THE COMPUTERS
WARM UP
Task 1 Label the names with the parts of the computer
MouseModemMonitorMouseSpeaker Keyboard
READING
Task 2 Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields Look at these photographs of different situations and match them with texts 1 to
1 Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption, and weather conditions
2 In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems, and regulate air traffic.
3 Computers can help students perform mathematical operations and solve difficult questions They can be used to teach courses such as computer-aided design, language learning, programming, mathematics, etc.
4 Computer is used with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present total at a supermarket
5 Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money They also control the automatic cash dispensers which, by the use of a personal coded card, dispense money to clients.
Task 3 Match these titles with the pictures
Using an automatic cash dispenser
In education, computers can make all the difference Scanning the price of each item and present total at a supermarket Controlling the plane
Task 4 When you read texts like these, you đo not always need to understand every word However, there are words which you can guess from (he context Look at these words, Are they nouns (n), verbs (v), or adjectives (adj)?
1 workstaion… 2 data… 3 perform… 4 automatic… 5 monitor…
6 financial… 7 store… 8 Conneceted… 9 Word procesor … l0 large…
Now find the words in texts 1 to 4, and match them with the meanings below.
9 powerful computer usually connected to a network
10 program used for text manipulation
Task 5 Look at text one again and discuss these questions
How are/were computers used in your school?
What other areas of study would benefit from the introduction of computers?
LANGUAGE WORK: T HE S IMPLE P RESENT A ND M ODAL V ERB “C AN ”
The simple present tense serves two primary purposes: it describes actions occurring in the present moment and indicates habitual actions that occur regularly This tense is often referred to as the present indefinite due to its continuous nature.
Computers are part of our everyday lives They have an effect on almost everything you do
He works for GM as a computer programmer.
Task 6 Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in the brackets
1 A computer system (consist) of two parts: hardware and software.
2 The majority of computers (use) _ a standard system of the binary representation of characters.
3 Each character in a keyboard (have) _ its own arrangement of eight bits.
4 Floppy disks (be) _ inexpensive and reusable.
5 It (be) _a calculating machine that (speed) _ up financial calculations.
“CAN” is one of the most used modal verbs in English “Can” is an auxiliary verb ( modal auxiliary verb )
It can be used to express: Ability; Possibility; Permission; Request; Offer
In my school, computers are used to speed up the process of looking for references in the library.
Computer can help you to find the book you want as quickly as possible.
FUTHER READING: T YPES OF C OMPUTERS
Task 7 Study these details of diferernt tvpes of compultcr Find the answers to these questions Which type of computer is:
4 used by many people at the same time?
8 not suitable for a lot of typing?
Multi-user systems – used by many people at the same time.
Used for processing very large amounts of data The most powerful mainframes are called supercomputers. Minicomputers Used like mainframes
Not as big, powerful, or expensive as mainframes Less common now because microcomputers have improved.
The most common type of computer.
Smaller, cheaper, and less powerful than mainframes and minicoputers.
Laptop About the size of a small typewriter.
Less common now because smaller and lighter portables are available.
Notebook About the size of a piece of writing paper.
The most common type of portable.
Subnotebook Not quite as big as notebooks Can fit into a jacket pocket.
Handheld or Palmtop Small enough to fit into the palm of one hand.
Not easy to type with because of their size Often used as personal organizers.
A Write a list of as many uses of the computer, or computer applications, as you can think of.
B Now read the text below and underline any applications that are not in your list.
Computers and microchips are integral to our daily lives, influencing various aspects such as shopping, office design, and media production From reading magazines created using computer technology to managing bill payments, these devices streamline our activities Even simple tasks like making a phone call, booking a flight, or conducting bank transactions rely on advanced computer systems.
Every day, we interact with numerous devices that power up instantly when activated, such as calculators, car electronic ignitions, microwave timers, and TV programmers, all of which rely on advanced chip technology.
A computer is a remarkable device that transforms into a blank slate each time it is powered on, capable of performing a wide range of tasks with the right hardware and software It functions as a powerful calculating machine for financial computations and serves as an electronic filing cabinet to manage extensive data collections like customer lists and inventories Additionally, it acts as a versatile typewriter for creating and printing various documents, including letters and legal papers Furthermore, it enables personal communication, allowing users to connect with other computers and people globally For those who enjoy gadgets and electronic entertainment, a computer also provides a platform for relaxation through engaging computer games.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF COMPUTER
Task 9 Label the pictures (a-e) with words from the box
Laptop Desktop PC PDA Mainframe Tablet PC a……… b……… c………… d………… e………….
Task 10 Decide whether these sentences are true of false Correct the false ones.
1) A mainframe computer is less powerful than a PC
2) A mainframe is used by large organizations that need to process enormous amounts of data.
3) The most suitable computers for home are desktop PCs
5) Laptops are not as powerful as desktop PCs
6) Using a stylus, you can write directly onto the screen of a tablet PC
7) A Personal Digital Assistant is small enough to fit into a palm of your hand.
8) A PDA does not allow you to surf the Web
Task 11 Benefits of laptops and tablet PCs
Your school is considering buying tablet PCs to use in the classroom Write an email to your teacher explaining the benefits for the students and the school.
EVERYDAY USES OF COMPUTER
READING: COMPUTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Task 2 Tick ( ) the computers uses mentioned in the following article
Art Banking Libraries Film-making Schools
Computers play a crucial role in our daily lives, impacting various activities from grocery shopping to healthcare In supermarkets, they utilize laser and barcode technology to scan items and calculate totals Barcoding products like clothing, food, and books relies on computers to generate labels and manage inventory efficiently Additionally, many television advertisements and films incorporate graphics created by computers In hospitals, bedside terminals linked to main computers enable doctors to place orders for blood tests and schedule surgeries Banks also depend on computers to manage customer finances, while libraries and bookstores use them to help patrons quickly locate desired books.
LANGUAGE WORK: ARTICLES
Study these nouns. a supermarket technology a comupter money
Supermarket and computer are countable nouns
We say a supermarket and supermarkets.
Technology and money are uncountable nouns.
They have no plural and you cannot use them with a or an.
Computers have many uses In shops a computer scans the orice of each item Then the computer calculates the toal cost of all the items.
We use a plural noun with no artcle, or an uncountable noun, when we talk about things in general.
We use a/an when we mention a countable noun for the first time.
In shops a compuer scans the price of each item.
When we mention the same noun again, we use the.
The computer calculates the total cost.
We use the with countable and uncountable nouns to refer to specific things.
The price of each item.
The total cost of all the items.
