Population, distribution and conservation of the laotian langur (trachypithecus laotum) in phou hin poun national protected area, khammouane province, lao pdr

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY JOHNNY SOUWIDETH POPULATION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE LAOTIAN LANGUR (TRACHYPITHECUS LAOTUM) IN PHOU HIN POUN NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA, KHAMMOUANE PROVINCE, LAO PDR Major: Forest Science Code: 8620201 MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE Academic advisor: Assoc Prof Dr Dong Thanh Hai Ha Noi, 2023 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My studies will not be completed without cooperation and collaboration with various persons at Vietnam National University of Forestry (VNUF) in Vietnam, Department of Forestry, National University of Laos (NUoL), Provincial and District Agriculture and Forestry Offices (PAFO and DAFO), The International Union for Conservation of Nature Laos (IUCN-Laos) and Wildlife Conservation Association (WCA), Rufford Foundation, IDEAWILD, and villagers in Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area (PHP-NPA) First and foremost, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Dong Thanh Hai for his invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my master study His immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me in all the time of my academic research I would also like to thank Assoc Prof Dr Luu Quang Vinh for giving me opportunity to be volunteer at Wildlife Department of VNUF I also would like to express my special thanks to Dr Phaivanh Phiapalath (IUCN Primate Specialist Group) and Dr Thananh Kothpathoom (NUoL) for their technical supports and idea on undertaking the Laotian Langur research project in PHP-NPA I would like to thank Mr Sousath Xayakoummane, General Director of the Department of Forestry (DoF) for research permission and thank to all the staffs from PAFO and DAFOs in Khammouane Province for their kind support and assistance, especially Mr Bounchanh Xaypanya, head of PAFO Very big thanks are to Dr Harald Kirsch (GIZ-Vietnam) and Dr Lamphoune Xayavongsa (NUoL) for their professional advices and support to my research project proposals I am also grateful with help from Dr Sisomphone Southichak, Deputy head of Nakai-Nam Thuen National Park for his support as well as Dr Camille Coudrat, Mr Chanhthalaphone (Project Association) and Mr Dirk Euler (GIZ-Hin Nam No Project) for their sharing materials on primate studies I thank Mr Peter Brakels from IUCN Laos who assisted me in designing the study area Without funding support this study would not be able to start, I also would to say huge thank Dr Jane Raymond from Rufford Foundation and Mr Harrison Goodale ii from IDEAWILD for their valuable times and research grants I also thank to WCA staffs for managing the research grants and villagers for field assistance Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Present of VNUF for scholarship, all my teachers and lecturers for proving me knowledge on forestry and biodiversity conservation as well as reviewers and committees for their useful comments and feedbacks to my thesis Finally, I would like to thank my family, classmates and friends Without their tremendous understanding and encouragement in the past few years, it would be impossible for me to complete my study in Vietnam iii ABSTRACT The study on population, distribution and conservation of the Laotian Langur (Trachypithecus laotum) in Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area, Khammouane Province, Lao PDR was conducted from July to December 2020 using interviews and 21 transects at survey sectors yield 64.1 km by 18 survey members over 37 days field survey Eight sleep sites, ten group calls and nine groups of the Langurs were detected and encountered at the study sites The average encounter rate of the Langur population was 0.34 group/km The highest encounter rate in Buamlou sector at group/km, Konglor-Natan sector at 0.34 group/km, Konglor at 0.21 group/km and Kuankach at 0.18 group/ km respectively Group size ranges from two to six individuals, the smallest group comprises adult male and adult female and the largest group had adult males, adult females with sub-adult Langurs Out of groups observed, 57.14% (n=7) was one adult male multi-female group, 28.57% (n=7) was one male one female group and 14.28% (n=7) was multi male multi female group The age-sex composition of the Langur showed that number of adult female Langur is higher than adult male and number of the adult Langur also was higher than number of non-adult Langur An average of the Langur age-sex composition was 1.14 individual adult male per 1.71 individual adult female in a group (n=7) and 2.66 individual adult per 1.22 individual non-adult Langur in group (n=9) The observed Langur groups distributed 66.6% at medium elevation (220-500 m, n=9), 22.2% at low elevation (>250 m, n=9) and 11.1% at high elevation (500-750m, n=9), respectively One hundred percent (100%) of these Langur groups prefer moderate vegetation dense/forest dense areas with NDVI values range 0.3-0.42 (n=9) and mean NDVI value was 0.36, but NDVI values of their sleep sites range 0.18 to 0.33 (n=8) and mean NDVI value was 0.26 Distance from these Langur groups to nearest village ranges from to 7.33 km (n=9) Main threats to the Langur are hunting and human disturbance including logging in karst areas To save the remaining Langurs in PHP-NPA, there are still iv lot of works and protected area management activities to be done by protected area authorities in Khammouane Province such as biodiversity monitoring/research, law enforcement, environmental demarcation), and livelihood awareness, area management (zoning and Regular patrolling activity can reduce threat level within the Langur habitats and further research on ecology and population monitoring of the Laotian Langurs by national and international primatologists is crucial to provide more information about the species conservation v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .v ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES .ix LIST OF FIGURES x Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Aim of this research 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Scope of the study Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Primates 2.1.1 Asian primates 2.1.2 Primates and their conservation status in Laos 2.2 Study species 2.2.1 Genus Trachypithecus .7 2.2.2 Laotian Langur (Trachypithecus laotum) 11 2.3 2.3.1 2.4 Study area 16 Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area .16 Methods for primate studies .21 Chapter 23 METHODS 23 3.1 Study area 23 vi 3.2 Materials and equipment 24 3.3 Data collection 25 3.1.1 Interview 26 3.1.2 Field survey 27 3.4 Data analysis .32 3.4.1 Population study 32 3.4.2 Distribution study 34 3.4.3 Threats to the Langur 38 Chapter 39 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39 4.1 RESULTS 39 4.1.1 Interview results 39 4.1.2 Field survey results 40 4.2 Discussion 60 4.2.1 Population of the T laotum 60 4.2.2 Distribution of the Langur 62 4.2.3 Threats to the Langur 62 4.2.4 Recommendation 63 Chapter 65 CONCLUSION 65 REFERENCES .67 ANNEXES vii ABBREVIATIONS a.s.l Above sea level CITES Convention on International Trade of Threatened Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CR Critically Endangered CRS Coordinate Reference System DAFO District Agriculture and Forestry Office DEM Digital Elevation Model DD Data deficient DoF Department of Forestry Elev Elevation EN Endangered ER Encounter Rate GPS Global Positioning System IF Infant IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JU Juvenile Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MF One male-one female MMF One male-multi female MMMF Multi-male multi female NA Non-Adult NBCA National Biodiversity Conservation Area viii NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NKD-NPA Nam Kading National Protected Area NP National Park NPA National Protected Area NUoL National University of Laos PA Protected Area PAFO Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office PHP-NPA Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area PAPFMS Protected Area and Protection Forest Management Section SA Sub-Adult UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VNUF Vietnam National University of Forestry VU Vulnerable TPZ Total Protection Zone WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Primate species in Laos and conservation status Table 2: List of the genus Trachypithecus species with IUCN conservation status Table 3: Description of the study camps and transects .27 Table 4: Survey teams and transects walked 30 Table 5: Description of the elevation intervals at the study area 35 Table 6: Classification of the vegetation using INDV values 36 Table 7: Occurrence and population status of primate species in PHP-NPA 39 Table 8: Description of survey sites and transect lengths 41 Table 9: Laotian Langur encountered on transects walked in each sector .42 Table 10: Record of group size of the Laotian Langur at study area 43 Table 11: Record of group composition of the Laotian Langur .45 Table 12: Age-sex composition of the Laotian Langur 46 Table 13: Elevation of the Langur groups were directly observed 49 Table 14: Vegetation types of the Langur groups were directly observed at study sites .52 Table 15: Distance of the Langur groups were directly observed to nearest village 55 Table 16: Frequency and encounter rate at study area 58 75 e.T136920A17988818 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020- 3.RLTS.T136920A17988818.en 86 Zinner, D., Fickenscher, G.H., Roos, C., 2013 Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) In: Mittermeier RA, Wilson DE, editors Handbook of the mammals of the world Vol Primates Bacelona: Lynx Editions ANNEXES Annex 1: Asian primates Family Lorisidae Gray Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus Mysore Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Malabar Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Red Slender Loris Loris tardigradus Bengal Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis Sunda Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus Hiller's Slow Loris Nycticebus hilleri Philippine Slow Loris Nycticebus menagensis Philippine Slow Loris Nycticebus menagensis menagensis Natuna lslands Slow Loris Nycticebus menagensis natunae Tioman Island Slow Loris Nycticebus menagensis insularis Pygmy Slow Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus Bangka Slow Loris Nycticebus bancanus Bornean Slow Loris Nycticebus borneanus Kayan River Slow Loris Nycticebus kayan Family Tarsiidae Western Tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus Horsfield’s Tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus bancanus Bornean Tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus Natuna Islands Tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus natunensis Belitung Tarsier Cephalopachus bancanus saltator Philippine Tarsier Carlito syrichta Philippine Tarsier Carlito syrichta syrichta Mindanao Tarsier Carlito syrichta carbonarius Bohol Tarsier Carlito syrichta fraterculus Selayar Tarsier Tarsius tarsier Makassar Tarsier Tarsius fuscus Dian's Tarsier Tarsius dentatus Peleng Tarsier Tarsius pelengensis Great Sangihe Tarsier Tarsius sangirensis Family Lorisidae Siau Island Tarsier Tarsius tumpara Sulawesi Mountain Tarsier Tarsius pumilus Lariang Tarsier Tarsius lariang Wallace's Tarsier Tarsius wallacei Bumbulan Tarsier Tarsius supriatnai Manado spectal tarsier Tarsius spectrumgurskyae Togean Tarsier Tarsius niemitzi Family Cercopithecidae Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus Crested Macaque Macaca nigra Gorontalo Macaque Macaca nigrescens Heck’s Macaque Macaca hecki Tonkean Macaque Macaca tonkeana Moor Macaque Macaca maura Booted Macaque Macaca ochreata Buton Macaque Macaca brunnescens Pagai Macaque Macaca pagensis Siberut Macaque Macaca siberu Sunda Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina Toque Macaque Macaca sinica Common Toque Macaque Macaca sinica sinica Pale-fronted Toque Macaque Macaca sinica aurifrons Hill Zone Toque Macaque Macaca sinica opisthomelas Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata Dark-bellied Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata radiata Pale-bellied Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata diluta Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis Eastern Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis assamensis Western Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis pelops Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala White-cheeked Macaque Macaca leucogenys Tibetan Macaque Macaca thibetana Sichuan Tibetan Macaque Macaca thibetana thibetana Family Lorisidae Fujian Macaque Macaca thibetana pulla Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis Common Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis fascicularis Dark-crowned Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis atriceps Myanmar Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis aurea Con Son Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis condorensis Simeulue Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis fusca Lasia Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis lasiae Karimunjawa Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis karimondjawae Maratua Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis tua Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis umbrosa Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata fuscata Yaku Macaque Macaca fuscata yakui Taiwanese Macaque Macaca cyclopis Javan Langur Presbytis comata Javan Grizzled Langur Presbytis comata comata Javan Fuscous Langur Presbytis comata fredericae Raffles’ Banded Langur Presbytis femoralis East Sumatran Banded Langur Presbytis percura Robinson’s Banded Langur Presbytis robinsoni Cross-marked Langur Presbytis chrysomelas Bornean Banded Langur Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas Tricolored Langur (cruciger) Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger White-fronted Langur Presbytis frontata Hose's Langur Presbytis hosei Miller's Langur Presbytis canicrus Sabah Grizzled Langur Presbytis sabana Black-crested Sumatran Langur Presbytis melalophos Black-and-white Langur Presbytis bicolor Black Sumatran Langur Presbytis sumatrana Mitered Langur Presbytis mitrata Family Lorisidae Mentawai Langur Presbytis potenziani Siberut Langur Presbytis siberu Maroon Langur Presbytis rubicunda Maroon Red Langur Presbytis rubicunda rubicunda Red-naped Red Langur Presbytis rubicunda carimatae Orange-backed red Langur Presbytis rubicunda chrysea Orange-naped Red Langur Presbytis rubicunda ignita Maroon Langur Presbytis rubicunda rubida Pale-thighed Langur Presbytis siamensis Malayan Pale-thighed Langur Presbytis siamensis