/PrintView.aspx?ID 4881
35 http://music.vietfun.com/trview2.php?tap=3&ID 76&cat
37 http://www.hoahoctro.com/4rum/showthread.php?t)4299
38 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/flip+lid
39 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+top
40 http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/HITTHECEILING
41 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/go+through+the+roof
42 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/van-hoa/84934/quoc-trung -thanh-lam-khong-kheo chu-khong-ngu-dai-.html
43 http://www.tin247.com/truoc_tran_granada_%E2%80%93_barca_trut_het_buc boi-5-21849792.html
44 http://baobongdaso24h.com/bong-da-anh/man-city-vs-aston-villa-xa-gian-thoi
45 http://www.baomoi.com/Pakistan-Ban-tra-neu-bi-NATO-tan