The speed of this computer.
Task 3 Here are some common nouns in computing Divide them into countable and uncoutable nouns In the Glossary and in most dictionaries, nouns are marked C for countable and U for uncountable.
Task 4 Fill in the gaps in the paragraph with a/an or the where necessary
The Walsh family has a computer at home that serves multiple purposes Their son utilizes the computer to assist with his homework and enjoy computer games, while their student daughter employs it for academic projects and managing email correspondence Additionally, the entire family relies on the computer to access information from the Internet.
Task 5 Match the places in column A with the computer uses in column B.
A banks factories homes hopitals shops
B control machines calculate the bill look after patient records and medicines provide entertainment and information control our money
Task 6 Now fill in the gaps in this paragraph about computer uses.
Computer are now part of our everyday life In shops, they (1) _ In factories, they (2) In (3) _, they look after patient records and medicines When we have a bank account, a computer (4) _
FUTHER READING
A computer is an electronic machine which can accept data in a certain form, process the data, and give the results of the processing in a specified format as information.
Data is initially loaded into the computer's memory, after which the program executes a series of instructions to process this data Ultimately, the results are displayed for the user to view.
(the output) on the screen or in printed form.
A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software
Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part you can see or touch
Software consists of programs that instruct a computer on its operations The main hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and peripherals The CPU, often referred to as the computer's "brain," executes program instructions and coordinates the functions of other components Main memory, made up of RAM chips, stores the instructions and data currently being processed by the CPU Peripherals encompass the physical devices connected to the computer, including storage and input/output devices.
DVD and flash drives offer permanent storage solutions for data and programs, while disk drives facilitate the reading and writing of data on disks Input devices, primarily the mouse and keyboard, allow users to input data into the computer's memory Conversely, output devices enable the retrieval of processed information, with monitors displaying results and printers producing hard copies.
The rear panel of a computer features multiple ports designed for connecting various peripherals, such as modems, digital cameras, and scanners These connections facilitate seamless communication between the computer and external devices.
Modem desktop PCs have USB ports and memory card readers on the front panel.
Task 7 Match these words from the text (1-9) which the correct meanings (a-i)
1 Software a The brain of the computer
2 Peripherals b Physical parts that make up a computer system
3 Main memory c Programs which can be used on a particular computer system
4 Hard drive (also known as hard disk) d The information which is presented to the computer
5 Hardware e Results produced by a computer
6 Input f Input devices attached to the CPU
7 Ports g Section that holds program and data while they are executed or processed
8 Output h Magnetic device used to store information
9 Central processing unit i Sockets into which an external device may be connected
KEYBOARD AND MOUSE
LANGUAGE WORK: T HE S IMPLE P RESENT T ENSE
Study these statements about keys.
This key moves the cursor down.
This key copies the screen displays.
This key doesn’t have a fixed function.
The verbs in italics are in the Present simple We use the Present simple to describe things which are always true.
Task 8 Look at the statements (1-7) and correct the ones which are wrong
Thisc key moves the cursor down.
It doesn’t the cursor down It moves the cursor up
If you are not sure, ask another student What does this key do?
1 This keys moves the cursor down
2 This keys moves the cursor to the right.
4 This key copies the screen display.
5 This key moves the screen up.
6 This key desn’t have a fixed funcion.
7 This key gives you al lower case letters.
PRINTER
READING
Task 1 How many kinds of printers can you think of? Make a list.
Task 2 Read the text below and label these types of printers
The resolution depends on the number of pins (9 or 24)
The quality (resolution) of the images ranges from 180 to 720 dots per inch (dpi)
Provides high quality output – a resolution of
Provides the highest resolution – more than 2,000 dpi.
Provides high quality for linework
Printing is the crucial final step in document creation, facilitated by printers connected to your computer Since the output quality and features can differ significantly among various printer types, this guide will assist you in selecting the printer that best meets your specific requirements.
Dot-matrix printers use pins to print the dots required to shape a character
They print text and graphics and nowadays some of them can print up to
Inkjet printers can produce an impressive speed of 450 characters per second (cps), but their output resolution is relatively low at 72 or 144 dots per inch While this quality is adequate for initial drafts, it falls short for professional reports or books aimed at a broad audience Although inkjet printers operate at a slower pace compared to laser printers, they are a more cost-effective option for those on a budget.
Ink-jet printers are a popular type of non-impact printer that work by projecting tiny ink droplets onto paper to create images They are known for their speed, quiet operation, and affordability compared to laser printers.
Nevertheless, you can expect high quality results because there are some ink-jet printers on the market with a resolution of 720 dpi Bubble-jet printers work the same way.
Laser printers deliver fast output with impressive resolution up to 600/1200 dpi by using a laser beam to scan images and transfer them onto paper with specialized ink powder Continuous improvements enhance their speed and image quality, making them a preferred choice among experts They offer a broader selection of scalable fonts, support various language systems, and can produce high-quality graphics, among other benefits However, it's important to note that laser printers remain relatively expensive.
Task 3 Read the text again and complete this table with the most relevant information Then compare your notes with a partner.
Type of printer Technical specifications and other features
DISCOURSE COHESION
Task 4 Reference signals: Read the text and say what the underlined words refer to.
Printing is the final stage in document creation, facilitated by printers connected to your computer Given the significant differences in output quality and functionality among various printer types, this guide will assist you in selecting the most appropriate printer for your specific needs.
Dot-matrix printers utilize pins to create dots that form characters, enabling them to print both text and graphics Modern models can achieve impressive speeds of up to 450 characters per second (cps).
SCAN READING: QUIZ
Task 5 Read the advertisements for printers below, and then with your partner, answer the questions See who in your group/class can finish first.
1) How many laser printers are advertised here?
2) Is there a printer that operates by spraying ink droplets onto paper?
3) Which laser printer offers the highest resolution or output quality?
4) Which printer is the most expensive?
5) Which one would you recommend to a friend who does not have much money?
6) Which one has more internal fonts?
7) A printer language is software that tells printers how to print a document Can you find two types of laser printer languages?
8) What connectivity features are offered by the Turbo Laser Writer QR?
9) A very common feature in advertisements is the use of abbreviations Find the abbreviations for these expressions: dots per inch, characters per second, pages per minute, small computer system interface, and liquid-crystal display.
Workgroup laser printer 15 pages per minute 600 dpi for graphics
36 MB of RAM Includes Adobe
PostScript and Hewlett Packard PCS printer languages 75 resident fonts
Connectivity: one bi-directional parallel port, one LocalTalk port, and one Ethernet port for networks 12 month warranty. £1,150
Dot-matrix printer with 24 pins Prints text and graphics 450 cps Compatible special interface
Free unlimited hotline support for our customers One year on-site maintenance.