siamensis Riau Pale-thighed Langur Presbytis siamensis cana Mantled Pale-thighed Langur Presbytis siamensis paenulata Bintan Pale-thighed Langur Presbytis siamensis rhionis Natuna Islands Langur Presbytis natunae Thomas' Langur Presbytis thomasi Red-shanked Douc Pygathrix nemaeus Gray-shanked Douc Pygathrix cinerea Black-shanked Douc Pygathrix nigripes Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus bieti Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus brelichi Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana Moupin Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana roxellana Hubei Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis Qinling Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana qinlingensis Myanmar Snub-nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus strykeri Pig-tailed Langur Simias concolor Pagai Pig-tailed Langur Simias concolor concolor Siberut Pig-tailed Langur Simias concolor siberu Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus Bengal Sacred Langur Semnopithecus entellus Chamba Sacred Langur Semnopithecus ajax Tarai Sacred Langur Semnopithecus hector Nepal Sacred Langur Semnopithecus schistaceus Family Lorisidae Malabar Sacred Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos Travancore Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos hypoleucos Northern Malabar Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos achates Black-legged Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos iulus Tufted Gray Langur Semnopithecus priam Madras Gray Langur Semnopithecus priam priam Central Indian Gray Langur Semnopithecus priam anchises Sri Lankan Gray Langur Semnopithecus priam thersites Purple-faced Langur Semnopithecus vetulus Southern Purple-faced Langur Semnopithecus vetulus vetulus Highland Purple-faced Langur Semnopithecus vetulus monticola Western Purple-faced Langur Semnopithecus vetulus nestor Northern Purple-faced Langur Semnopithecus vetulus philbricki Nilgiri Langur Semnopithecus johnii Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus Blond-bellied Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus Buff-bellied Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus brahma Tenebrous Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus Shortridge's Langur Trachypithecus shortridgei East Javan Langur Trachypithecus auratus West Javan Langur Trachypithecus mauritius Silvered Langur Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered Langur Trachypithecus cristatus cristatus Miller’s Silvered Langur Trachypithecus cristatus vigilans Selangor Silvery Langur Trachypithecus selangorensis Germain's Langur Trachypithecus germaini Annamese Langur Trachypithecus margarita Tenasserim Langur Trachypithecus barbei Dusky Langur Trachypithecus obscurus Spectacled Langur Trachypithecus obscurus obscurus Tarutao Langur Trachypithecus obscurus carbo Blond-tailed Langur Trachypithecus obscurus flavicauda Cantor’s Langur Trachypithecus obscurus halonifer Family Lorisidae Zadetkyi Kyun Langur Trachypithecus obscurus sanctorum Phangan Langur Trachypithecus obscurus seimundi Perhentian Langur Trachypithecus obscurus styx Phayre's Langur Trachypithecus phayrei Shan Langur Trachypithecus melamerus Popa Langur Trachypithecus popa Indochinese Gray Langur Trachypithecus crepusculus Cat Ba Langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus White-headed Langur Trachypithecus leucocephalus Delacour’s Langur Trachypithecus delacouri Francois’ Langur Trachypithecus francoisi Black Langur Trachypithecus ebenus Laos Langur Trachypithecus laotum Hatinh Langur Trachypithecus hatinhensis Family Hylobatidae Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock hoolock Mishmi Hills Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock mishmiensis Skywalker Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock tianxing Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Agile Gibbon Hylobates agilis Bornean White-bearded Gibbon Hylobates albibarbis Kloss’s Gibbon Hylobates klossii Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar Malayan Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar lar Carpenter’s Lar gibbon Hylobates lar carpenteri Central Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar entelloides Sumatran Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar vestitus Yunnan Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar yunnanensis Javan Silvery or Moloch Gibbon Hylobates moloch Müller’s Gibbon Hylobates muelleri Abbott’s Gray Gibbon Hylobates abbotti East Bornean Gray Gibbon Hylobates funereus Pileated Gibbon Hylobates pileatus Family Lorisidae Western Black Crested Gibbon Nomascus concolor Tonkin black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor concolor Laotian black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor lu Eastern Black Crested Gibbon Nomascus nasutus Hainan Crested Gibbon Nomascus hainanus Northern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus annamensis Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus leucogenys Southern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus siki Southern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon Nomascus gabriellae Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus Family Hominidae Bornean Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus Northwest Bornean Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northeast Bornean Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus morio Southwest Bornean Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii Sumatran Orangutan Pongo abelii Tapanuli Orangutan Pongo tapanuliensis Annex 2: List of the ten questions forming the standardized questionnaire for the various interviewees at the study area Are there any monkeys in Phou Hin Poun National Protected Area/your area? How many species? Do you know or have you seen the Laotian Langur (=Khoung) at your site? How does the Laotian Langur look like? [showing the photo after this time in case of clearly correct description of the species] Where did you see them? Have you seen Laotian Langur in the past? Are there many Laotian Langur individuals still found in the forest in your area? Based on your experience, Laotian Langur increased or decreased in abundance at your site during the years of your surveys? That is, can you compare past and present abundance of Laotian Langur at your site? [If the interviewees noticed a decline of species’ abundance] Why did the Laotian Langur decrease? 10 What you with Laotian Langur in case of capture? Annex 3: Working schedules Date Activity 01 June – 26 July 2020 Working with PAFO team to discuss survey and review related papers 27 July – 01 August 2020 Interview DAFO staffs in six districts: 1) Hinboun, 2) Khounkham, 3) Nakai, 4) Yommalath, 5) Mahaxay and 6) Thakhek 02 – 12 August 2020 Preparing field equipment and planning field survey with team 13 August 2020 Thakhek to Ban Konglor (Camp 1) 14 August 2020 Trail 1: Tham Huator 15 August 2020 Trail 2: Konglor Cave Trail 3: Poung Ta Thid Pha 16 August 2020 Ban Konglor to Thakhek 26 August 2020 Thakhek to Ban Konglor (camp 1) 27 August 2020 Trail 1: Tham Huator 28 August 2020 Trail 3: Poung Ta Thid Pa 29 August 2020 Ban Konglor to Thakhek 04 September 2020 Thakhek to Ban Natan (Camp 2) 05 September 2020 Trail 4: Kouan Xon 06 September 2020 Trail 5: Pha Tung 07 September 2020 Ban Nata to Thakhek 23 November 2020 Thakhek to Ban Konglor 24 November 2020 Ban Konglor to Lath Tae (Camp 3) Trail 6: Pha Soung 25 November 2020 Camp to Ang Nam Ta Ngon area (Camp 4) Trail 7: Pha Hom 26 November 2020 Camp to Phou Hon Khuarn and return camp Trail 8: Phou Hon Khuarn 27 November 2020 Camp to Ang Nam Ta Ngon and return camp Trail 9: Ang Nam Ta Ngon 28 November 2020 Two teams: Trail 10: Phou Khar and return camp Trail 11: Nong Ka Pard and return camp 29 November 2020 Camp to Ang Khee Ther area (Camp 5) Trail 12: Huay Lurk 30 November 2020 Two teams: Trail 13: Ang Khee Ther Trail 14: Phou Hai Date Activity Return to Ban Konglor (Camp 1) 01 December 2020 Camp Trail 1: Tham Huator 02 December 2020 Ban Konglor to Kouan Dig (Camp 6) Trail 15: Kouan Dig 03 December 2020 Camp to Ban Konglor Trail 15: Kouan Dig 04 December 2020 Ban Konglor to Hinboun district 05-06 December 2020 Weekend 07 December 2020 Ban Buamlou to Nam Pa Kun (Camp 7) 08 December 2020 Camp to Kouan Pang (Camp 8) Trail 16: Kouan Pang 09 December 2020 Camp to Ban Buamlou Trail 16: Kouan Pang 10 December 2020 Ban Buamlou to Phou Muang Khai (Camp 9) Trail 17: Phou Muang Khai 11 December 2020 Camp to Ban Buamlou Trail 17: Phou Muangkhai 12-13 December 2020 Weekend in Hinboun district 14 December 2020 Two teams: Ban Kuankacha to Kouan Khaen (Camp 10) and Nam Xaeng (Camp 11) 15 December 2020 Two teams: (Team go to Camp 10 and Team go to Camp 11) Camp 10 to Kouan Phai Trial 18: Kouan Phai Camp 11 to Hew Nam Trail 19: Hew Nam 16 December 2020 Camp 10 to Kouan Or Trail 20: Kouan Or Back to Ban Kuankacha 17 December 2020 Ban Kuankacha to Pha Luang Trail 21: Pha Luang Ban Kuankacha to Thakhek and briefly report to PAFO 22 December 2020 – 06 January 2021 Travel from Khammouane, Laos to Hanoi, Vietnam Annex 4: Field data notes Field data collection sheet Surveyor:…………………………………………………………… Transect no:……………………………… Date:………………………………………………………………… Times:……………………to…………… Observation effort Distance GPS Coordinate Estimated Number of animals Elev Elev from Estimated to distance from observer Species/Threat Detection Nearest Site Elevation nearest encountered Type from trial to standing to animal village (m) Village Start End X Y AM AF SA JU IF animal (m) point (m) (m) (m) Key: AM = Adult-male, AF = Adult-female, SA = Sub-adult, JU = Juvenile, IF = Infant Annex 5: Selected picture of Laotian Langur Group 1: Sub-adult male (left) and adult female Langurs Group 2: Two sub-adult Langurs Group 3: Two adult Langurs Group 4: Three adult Langurs Group 5: Two adult Langurs Group 6: Other two adult Langurs