Suggestions for the study

CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

3. Suggestions for the study

In order to help the study to be more complete, I would like to suggest some ideas. First, besides the questionnaires and interview, other instruments can be used to get data such as the observation or the TOEIC test. Second, this study should be conducted in larger groups of students to get more reliable and more representative data. Finally, it is necessary to have more researches to find out some effective techniques for teachers to apply in teaching TOEIC listening for students.

(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section(LUAN.van.THAC.si).an.investigation.into.phonology.problems.encounter.by.beginner.students.in.TOEIC.listening.section

REFERENCE

1. Aquil, R . (2012). Phonology and Applied Linguistics Meet in Teaching Listening.

AWEJ Volume.3. Number.3

2. Avery, P., Ehrlich, S., Mendelson-Burns, I. & Jull,D. (1987). Part 1: The sound systems of English. TESL Talk, 17, 14-72

3. Bacon, S. M. (1989). Listening for real in the foreign-language classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 22, 543-551.

4. Bentley, S., & Bacon, S. E. (1996). The all new, state-of-the-art ILA definition of listening: Now that we have it, what do we do with it? Listening Post, 1-5.

5. Berne, J. (1998). Examining the Relationship between L2 Listening Research, Pedagogical Theory, and Practice. Foreign Language Annals 31/2: 169-190.

6. Brette, P. (1995). Multimedia for Listening comprehension: The Design of a Multimedia based resources for Developing Listening Skills. System 23 (1), 77-88.

7. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the spoken language: An approach based on the analysis of conversational English. New York: Cambridge University Press.

8. Brown, G.K, Currie & Kenworthy, J. (1980). Question of intonation. London.

Croom Helm

9. Brown, H. D.(2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, 2 nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

10. Brown, J. D. & Kondo-Brown, K. (2006) Teacher Resources for Teaching Connected Speech, Perspectives on Teaching Connected Speech to Second Language Speakers, ed. by Brown, J. D & Kondo-Brown, K. 27-47, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

11. Buck, G. (2001). Assessing listening. New York : Cambridge University Press

12. Byrne, G & Taylor, A. (2007). Very Easy TOEIC: Beginning TOEIC Test-taking Skills. Compass Publishing.

13. Cauldwell, R. (1996).Direct encounters with Fast Speech on CD Audio to Teach Listening. System 24/4: 521-528

14. Celce-Murcia et al. (2002), Teaching Pronunciation- A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

15. Celce-Murcia, M, Donna M. B, & Janet M. G. (2010) Teaching Pronunciation: A Course Book and Reference Guide, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

16. Celce-Muricia, M. (1996). Teaching Pronounciation. A Reference for Teachers of English Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge University Press.

17. Chiang, Ch. S., & Dunkel, P. (1992). The effect of speech modification, prior knowledge, and listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning. TESOL Quarterly, 26, 345-374.

18. Cook, A. (2000). American Accent Training. Second edition. Matrix Press.

19. Derwing, T. M., & Munro, M. J. (2005). Second language accent and pronunciation teaching: A research-based approach. TESOL Quarterly 20. Feyten, C. M. (1991). The power of listening ability: An overlooked dimension in

language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal. 75, 173–180.

21. Field, J. C. (2003). Promoting perception: Lexical segmentation in L2 listening.

ELT Journal, 57(4), 325-334.

22. Forel, C. A& Puskás, G. (2005). Phonetics ad Phonology. Reader for First Year English Linguistics. University of Geneva

23. Goh, C. (2000). A cognitive perspective on language learners‟ listening comprehension problems. System.

24. Gomez, P. (2012). British and American English pronunciation differences.

25. Gonzalez, D.M &Vargas, V. O. (2009). Apply Bottom -up listening strategies to eight grade in a public high school.

26. Habibi. P, Jahandar. S and Khodabandehlou. M. (2013). The impact of teaching phonetic symbols on Iranian EFL learner‟s listening comprehension. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences

27. Hansan, A. (2000). Learners‟ perceptions of listening comprehension problems.

Language, Culture and Curriculum

28. Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching. 3 rd edition. New York: Longman

29. Henrichsen, L. (1984). Sandhi-variation: A filter of input for learners of ESL.

Language Learning, 3, 103-126.

30. Hamouda, A. (2013). An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in EL listening classroom. International journal of Academic research in progressive education and development.

Vol 2, No. 2.