36 MB RAM with a SCSI interface for an optional 20 MB hard disk.
Parallel, serial and AppleTalk interfaces.
HP plotter emulation Thermal printing system 30-day money-back guarantee and
1 year’s on-site parts and labor.
Two 200 sheet selectable input trays.
Comes with PostScript language and PCL (printer control language).
Resolution: Up to 4800 x 1200 optimized dpi on premium photo paper
Paper input capacity: Up to
Reliable color printer with cost- effective features for the home or office on a budget
The personal laser printer offers a printing speed of 5 pages per minute and comes with 4 MB of RAM, which can be expanded to 64 MB It features a parallel interface and includes a 200-sheet input tray, along with 35 resident fonts for versatile printing options This printer is capable of printing on various materials and sizes and includes a one-year on-site maintenance service, all for £649.
LANGUAGE WORK: M AKING C OMPARISON
The regular comparative and superlative forms of descriptive words (adjectives and adverbs) are shown below:
1 Words of one syllable add the ending –er and –est
Adjectives New old newer older newest Oldest
Adverbs soon late sooner later
2 Words with three or more syllables are preceded by more and most
Absolute Comparative Superlative Adjectives interesting more interesting most interesting convenient more convenient most convenient
Adverbs easily more easily most easily carefully more carefully most carefully
3 Adjectives with two syllables may be like 1 or 2 above in that they will add the ending –er and –est if they end in –y or –ly, -ow, -le , and –er
-y tiny tinier tiniest speedy speedier speediest
-ly early earlier earliest friendly friendlier Friendliest
4 Most of the remaining two-syllable adjectives take more and most in front of them
Absolute Comparative Superlative careful more careful most careful boring more boring most boring awful more awful most awful
5 Some common two-syllable adjectives can have either type of formation.
Absolute Comparative Superlative common Commoner/ more common
Commonest/ most common gentle gentler/ more gentle gentlest/ most gentle quiet quieter/ more quiet quietest/ most quiet i Two-syllable adverbs ending in –ly take more and most
Absolute Comparative Superlative quickly more quickly most quickly slowly more slowly most slowly ii A small number of adjectives and adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form.
Adjectives bad worse worst far further/farther furthest/farthest good better best many more most
Adverbs badly worse worst much more most little less least
Comparison may show equivalence, non-equivalence, the highest degree of something, and parallel increase.
1 Equivalence: the following words and constructions are used to show that things or people are similar in some way.
The phrase "as … as" is used to make comparisons, indicating equality or similarity between two subjects For instance, "as many as" and "as much as" highlight quantities that are equal Similarly, terms like "similar to" and "equal to" express likeness between two entities The expressions "is like" and "alike" further reinforce the idea of comparison, emphasizing that two things share characteristics Overall, these comparative phrases are essential for drawing parallels and establishing equivalence in various contexts.
Here, the term ‘processor’ is equivalent to the central processing unit. Laptops are as powerful as microcomputers
2 Non-equivalence: the following words and constructions are used to compare or contrast things or people that are separate from each other. not as … as
…-er than more … than greater than not as many … as not as much … as unequal(ly) unlike not the same as less … than not equal to fewer … than
A mainframe is larger and more expensive than a microcomputer. Learning to use a computer is not as difficult as learning to program
2 The highest degree: the following words and constructions are used to compare one member of a group with the whole group (superlative). the …-est the most … the least …
This is the most popular package on the market today.
BASIC is probably the least difficult programming language to learn.
3 Parallel increase: the following words and constructions are used to show parallel increase (two comparatives). the … -er, the more … the more…, the ….-er the …-er, the less…
The more memory your computer has, the more data it can store.
The bigger your computer system is, the less time you spend waiting. The more training you give to your employees, the better they will perform.
Task 6 Study the sentences below and do the following:
Draw a circle around comparatives and a rectangle around superlatives
1) Dot-matrix printers are cheaper than laser printers.
2) A photosetter is the fastest output device.
3) A thermal wax printer is more expensive than a monochrome laser printer.
4) The Micro Laser XT is the most reliable of all.
5) Personal laser printers cost less than ordinary laser printers They also weigh less and require less space.
6) My printer has more resident fonts than yours
7) This printer offers laser quality at a lower price.
8) Monochrome printers operate faster than color ones.
9) Dot-matrix printers are too slow.
10) Dot-matrix printers are not quick enough.
Task 7 Complete these descriptions of the printers by typing in the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.
1 Laser printers are (expensive) _than inkjets.
2 Thermal transfer printers are (good) _for printing bar codes than dot-matrix printers.
3 Inkjets are (small) than imagesetters.
4 Dot-matrix printers are (noisy) _ than laser printers.
5 Imagesetters are (convenient) _than platesetters, as you still need to print to film before making the printing plates.
Task 8 Choose the correct adjective Then fill in the gaps with the correct form of the adjective.
1 light/heavy Laptops are than desktop computers, but than notebooks.
2 large/small The mainframe is the _ type of computer A minicomputer is than a microcomputer.
3 common/good Personal computers are than mainframes but mainframes are than personal computers at processing very large amounts of data.
4 powerful/expensive Minicomuters are _ than mainframes but they are also _.
5 fast/cheap New compiters are _ and sometimes than older machines.
6 powerful/expensive Laptops are often _ than PCs but they are not as
Task 9 Put the words in brackets into the correct form to make an accurate description of sizes of computers.
There are different types of computer The (large) and (powerlul) _ are mtainframe computers Minicompulers are (small) than mainfrarmes but are still very powerful.
Microcomputers are small enough to sit on a desk They are the (comnon) type of computer They are usually (powerful) than minicomputers.
Portable computers are smaller than desktops, with laptops being the largest type of portable Notebook computers, roughly the size of a piece of writing paper, are smaller than laptops Subnotebooks are even more compact than notebooks, while handheld or palmtop computers can be easily held in one hand.
DESCRIBING YOUR IDEAL PRINTER
Task 10 Describe to your partner the characteristics of the printer you would like to use Give reasons (Does your ideal printer look like the one below?)
DISK AND DISK DRIVE
WORK IN GROUP
Task 5 Work in group of three Read two texts each and complete your sections of the table.
Fixed hard disk Removable hard diskCD-ROM disk Magneto- optical diskMagnetic tape
1) Most computers use floppy disks Floppies conform to a standard and you can use them to carry data from one place to another They are also very cheap, but they are slow and have a limited capacity.
