(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) an investigation into phonology problems encounter by beginner students in TOEIC listening section

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* VÕ THIÊN AN AN INVESTIGATION INTO PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY BEGINNER STUDENTS IN TOEIC LISTENING SECTION Nghiên cứu vấn đề âm vị học mà học sinh trình độ sơ cấp gặp phải phần nghe TOEIC M.A MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 60140111 Hanoi, 2014 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* VÕ THIÊN AN AN INVESTIGATION INTO PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY BEGINNER STUDENTS IN TOEIC LISTENING SECTION Nghiên cứu vấn đề âm vị học mà học sinh trình độ sơ cấp gặp phải phần nghe TOEIC M.A MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH TEACHING METHODOLOGY CODE: 60140111 SUPERVISOR: PHẠM HỮU ĐỨC, Ph.D Hanoi, 2014 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I, Võ Thiên An, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “An investigation into phonology problems encountered by beginner students in TOEIC listening section” and the work presented in it is entirely my own Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated Signed: _ Date: _ i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all my lecturers at the Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi whose support and considerations have enabled me to pursue the course I would like to express my deepest thank to Mr Phạm Hữu Đức, Ph.D, my supervisor, for his instructive suggestions and valuable comments on the writing of this thesis Without his help and generous encouragement, this minor thesis would not have been accomplished I am also thankful to Mr Vĩnh Huy, M.A, Ms Chung Thị Thanh Loan, the employees and all my students from class TOEIC 300.21 and TOEIC 300.22 of Go Ahead center for their whole-hearted assistance in this study I also owe my sincere gratitude to Mr Vũ Minh Ngọc, M.A, my uncle Mr Nguyễn Diệu and my cousin Ms Nguyễn Diệu Minh who spent time to share their useful ideas for my thesis Last my thanks would go to my beloved family, my friends and my boyfriend for their loving consideration as well as their share in listening to me and helping me to work out my problems during the difficult course of the minor thesis ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section ABSTRACT The score of TOEIC test in listening and reading reflects the proficiency of using English to communicate with native and non- native speakers of learners In the recent years, Vietnamese students have considered TOEIC as a key to find a good job, get promotion or study abroad however they still find it difficult to be good at listening section in TOEIC because of some linguistic obstacles This study is conducted to investigate some phonology problems that hinder students‟ success in TOEIC listening section The data was collected through the survey questionnaires of 30 students and the interview of teachers at a center in order to find out students‟ phonology problems in TOEIC listening section as well as the solutions for these problems Key words: TOEIC listening section, phonology problems, beginner students, solutions iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES ix PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale: Aims and Objectives of the study: Research questions: Scope of the study Method of the study Organization of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 English listening and its importance 1.1.1 Theoretical background of listening and listening comprehension 1.1.2 The importance of listening 1.2 TOEIC listening section: 1.3 Phonetics & Phonology in English listening 1.3.1 Definition of phonetics & phonology 1.3.2 Role of phonetics & phonology in Listening 1.3.3 Listening Comprehension Obstacles regarding to Phonetics & Phonology 10 1.4 Phonetic & Phonology problems students may encounter in TOEIC listening section: 11 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 1.4.1 Sounds 11 1.4.2 Accent 12 1.4.3 Stress 13 1.4.4 Intonation 14 1.4.5 Connected speech 15 1.4.5.1 Weak forms 16 1.4.5.2 Reduced forms 17 1.4.5.3 Linking of words (liaison) 18 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 20 2.1 Setting of the study and participants 20 2.1.1 Setting of the study 20 2.1.2 Participants 20 2.2 Data Collection 20 2.2.1 Data Collection Instruments 20 2.2.2 Data collection procedures 21 2.2.3 Data analysis procedure 21 CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 23 3.1 Findings from the questionnaire: 23 3.1.1 Students‟ evaluation of their listening ability: 23 3.1.2 Students‟ evaluation of the importance of English listening skill 23 3.1.3 Students‟ evaluation of the difficulties of TOEIC listening section: 24 3.1.4 Students‟ frequency of having phonetic & phonology problems in TOEIC listening section 25 3.1.4.1 Students‟ problem with same and similar sounds 26 3.1.4.2 Students‟ problem with variety of accents 26 3.1.4.3 Students‟ problem with stress 27 3.1.4.4 Students‟ problem with intonation of the speakers 27 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 11 Buck, G (2001) Assessing listening New York : Cambridge University Press 12 Byrne, G & Taylor, A (2007) Very Easy TOEIC: Beginning TOEIC Test-taking Skills Compass Publishing 13 Cauldwell, R (1996).Direct encounters with Fast Speech on CD Audio to Teach Listening System 24/4: 521-528 14 Celce-Murcia et al (2002), Teaching Pronunciation- A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 15 Celce-Murcia, M, Donna M B, & Janet M G (2010) Teaching Pronunciation: A Course Book and Reference Guide, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 16 Celce-Muricia, M (1996) Teaching Pronounciation A Reference for Teachers of English Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge University Press 17 Chiang, Ch S., & Dunkel, P (1992) The effect of speech modification, prior knowledge, and listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning TESOL Quarterly, 26, 345-374 18 Cook, A (2000) American Accent Training Second edition Matrix Press 19 Derwing, T M., & Munro, M J (2005) Second language accent and pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach TESOL Quarterly 20 Feyten, C M (1991) The power of listening ability: An overlooked dimension in language acquisition The Modern Language Journal 75, 173–180 21 Field, J C (2003) Promoting perception: Lexical segmentation in L2 listening ELT Journal, 57(4), 325-334 22 Forel, C A& Puskás, G (2005) Phonetics ad Phonology Reader for First Year English Linguistics University of Geneva 42 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 23 Goh, C (2000) A cognitive perspective on language learners‟ listening comprehension problems System 24 Gomez, P (2012) British and American English pronunciation differences 25 Gonzalez, D.M &Vargas, V O (2009) Apply Bottom -up listening strategies to eight grade in a public high school 26 Habibi P, Jahandar S and Khodabandehlou M (2013) The impact of teaching phonetic symbols on Iranian EFL learner‟s listening comprehension Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 27 Hansan, A (2000) Learners‟ perceptions of listening comprehension problems Language, Culture and Curriculum 28 Harmer, J (2007) The practice of English language teaching 3rd edition New York: Longman 29 Henrichsen, L (1984) Sandhi-variation: A filter of input for learners of ESL Language Learning, 3, 103-126 30 Hamouda, A (2013) An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in EL listening classroom International journal of Academic research in progressive education and development Vol 2, No 31 Hyman, L.M (1975) Phonology: Theory and Analysis Holt, Rinehart and Winston; First Printing edition 32 Jia, X Y & Fu, G R (2011) Strategies to Overcome Listening Obstacles and Improve the Listening Abilities US-China Foreign Language, ISSN 15398080 Vol 9, No 5, 315-323 33 Kelly, G (2007) How to Teach Pronunciation, England: Pearson Education Limited 34 Kodera, M (2012) Teaching connected speech in high school English education in Japan 43 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 35 Koster, C J (1987) Word recognition in foreign and native languages: Effects of context and assimilation Dordrecht: Foris Publications 36 Krashen, S (1985) The input hypothesis Beverly Hills: Laredo 37 Kuo, Li (2009) The effect of Youtube listening/ Viewing activities on Taiwanese EFL learners‟s listening comprehension The Faculty of School of Education La Sierra University 38 Laoubi, M (2010) The Importance of Learning Strong and Weak Forms in Listening Comprehension The Case of Third Year Students at the Department of English - Constantine University 39 Lynch, T (2006) Academic Listening: Marrying Top and Bottom In E U Juan, & A M Flor (Eds.), Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills 40 Lynch, T., & Mendelsohn, D (2002) Listening In N Schmitt (ed.) An Introduction to Applied Linguistics New York: Oxford University Press 41 Matsuzawa, T (2007) Comprehension of English reduced forms by Japanese business people and the effectiveness of instruction 42 Mortimer, C (1985) Elements of Pronunciations: Intensive Practice for Intermediate and more Advanced Students Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 43 Murphy, J M (1991) Oral communication in TESOL: Integrating speaking, listening and pronunciation TESOL Quarterly 44 Nghia, Nguyen Thanh (2008).Teaching intonation to Vietnamese students learning English as a Foreign language: Problems and solutions 45 O‟ Cornor, J, D & Fletcher, C (1989) Sounds English : Pronunciation practice book Longman publisher 44 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 46 Purdy, M (1997) What is listening? In M Purdy & D Borisoff (Eds.), Listening in everyday life: A personal and professional approach (2nd ed.) Lanham, MD: University Press of America 47 Richards, J.C (2008).Teaching Listening and Speaking from Theory to Practice New York: Cambridge University Press 48 Roach, P (1991) English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 49 Rost, M (2002) Teaching and researching listening London: Longman 50 Schedl M (2010) Background and goals of the TOEIC listening and reading test redesign project ETS 51 Shelton, C (2008) Teaching Listening to Advanced Learners: Problems and Solutions 52 Singer, E (2012) Vietnamese Accent 53 Stahr, L S (2009) Vocabulary knowledge and advanced listening comprehension in English as a foreign language Studies in Second Language Acquisition 54 Swain, M (1985) Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development 55 Tench, P (2003).Transcribing English Phrases Centre for Language and Communication Research Cardiff University 56 Thomlison, T D considerations (1984) Relational listening: theoretical and practical Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the 5th International Listening Association, 57 Trask, R L (1996) Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology Taylor & Francis Routledge 58 Trew G (2007) A teacher‟s guide to TOEIC listening and reading test: Preparing your students for success Oxford University press 59 Underwood, M (1989) Teaching listening New York: Longman 45 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section 60 Ur, P (1984) Teaching listening comprehension Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 61 Ur, P (2007) Teaching Listening Comprehension Second edition Cambridge University Press 62 Vandergrift, L (2007) Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research Language Teaching 63 Vikner, S (1986) Phonetics and Phonology Geneva: University of Geneva, dept of English 64 Vygotsky, L.S (1962) Thought and language Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 65 White, G (1998) Listening New York: Oxford University Press 66 Wolvin, A D., & Coakley, C G (1988) Listening 3rd ed Dubuque, IA: Wm C Brown 67 Wong, R (1993) Pronunciation myths and facts English Teaching Forum, 31(4), 45-46 46 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS Excellent Good Average Poor Never Sometimes Often Always Never Sometimes Often Always How you rate your English listening ability when compared to other skills? Are you aware of the perceived importance of English listening skill? Do you find that TOEIC listening section is difficult? How often you have to encounter with these problems in TOEIC listening section?  Same and similar sounds  Variety of accents  Stress  Intonation of the speaker  Reduced forms  Linking of words  Weak forms I TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section APPENDIX QUESTIONS TO INTERVIEW STUDENTS Do you think listening skill is important in studying a language? What you think about TOEIC listening section? Do you find it difficult? Do you have any problems that relevant to phonology during you listening process in TOEIC? If yes, how? In your opinion, what are the main reasons for your problems? II TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section (LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section