31. Hyman, L.M. (1975). Phonology: Theory and Analysis. Holt, Rinehart and Winston; First Printing edition

32. Jia, X. Y & Fu, G. R. (2011). Strategies to Overcome Listening Obstacles and Improve the Listening Abilities. US-China Foreign Language, ISSN 1539- 8080. Vol. 9, No. 5, 315-323

33. Kelly, G. (2007). How to Teach Pronunciation, England: Pearson Education Limited

34. Kodera, M. (2012). Teaching connected speech in high school English education in Japan.

35. Koster, C. J. (1987). Word recognition in foreign and native languages: Effects of context and assimilation. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.

36. Krashen, S. (1985). The input hypothesis. Beverly Hills: Laredo.

37. Kuo, Li. (2009). The effect of Youtube listening/ Viewing activities on Taiwanese EFL learners‟s listening comprehension. The Faculty of School of Education. La Sierra University.

38. Laoubi, M. (2010). The Importance of Learning Strong and Weak Forms in Listening Comprehension. The Case of Third Year Students at the Department of English - Constantine University.

39. Lynch, T. (2006). Academic Listening: Marrying Top and Bottom. In E. U. Juan,

& A. M. Flor (Eds.), Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Language Skills

40. Lynch, T., & Mendelsohn, D. (2002). Listening. In N. Schmitt (ed.) An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

41. Matsuzawa, T. (2007). Comprehension of English reduced forms by Japanese business people and the effectiveness of instruction

42. Mortimer, C. (1985). Elements of Pronunciations: Intensive Practice for Intermediate and more Advanced Students. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

43. Murphy, J. M. (1991). Oral communication in TESOL: Integrating speaking, listening and pronunciation. TESOL Quarterly.

44. Nghia, Nguyen Thanh. (2008).Teaching intonation to Vietnamese students learning English as a Foreign language: Problems and solutions.

45. O‟ Cornor, J, D & Fletcher, C. (1989). Sounds English : Pronunciation practice book. Longman publisher.

46. Purdy, M. (1997). What is listening? In M. Purdy & D. Borisoff (Eds.), Listening in everyday life: A personal and professional approach (2 nd ed.) Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

47. Richards, J.C. (2008).Teaching Listening and Speaking from Theory to Practice.

New York: Cambridge University Press.

48. Roach, P. (1991) English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

49. Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and researching listening. London: Longman

50. Schedl. M (2010). Background and goals of the TOEIC listening and reading test redesign project. ETS

51. Shelton, C. (2008). Teaching Listening to Advanced Learners: Problems and Solutions

52. Singer, E. (2012). Vietnamese Accent.

53. Stahr, L. S. (2009). Vocabulary knowledge and advanced listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 54. Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible

input and comprehensible output in its development.

55. Tench, P. (2003).Transcribing English Phrases. Centre for Language and Communication Research. Cardiff University

56. Thomlison, T. D. (1984). Relational listening: theoretical and practical considerations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the 5th International Listening Association,

57. Trask, R. L. (1996). Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Taylor & Francis Routledge

58. Trew. G (2007). A teacher‟s guide to TOEIC listening and reading test: Preparing your students for success. Oxford University press.

59. Underwood, M. (1989). Teaching listening. New York: Longman.

60. Ur, P. (1984). Teaching listening comprehension. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

61. Ur, P. (2007). Teaching Listening Comprehension. Second edition. Cambridge University Press

62. Vandergrift, L. (2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research. Language Teaching

63. Vikner, S. (1986). Phonetics and Phonology. Geneva: University of Geneva, dept.

of English.

64. Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

65. White, G. (1998). Listening. New York: Oxford University Press.

66. Wolvin, A. D., & Coakley, C. G. (1988). Listening. 3 rd ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C.

Brown.

67. Wong, R. (1993). Pronunciation myths and facts. English Teaching Forum, 31(4), 45-46

APPENDIX 1

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS

Excellent Good Average Poor

1. How do you rate your English listening ability when compared to other skills?

Never Sometimes Often Always 2. Are you aware of the perceived

importance of English listening skill?

3. Do you find that TOEIC listening section is difficult?

4. How often do you have to encounter with these problems in TOEIC listening section?

Never Sometimes Often Always

 Same and similar sounds

 Variety of accents.

 Stress

 Intonation of the speaker.

 Reduced forms

 Linking of words

 Weak forms

APPENDIX 2

QUESTIONS TO INTERVIEW STUDENTS

1. Do you think listening skill is important in studying a language?

2. What do you think about TOEIC listening section? Do you find it difficult?

3. Do you have any problems that relevant to phonology during you listening process in TOEIC? If yes, how?

4. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for your problems?

English listening and its importance