2) Almost all desktop computers have hard disks They are fast and store much amounts of data, but they are fixed inside the computer and you cannot use them to transfer data
3) You can move data from place to place using removable hard disks They are almost as fast as fixed hard disks and also have high capacities, but they are relatively expensive They do not all conform to one standard and they are not very common
4) CD-ROM disks are very common and conform to a standard They are removable and can hold large amounts of data They are also cheap to make However, they are usually read-only You can not change the information on them They are also slow compared to hard disks
5) Magneto-optical disks are like CD-ROMs, but you can write data on to them, they are removable, have large capacities, and last for a long time, but they are expensive and do not all conform to one standard For this reason they are not very common
6) Magnetic tape is a cheap medium You can use it to store very large amounts of data, but it does not allow random access Every time you read or write a piece of data, you start at the beginning of the tape Tape drives are slow Therefore, it is only suitable for doing backups.
VOCABULARY
The term "hard disk" combines the adjective "hard" with the noun "disk." Other phrases that can be formed include "hard drive," which refers to a storage device that uses magnetic disks to store data, and "hard disk drive," a more technical term for the same device Additionally, "hard disk space" indicates the available storage capacity on a hard disk "Hard disk recovery" pertains to the process of retrieving lost data from a malfunctioning hard disk Each of these terms highlights various aspects of data storage technology, emphasizing the importance of hard disks in computing.
(Use your dictionary if necessary) sell d rive copy drugs worker optical inter nal hard disk magnetic comp act labor currency capacity
LANGUAGE WORK: R EVISION O F P REFIXES
Task 6 Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list auto maxi mono de mega multi dec micro semi nter ini ub
1) Most people prefers a color screen to a ………… chrome screen.
2) ………… script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or letter, often used in science.
3) A ………… byte equals approximately one million bytes.
4) Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and
………… bug it to remove all mistakes.
5) The introduction of ………… conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry.
6) If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a ………… processor system.
7) The ………… imal system is a number system with a base of 10.
8) When the user and the computer are in active communication on a graphics system, we refer to this as ………… active graphics
USING A WORD PROCESSOR
LANGUAGE WORD: W H - QUESTIONS T HE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Lynsey works in a hotel in the evenings.
Note how we ask questions in the Present simple To ask a question about the agent – the person or thing performing an acion – we use Who before the verb.
To ask about other parts of the statement, use Where oe When + does.
We ask about actions like this.
Now study these other examples of questions in the Present simple
How long does the course last?
Task 5 Look at the answers 1-10 Make a question about Lynsey and her timetable for each answer.
Example: A: She studies Information Technology.
4 They last for two hours.
5 She goes on vistits on Wednesdays.
6 She studies at Telford College.
7 It lasts for one year.
8 She writes a report after each visit.
10 She works two nights a week
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
WRITING
Task 6 Translate Mary Evans’s comments (the paragraph beginning ‘In general, I think people…’) into your own language.
WORD FORMS
Task 7 Choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences
1 integration, integrate, integrated, integrating a Some computer manufacturers have both input and output devices into one terminal b The success of any computer system depends on the of all its parts to form a useful whole c input and output devices into peripheral has reduced the area needed for a computer installation
2 coordination, coordinate, coordinated, coordinating, coordinator a The control unit of a processor the flow of information between the arithmetic unit and the memory. b the many activities in a computer department is the job of the department head c The of a language institute has assistant to help him and may have access to a computer to help him with the of the many programs, timetables, space and students results
3 diagram, diagrammatic, diagrammatically, diagrammed a Very often manufacturers provide representations of the internal workings of a computer b A is a drawing that shows how something is arranged rather than what it actually looks like c A few ideas have been for you in this book
4 interchange, interchangeable, interchangeably, interchanged a The word “arithmetic logic” and “arithmetic-logical” can be used b There is often an of ideas among computer scientists c There is a big difference between an input and an output These cannot be
Computer science students frequently struggle to balance their time effectively between studying and programming Additionally, it is essential to determine whether all numbers are divisible by three Within a computer company, there is consistently a division of labor that plays a crucial role in its operations.
FUTHER READING: H ARDWARE AND S OFTWARE
To effectively address environmental challenges, computer systems are designed as integrated units comprising two main components: hardware and software Hardware refers to the physical electronic and electromechanical devices recognized as computers, while software encompasses the programs that manage and coordinate the hardware's functions and data processing activities.
Figure 1: Hardware components of a basic computer system
The diagram in Figure 1 illustrates the fundamental components of computer hardware that form a cohesive computer system At the core is the central processing unit (CPU), often referred to simply as the computer or processor This term encompasses the hardware responsible for executing calculations and data manipulations, as well as the internal memory that temporarily stores data and instructions during program execution Additionally, various peripherals, including input and output devices and secondary memory options, are connected to the CPU, enhancing the system's functionality.
Computer software is primarily categorized into two main types: system software and application software System software, commonly known as "systems," manages the computer's internal memory and directs its operations In contrast, application software is often bundled with hardware by suppliers, creating a comprehensive computer product designed for specific user tasks.
Secondary storage answer a specific need in certain areas These complete hardware/software products are called turnkey system.
The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill with which the hardware and software components are selected and blended
A poorly chosen system can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it was originally acquired
Task 8 Main idea Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text?
Why did you eliminate the other choices?
1 Only hardware is necessary to make up a computer system
2 Software alone doesn’t constitute a computer system
3 A computer system needs both hardware and software to be complete
NETWORK
READING: N ETWORKING FAQ S
Task 2 Look at the FAQs (i - vi) without reading the whole text In pairs, try to answer as many of the questions as you can
Task 3 Read the whole text and answer these questions.
1) What does PAN stand for?
3) How do you log on to an Internet Service Provider?
4) WiMAX is a type of wireless network What is it used for?
5) What equipment do you need to set up a wireless LAN?
6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks?
Networking FAQs i How many types of network are there?
Networks are classified according to different criteria:
(Personal Area Networks) typically include a laptop, a mobile phone and a PDA;
(Metropolitan Area Networks) cover a campus or a city;
WANs (Wide Area Networks) cover a country or a continent.
In a client-server network, a designated computer functions as a server, managing and distributing data to connected client nodes Conversely, a peer-to-peer network allows all computers to operate equally, enabling them to share files and peripherals directly without the need for a central server.
Topology, or network layout, refers to the arrangement of computers in a network In a bus network, all devices connect to a single main cable, known as the bus A star network features a central hub that facilitates data flow between all connected devices Meanwhile, a ring network connects each device in a continuous loop, ensuring that data travels in one direction around the ring.
Network protocol: This is the language, or set of rules, that computers use to communicate with each other Networks use
40 different protocols For instance, the Internet uses
TCP/IP ii How do I install a wired modem router?
A modem router is a device that connects your computer or home LAN to the Internet
Plug one end of the phone cord directly into a phone jack, and the other end into the ADSL port on the router.
Plug one end of the Ethernet cable into your computer’s network port and the other end into an Ethernet port on the router.
Turn on your computer To set up, or configure, the router, you’ll need to input some parameters, for example your
ISP’s name and phone number.
Ethernet ports allow you to connect multiple PCs to a router using Ethernet cables If you have a hub or switch for your local area network (LAN), you only need a single cable to link the hub to the router To access your Internet Service Provider, simply log in using your credentials.
To access the internet, enter your username and password, allowing you to check emails, search for information, and explore IT terminology You can also experiment with new software and subscribe to RSS feeds and newsletters Remember to log off after your session to minimize the risk of viruses and unauthorized access to your confidential data Wireless networking enables these online activities without the need for physical connections, enhancing convenience and accessibility.
Wired networks utilize Ethernet cables, phone lines, and high-speed fiber optic cables for connectivity, while wireless networks transmit data using electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves The primary types of wireless networks include various forms that leverage these technologies for data communication.
Satellites – for long distances WiMAX – for connecting Wi-
Wi-Fi – for medium-range distances
Bluetooth – for short distances GSM – for mobile phones v What do I need to set up a home wireless LAN?
You’ll need computers equipped with a wireless adapter or wireless card, a wireless access point (a wireless router) and a broadband internet connection. vi Which is better, a wired or wireless LAN?
Wired LANs are more difficult to install, but they are cheaper, faster and more reliable Wireless networks let you move, or roam, from one access
41 point to another, but they are less secure and subject to interference.
Task 4 In pairs, do this network quiz See which pair can finish first.
1) This network typically consists of two or more local area networks, covering a large geographical area. a LAN b WAN c Intranet
2) This type of network does not have a dedicated server; all the computers are independent. a Peer-to-peer b Client-server c Metropolitan Area Network
3) On this topology, all devices are connected to the same circuit, forming a continuous loop a Star b Ring c bus
4) The language used by computers to communicate with each other on the Internet is called a Ethernet b ADSL c TCP/IP
5) Which cables are used to transfer information for the Internet over long distances at high speeds? a Telephone lines b Ethernet cables c Fiber optic cables
6) Which device allows several computers on a local network to share an internet connection? a An ADSL port b A router c Wireless adapter
7) Which device serves as a common connection point devices in a wireless network? a Wireless access point b Wire router c Wireless adapter
8) Bluetooth is a wireless technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over a Long distances b Medium-range distances c Short distances (ten meters of less)
LANGUAGE WORK: P HRASAL V ERBS
Task 5 Look at the HELP box Do you have the equivalent of phrasal verbs in your language? How do you say the phrasal verbs in the HELP box? HELP box
The meaning of some verbs with particle (often called phrasal verbs) can be easily understood form its two parts
Look at the photos Separate network are linked over a public network, the Internet.
However, many phrasal verbs have an idiomatic meaning, not predictable from the meaning of its parts.
42 carry (= transport); carry out (= execute)
Computer carry out the programs…
Certain particles have similar meanings, regardless of the verb (on/off, in/out, etc.)
(= start the operation of something)
(= stop the operation of something)
Other common phrasal verbs in computing include:
Plug one end of the phone cord into the phone jack
What do I need to set up a wireless LAN?
Sign up (= register, enroll in a service)
Once connected, you can sign up for RSS feeds, newsletters, etc.
Try out (= test or use experimentally)
You can try out new software on their site
Search the Web to find out more information about WiMAX
Fiber optic cables take up less space than copper cables make up ( = constitute, form)
Several LANs connected together make up a WAN fill in (= write the necessary information)
You need to fill in this online form
When the verb has a preposition associated with it, the preposition must precede the object:
You can look for information on the Web.
When the particle is an adverb, it can precede or follow the direct object:
You need to type in your username/…type your username in
Turn on the computer/ turn the computer on
If the direct object is a pronoun, the: particle must follow it
You need to type it in
Task 6 Complete these sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb from the HELP box
1) To join the club, ………… this form and send it to our office
2) The CPU……… all the basic operations on the data
3) Digital music…………a lot of space – about 10 MB for every minute of stereo sound.
4) Thousands of networks………… the Internet
5) You can use newsgroups to……….about the latest trends, customer needs, etc.
Task 7 Match the questions (1-6) with the answers (a-f)
1) Why was the hacker arrested?
2) Is it OK to log on to my bank account using public computers in a cybercafé?
3) How do I set up an internet connection at home?
4) Can I download software from your site?
5) How can I add video to instant messaging?
6) What do I need to do sign up for a Yahoo! Email account? a Yes, but always remember to log off after you’ve ended your session. b Yes, you can even try the programs out for a period before you buy them! c Because he broke into a computer system and stole confidential data d Simply install this program and plug the webcam into your computer. e You need to install the software for your router Follow the instructions provided by your ISP, probably in the form of a pdf file on a CD f You have to create a username and password and then give some personal details.
COMMUNICATIONS
LANGUAGE WORK: M AKING PREDICTIONS
A prediction is a statement regarding a specific topic that expresses what we believe will occur in the future While predictions can vary in certainty, they are often conveyed with different levels of assurance based on the context Certainty in predictions can be articulated using terms like "will," which signifies a definite expectation, along with words such as "certain" and "sure."
Probability can be expressed using terms such as "probable," "probably," and "likely," with phrases like "most probable" or "highly likely" indicating a strong likelihood Possibility is conveyed through words like "may," "might," "can," and "could," along with terms such as "possible" and "perhaps." Improbability is characterized by expressions like "improbable," "unlikely," and "doubtful," with phrases like "most probably not" and "highly improbable" suggesting a low chance of occurrence Lastly, impossibility is defined by terms such as "cannot," "could not," and "impossible," indicating that an event cannot happen in the present or future.
Past could not not possible, impossible
Task 4 These expressions are used in sentences in different ways For examples:
1) Notebook computers will definitely be cheaper next year.
2) It is (highly) probable/ likely that notebook computers will be cheaper next year.
3) Notebook computers may/ might be cheaper next year.
4) Perhaps notebook computers will be cheaper next year.
5) It is unlikely/ doubtful that notebook computers will be cheaper next year.
6) Notebook computers will most probably not be cheaper next year.
7) Notebook computers will definitely not be cheaper next year.
8) It is impossible that notebook computers will be cheaper next year.
Task 5 Match the if-clauses (1 to 6) to the main clauses (a to f) to make complete sentences.
1 If you never read computer a …you would be able to access our
2 If you never back up your hard disk… b …it is unlikely that you will have a problem with computer viruses.
3 If you had a modem… c …we would have a bigger range of typefaces and fonts to choose from.
4 If you don’t copy pirated software… d …you will miss important new products.
5 If I knew more programming languages… e …I would get a better job.
6 If we bought a better printer… f …you will probably lose some important files.
Task 6 Complete the sentences with the words in the box Are the sentences first (F) or second (S) conditionals? would not post will be look at will get grows wanted leave Would need will be reduced installed
1 If you ……… your VDU in direct sunlight, it ……… damaged
2 If you ……… your screen for too long, you……… a headache.
3 If you ……… to link your PCs with a mainframe, you ……… to install a network.
4 If the market for portable computers ……… , prices ……… even more next year.
5 If we ……… a fax machine and email facility, we ……… so many letters each day.
Task 7 Now make up three first conditional and three second conditional sentences of your own
WORD PROCESSING
READING: D RAFT LETTERS
Task 5 Study these two drafts of a letter Underline the changes made in Draft
Re: Printer 6WL, Serial No
1 purchased this printer from you in September, but soon developed a fault I sent it for repair under the guarantee on 19 th November last year It was returned on
December 6th but it is sitll faulty I am returning it lor further attention.
Ms J Huckerby Customer Services Wanda Ltd.
SOMERTON SPI 3QR Dear Ms Huckerby
Re: Printer 6WL, Serial No 1563526
1 purchased this printer from you in September, but soon developed a fault I sent it for repair under the guarantee on
19 th November last year It was returned on December 6th but it is sitll faulty The paper jams every time it prints I am returning it lor further attention.
Task 6 Which of these word processing features has the writer used to make the changes in Draft 2
Task 7 Complete these instructions for how to Copy and Patse in Word with verbs from the box. click (x2) select position right-click drag
1 First, _the text you wish to copy To select text, the mouse over the portion of the text that you want to copy Thịs part should then be highlighted.
2 Then _on the Copy icon on the Standard Toolbar This copies the selected text to an invisible clipboard.
3 Next, the cursor where you want the text to appear.
4 Finally, the Paste icon This inserts the content of the clipboard at the insertion point As well as the icons on the toolbar, you can use the keys Ctr+C for Copy, and Ctrl+V for Paste These options also come up if you the selected text.
LANGUAGE WORD: P RESENT PERFECT PASSIVE
Study this list of changes to Draft 2 of the letter in the Reading section.
3 line spaces inserted 8 words underlined
We can describe these changes like this.
Tabs have been inserted The spelling has been checked
The Present Perfect Passive is formed using "has/have been" followed by the past participle of the verb This structure highlights changes that have occurred in the recent past and their impact on the present The passive voice is utilized to emphasize the action rather than the agent, especially when the agent is obvious or irrelevant.
DATABASES AND SPREAD SHEET
VOCABULARY
Task 3 Match the terms in the box with the explanations below. formula cell sales payroll shares revenue interest expenses
1 A sum of money that is charged or paid as a percentage of a larger sum of money which has been borrowed or invested, e.g High rates./ 7 percent ~ on a loan.
2 The intersection of a column and a row in a spreadsheet, e.g the ~ B2.
3 The quantity sold, e.g The ~ of PCs rose by 10 percent last year.
4 The income – or money – received by a company or organization, e.g The annual ~ of this multinational company is…
5 A ~ in a company is one of the equal parts into which the capital of the company is divided, entitling the holder of the ~ to a proportion of the benefits, e.g £10 ~s are now worth £11
6 Financial costs; amounts of money spent, e.g Travelling ~.
7 A function or operation that produces a new value as the result of adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing existing values, e.g If we enter the ~ B5- B10, the program calculates …
1 A list of people to be paid and the amount due to each 2 Wages or salaries paid to employees, e.g He was on the company’s ~.
LANGUAGE WORK: P REPOSITIONS OF PLACE
Task 4 Study these examples of prepositions of place.
Data moves between the CPU and RAM. Data flows from ROM to the CPU.
A program is read from disk into memory.
Data is transferred along the data bus.
The address number is put onto the address bus
The hard disk drive is inside a sealed case.
Heads move across the disk.
Tracks are divided into sectors.
Task 5 Now complete each sentence using the correct preposition.
1) The CPU is a large chip ……… the computer
2) Data always flows ……… the CPU ……… the address bus.
3) The CPU can be divided ……… three parts.
4) Data flows ……… the CPU and memory.
5) Peripherals are devices ……… The computer but linked ……… it.
6) The signal moves ……… the VDU screen ……… one side ……… the other.
7) The CPU puts the address ……… the address bus.
8) The CPU can fetch data ……… memory ……… the data bus.
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
Task 6 Look at the graph below and, with the help of a partner, check that it is an exact visual representation of the spreadsheet in Task 1.
Task 7 Can you calculate the net profits of this firm during the period 1997-
Task 8 What type of image is this: a pie chart, a bar chart, an area graph, or a line graph?
Task 9 What is the advantage, if any, of displaying information as a graph, rather than as a spreadsheet?
EXTENSION
Spreadsheet programs are also used to make out invoices
Task 10 Look at the invoice below and fill in the blanks with the right words from the box.
Quantity Description Price VAT (Value Added Tax)
Task 11 Have you got a spreadsheet program at work or school? If so, try to produce a similar invoice.
PROGRAMMING
WARM-UP
Task 1 Work in pairs The stages in programming (1-7) are listed below Fill in the gaps with the missing stages (a-d).
1 Analysing and defining the problem to be solved
Task 2 Look at stage 1 of the list in Task 1 Discuss how you would analyse and define the problem Compare your ideas with other students in class.
READING: T YPES OF ERROR
Task 3 Work in groups of three Read one the texts below and complete this table When you have finished , exchange information with the others in your group to complete two similar tables.
Ways to advoid or deal
System errors can disrupt the functionality of a computer and its peripherals, such as printers For instance, if a program requires printer access but no printer is connected, the computer will generate a system error message In some cases, these errors may cause the computer to freeze, necessitating a restart To prevent system errors, it's advisable to implement code that verifies the presence of peripherals before transmitting any data, allowing the computer to alert the user with a simple message on the screen.
“printer is not raady or available'.
Syntax errors are mistakes in the programming language (like typing
Using "PRNIT" instead of "PRINT" can lead to syntax errors that cause program failures Some translation programs may reject lines with syntax errors outright, while others only report them during execution Additionally, certain programming languages include special commands like "debug" to identify structural errors To understand the specific error messages, refer to the programming manual for the language in use.
Logic errors are more challenging to identify than syntax errors because they allow a program to run without functioning correctly For instance, a program designed to clear the screen and print "hello" may execute without any syntax issues, yet fail to achieve its intended outcome.
The code may execute without issues due to correct syntax, but it contains a logic error To eliminate logic errors in simple programs, it's effective to perform 'hand-testing' or a 'dry run,' where you manually go through each line of the code on paper to ensure it behaves as intended This testing should be conducted before entering the code into the computer.
LANGUAGE WORK
Study these ways of linking a problem and a solution.
Problem: get rid of logic errors
Solution: hand-test the program
You can get rid of logic errors by hand-testing the program.
To get rid of logic errors, hand-test the program.
Task 4 Match these problems and solutions Link them following the examples above
1 connect a computer to a telepone line a write code to check a peripheral is presentbefore any data is sent
2 identify items for pricing b use the debug command
3 add extra facilities to a computer c add more memory
4 get more file storage space d format the disk
5 find syntax errors e use a removable disk
6 avoid marking the surface of a CD-
ROM f install an expansion card
7 improve the speed of your computer g install a modem
8 avoid system errors h fit a bigger hard disk
9 prepare a new disk for use i use barcode labels
10 transfer information between computers j hold it by the edges
Task 5 Suggest solutions to these problems Then link the problem and your solution.
1 Make sure there are no viruses on a floppy disk.
2 Prevent unauthorized access to a network.
3 Avoid the risk of losing data.
4 Avoid eye-strain ưhen using computers.
5 Avoid back problems when using computers.
PROBLEM-SLOVING
Task 6 Draw a flowchart for one of these activities Then compare your completed flowchart with other students in your group. using a payphone planning a holiday choosing a new computer preparing for an important exam
FUTHER READING
Task 7 Read the text and find answers to these questions.
1) Do computers understand human languages?
2) What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages?
4) What is the function of compilers?
5) What do you understand by the terms source program and object program?
6) In the future, could computers be programmed in Spanish, French, or Japanese?
Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken
English or any other natural language
The only language they can understand directly is called machine code This consists of the 1s and 0s
(binary code) that are processed by the
Machine code is challenging to write, which is why we utilize symbolic languages that are more user-friendly These languages can be translated into machine code using specialized programs For instance, assembly languages employ abbreviations to simplify the coding process.
ADD, SUB, MPY to represent instructions These mnemonic codes are like labels easily associated with the items to which they refer.
Low-level languages, which closely resemble machine code, consist of instructions that directly correspond to individual machine code commands These languages require a specialized program called an assembler to convert the code into machine language Despite their efficiency, low-level languages are often complex and limited to specific hardware architectures.
Higher-level programming languages like BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, and Pascal were developed to simplify program writing and facilitate communication between different machines These languages focus on solving problems rather than being tailored to specific machine architectures Programs created in these languages, known as source programs, are transformed into lower-level languages through a compiler, producing an object program During compilation, each high-level language statement is typically translated into multiple machine code instructions.
Effective communication with computers relies on symbolic languages, and simplifying this process can significantly expand their applications Researchers are actively developing Artificial Intelligence, paving the way for future computers that may comprehend human languages.
INTERNET
READING: N EWSGROUPS
Task 2 Read Part 1 of the internet FAQs and choose the correct answers
1 The internet was a Invented in the mid-90s b Popular in the 1960s c Probably created in the USA
2 Which term describes any fast, high-bandwidth connection? a Broadband b Dial-up connection c Wi-Fi connection
3 The power-line internet provides broadband access through a Telephone lines b Satellites c Electrical power lines
4 Which device converts computer data into a form that can be transmitted over phone lines? a ADSL b A mobile phone c A modem
5 The standard protocol that allows computers to communication over the Internet is called a An IP address b TCP/IP c HTTP
6 The geographical region covered by one or several access points is called a a Wireless access point b Hotspot c Wireless network device.
How old is the Internet (the Net)? When was it created?
It’s hard to say exactly The research that led to what we now know as the Internet was begun in the 1960s
Again, it’s hard to say exactly who created it The initial research was carried out by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in America, funded by the US government.
Did the Internet become popular quickly?
It took many years for the Internet to become popular around the world It’s only really since the mid-90s that the Internet has been a part of our daily lives.
How do you get online?
To establish an internet connection, you require a computer, appropriate connection software, and a modem linked to your phone line Additionally, an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is essential, as it serves as the gateway between your PC and the broader internet.
How fast are today’s internet connections?
Today, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide high-speed broadband connections, primarily through cable from local cable TV companies and ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) via phone lines Both options offer significantly faster speeds than traditional dial-up connections Additionally, some electricity networks are beginning to offer broadband access through a developing technology called power-line Internet, which allows low-cost connectivity via power outlets.
How long has broadband existed?
How much does broadband access cost?
It depends on which company you choose Nowadays, some companies even offer free broadband.
Why do you need a modem?
A modem (modulator/demodulator) converts digital signals into analogue signals so that data can be transmitted across the phone or cable network.
What does TCP/IP mean?
TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the foundational language for data transfer on the Internet, functioning similarly to an operating system Each computer connected to the Internet is assigned a unique IP address, ensuring proper identification and communication within the network.
Are there other ways of accessing the Internet?
Alternative internet access methods include Wi-Fi, satellite, mobile phones, and TV sets with modems Wi-Fi-enabled devices, such as laptops and PDAs, can connect to the internet near hotspots like cafes or campuses Satellite services are essential for areas lacking terrestrial access, such as on ships at sea Additionally, high-end mobile phones offer internet connectivity through cellular networks.
Task 3 In pairs, discuss which of the internet systems (1-6) you would use to do the tasks (a-f) then read Part 2 of the FQAs and check your answers
1 Email a Transfer files from the Internet to your hard drive
2 The Web b Send a message to another person via the
3 Newsgroups c Have a live conversation (usually typed) online
4 Chat and IM d Connect to a remote computer by entering instructions, and run a program on it
5 FTP e Take part in public discussion areas devoted to specific topics
6 Telnet f Download and view documents published on the Internet
Email enables global communication by allowing users to exchange messages with individuals worldwide It supports optional attachments such as text, images, audio, and animations Additionally, mailing lists utilize email to disseminate messages to all subscribers, ensuring that everyone on the list receives the information.
Which email program is the best?
Outlook Express is a popular program, but many users use web-based email accounts such as Hotmail.
The Web is made up of billions of documents hosted on web servers that utilize the HTTP protocol Users access the Web through web browsers, which enable them to search for, view, and print web pages.
How often are web pages updated?
It depends entirely on the page Some are updated thousands of times a day.
Chat and Instant Messaging (IM)
Chat and Instant Messaging technologies allow you to have real-time conversations online, by typing messages at the keyboard.
FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, enables the transfer of files across a TCP/IP network and is now integrated into web browsers This functionality allows users to easily download programs, games, and music files from remote computers directly to their hard drives.
Telnet is a protocol and application that allows users to access remote computer systems, enabling them to execute commands as if they were directly interacting with the remote server.
Newsgroups are public discussion platforms within the Usenet system, where users contribute by posting and responding to articles, forming interconnected message threads To engage with newsgroups, you need a newsreader, which can be a standalone application or integrated into a web browser, allowing you to read and post messages effectively.
How many newsgroups are there?
There are approximately 30,000 active newsgroups.
Where can you find newsgroups?
You can download newsgroup addresses from your ISP's news server using a newsreader, but an alternative is to visit web forums, which serve the same purpose without requiring additional software.
Task 4 Find words and phrases in part 2 with following meanings
1 A system used to distribute email to many different subscribers at once (in Email paragraph)
2 A program used for displaying web pages (in The Web paragraph)
3 To connect to a computer by typing your username and password (in Telnet paragraph)
4 A series of interrelated messages on a given topic (in Newsgroups paragraph)
5 A program for reading Usenet newsgroups (in Newsgroups paragraph)
LANGUAGE WORK: P AST SIMPLE AND P AST CONTINUOUS
We make the Past continuous with was/were + the -ing form of the verb
We often use it to provide the context for actions in the past.
He was flying from Dallas to Fargo He saw a UFO
To show that one past action happened in the middle of another past action
We can link them using when, as, and while.
He was flying from Dallas to Faro when he saw a UFO.
As he was flying from Dallas to Faro when he saw a UFO.
While he was flying from Dallas to Faro, he saw a UFO.
We use the Past simple for compelted actions, especially those which take very little time We use the Past continuous to describe actions which happen over a period of time.
He saw a UFO It was heading north-east It was travelling at 2.000 km/h.
Task 5 Put the verb in brackets into the Past simple or the Past continuous.
1 The plane (go) _ to Fargo.
2 The UFO (fly) _ at 10.0000 meters.
3 The pilot (notice) _it had short wings.
4 The pilot (report) _ the incident.
5 He (describe) the vessel as silver in colour.
6 No one else (see) the UFO.
7 The UFO (head) north-east.
8 The coastguard (see) _ three ưinged craft.
9 He (search) _ for a missing fishing boat.
Task 6 Link these actions to show that one action happened during the other action Put each verb in the correct tense, and use an appropriate time word:
1 He (fly) from London to Edinburgh He (see) a UFO.
2 Her computer (crash) _ She (search) the Internet.
3 They (study) _ A fire (start) _ in the Computer Lab.
4 She (print) ) _ out hẻ mail The printer (develop) _ a fault.
5 They (work) on the computer Someone (swicth) on the power.
Task 7 Match the captions (1-4) with the pictures (a-d)
1 A secure website can be recognized in two ways: the address bar shows the letters https and a closed padlock or key is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
2 You have to type your username and password to access a locked computer system
3 This program displays a message when it detects spyware and other unwanted software that may compromise your privacy or damage your computer.
4 Private networks use a software and/or hardware mechanism called a firewall to block unauthorized traffic from the Internet. a………. c……… b………… d……….
Task 8 Read Part 1 of the text and answer these questions.
1 Which hacking case inspired the film War Games?
2 When did Captain Zap hack into the Pentagon?
3 Why was Nicholas Whitely arrested in 1988
4 How old was the hacker that broke into the US defense computer in 1982?
The history of hacking – Part 1
1971- John Draper discovered that a whistle offered in boxes of Cap’n
Crunch breakfast cereal perfectly generated the 2,600Hz signal used by the AT&T phone company He started to make free calls
He was arrested in 1972 but wasn’t sent to prison
1974- Kevin Mitnick, a legend among hackers, began hacking into banking networks and altering the credit reports of his enemies
He didn’t expect that his most famous exploit – hacking into the North American Defense Command in Colorado Springs – would inspire the film War Games in 1983
1981- Ian Murphy, a 23-year – old know as Captain Zap on the networks, hacked into the White House and the Pentagon
1987- The IBM international network was paralyzed a hacker’s
1988- The Union Bank of Switzerland almost lost £32 million to hackers Nicholas Whitely was arrested in connection with virus spreading.
1989- A fifteen-year-old hacker creaked the US defense computer
1991- Kevin Poulsen, known as Dark Dante on the network, was accused of stealing military files.
Task 9 In pairs, discuss which of the cases in part 1 you had heard of Which do you think is the most important?
Task 10 Look at the HELP box and then complete Part 2 of the text with the past simple form of the verbs in the box show spread steal launch affect attempt overwrite be infect
The history of hacking – Part 2
1992- David L Smith (1)………… prosecuted for writing the Melissa virus, which was passed in Word files sent via mail
1997- The German hacker Chaos Computer Club (2)………… on TV how to obtain money from bank accounts
2000- A Russian hacker (3)………… to extort $100,000 from online music retailer CD Universe A Canada hacker (4)………… a massive denial of service attack against website like Yahoo! And Amazon.
The ILoveYou virus, cleverly disguised as a love letter, (5)
………… so quickly that email had to be shut down in many companies The worm (6)……… Image and sound files with a copy of itself.
2001- The Code Red worm (7)……… Tens of thousands of machines
2006- Hackers (8)………….the credit card details of almost 20,000
AT&T online customers However, subscribers to its services (9) (not)………….
We use the past simple to talk about a complete action or event which happened at a specific time in the past
We form the past simple of regular verbs by adding –(e)d to the infinitive
John Draper discovered that a whistle…
There are many verbs which are irregular in the past simple
Kevin Mitnick began hacking into…
We form questions and negatives for irregular verbs in the same way as for regular verbs The exception is be
When did Kevin Mitnick begin hacking into…?
He didn’t begin hacking until