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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Difference Equations Volume 2010, Article ID 971540, 18 pages doi:10.1155/2010/971540 ResearchArticleExistenceandUniquenessofPositiveSolutionsforDiscreteFourth-OrderLidstoneProblemwitha Parameter Yanbin Sang, 1, 2 Zhongli Wei, 2, 3 and Wei Dong 4 1 Department of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China 2 School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China 3 Department of Mathematics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China 4 Department of Mathematics, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei 056021, China Correspondence should be addressed to Yanbin Sang, sangyanbin@126.com Received 9 January 2010; Revised 23 March 2010; Accepted 26 March 2010 Academic Editor: A. Pankov Copyright q 2010 Yanbin Sang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This work presents sufficient conditions for the existenceanduniquenessofpositivesolutionsforadiscretefourth-order beam equation under Lidstone boundary conditions witha parameter; the iterative sequences yielding approximate solutions are also given. The main tool used is monotone iterative technique. 1. Introduction In this paper, we are interested in the existence, uniqueness, and iteration ofpositivesolutionsfor the following nonlinear discretefourth-order beam equation under Lidstone boundary conditions with explicit parameter β given by Δ 4 y t − 2 − βΔ 2 y t − 1 h t f 1 y t f 2 y t ,t∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , 1.1 y a 0 Δ 2 y a − 1 ,y b 0 Δ 2 y b − 1 , 1.2 where Δ is the usual forward difference operator given by Δytyt 1 − yt, Δ n yt Δ n−1 Δyt, c, d Z : {c, c 1, ,d− 1,d},andβ>0 is a real parameter. In recent years, the theory of nonlinear difference equations has been widely applied to many fields such as economics, neural network, ecology, and cybernetics, for details, see 2 Advances in Difference Equations 1–7 and references therein. Especially, there was much attention focused on the existenceand multiplicity ofpositivesolutionsoffourth-order problem, for example, 8–10,andin particular the discreteproblemwithLidstone boundary conditions 11–17. However, very little work has been done on the uniquenessand iteration ofpositivesolutionsofdiscretefourth-order equation under Lidstone boundary conditions. We would like to mention some results of Anderson and Minh ´ os 11 and He and Su 12, which motivated us to consider the BVP 1.1 and 1.2. In 11, Anderson and Minh ´ os studied the following nonlinear discretefourth-order equation with explicit parameters β and λ given by Δ 4 y t − 2 − βΔ 2 y t − 1 λf t, y t ,t∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , 1.3 withLidstone boundary conditions 1.2, where β>0andλ>0 are real parameters. The authors obtained the following result. Theorem 1.1 see 11. Assume that the following condition is satisfied A 1 ft, ygtwy,whereg : a 1,b − 1 Z → 0, ∞ with b−1 za1 gz > 0, w : 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ is continuous and nondecreasing, and there exists θ ∈ 0, 1 such that wκy ≥ κ θ wy for κ ∈ 0, 1 and y ∈ 0, ∞, then, for any λ ∈ 0, ∞,theBVP1.3 and 1.2 has a unique positive solution y λ . Furthermore, such a solution y λ satisfies the following properties: i lim λ → 0 y λ 0 and lim λ →∞ y λ ∞; ii y λ is nondecreasing in λ; iii y λ is continuous in λ,thatis,ifλ → λ 0 ,theny λ − y λ 0 →0. Very recently, in 12, He and Su investigated the existence, multiplicity, and nonexistence of nontrivial solutions to the following discrete nonlinear fourth-order boundary value problem Δ 4 u t − 2 ηΔ 2 u t − 1 − ξu t λf t, u t ,t∈ Z a 1,b 1 , u a 0 Δ 2 u a − 1 ,u b 2 0 Δ 2 u b 1 , 1.4 where Δ denotes the forward difference operator defined by Δutut 1 − ut, Δ n ut ΔΔ n−1 ut, Za 1,b 1 is the discrete interval given by {a 1,a 2, ,b 1} withaand b a<b integers, η, ξ, λ are real parameters and satisfy η<8sin 2 π 2 b − a 2 ,η 2 4ξ ≥ 0,ξ4η sin 2 π 2 b − a 2 < 16 sin 4 π 2 b − a 2 ,λ>0. 1.5 For the function f, the authors imposed the following assumption: B 1 ft, xgthx, where g : Za 1,b 1 → 0, ∞ with b1 ta1 gt > 0, h : R → 0, ∞ is continuous and nondecreasing, and there exists θ ∈ 0, 1 such that hμx ≥ μ θ hx for μ ∈ 0, 1 and x ∈ 0, ∞. Advances in Difference Equations 3 Their main result is the following theorem. Theorem 1.2 see 12 . Assume that B 1 holds. Then for any λ ∈ 0, ∞,theBVP1.4 has a unique positive solution u λ . Furthermore, such a solution u λ satisfies the properties (i)–(iii) stated in Theorem 1.1. The aim of this work is to relax the assumptions A 1 and B 1 on the nonlinear term, without demanding the existenceof upper and lower solutions, we present conditions for the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 to have a unique solution and then study the convergence of the iterative sequence. The ideas come from Zhai et al. 18, 19 and Liang 20. Let B denote the Banach space of real-valued functions on a − 1,b 1 Z ,withthe supremum norm y sup t∈a−1,b1 Z y t . 1.6 Throughout this paper, we need the following hypotheses: H 1 f i : 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ are continuous and f i y > 0fory>0 i 1, 2; H 2 h : a 1,b− 1 Z → 0, ∞ with b−1 za1 hz > 0; H 3 f 1 : 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ is nondecreasing, f 2 : 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ is nonincreasing, and there exist ϕτ,ψτ on interval a1,b−1 Z with ϕ : a1,b−1 Z → 0, 1,for all e 0 ∈ 0, 1, there exists τ 0 ∈ a1,b−1 Z such that ϕτ 0 e 0 ,andψτ >ϕτ, for all τ ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z which satisfy f 1 ϕ τ y ≥ ψ τ f 1 y ,f 2 1 ϕ τ y ≥ ψ τ f 2 y , ∀τ ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z ,y≥ 0. 1.7 2. Two Lemmas To prove the main results in this paper, we will employ two lemmas. These lemmas are based on the linear discretefourth-order equation Δ 4 y t − 2 − βΔ 2 y t − 1 u t ,t∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , 2.1 withLidstone boundary conditions 1.2. Lemma 2.1 see 11. Let u : a 1,b− 1 Z → R be a function. Then the nonhomogeneous discretefourth-orderLidstone boundary value problem 2.1, 1.2 has solution y t b sa b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z u z ,t∈ a − 1,b 1 Z , 2.2 4 Advances in Difference Equations where G 2 t, s given by G 2 t, s 1 1, 0 b, a ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ t, a b, s : t ≤ s, s, a b, t : s ≤ t, t, s ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z × a, b Z 2.3 with t, sμ t−s − μ s−t for μ β 2 ββ 4/2, is the Green’s function for the second-order discrete boundary value problem − Δ 2 y t − 1 − βy t 0,t∈ a, b Z , y a 0 y b , 2.4 and G 1 s, z given by G 1 s, z 1 b − a ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ s − a b − z : s ≤ z, z − a b − s : z ≤ s, s, z ∈ a, b Z × a 1,b− 1 Z 2.5 is the Green’s function for the second-order discrete boundary value problem −Δ 2 x s − 1 0,s∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , x a 0 x b . 2.6 Lemma 2.2 see 11. Let m : 1, 0 b, a 1 b − a 2 b, a ,M: b − a 2 b/2,a/2 4 1, 0 b, a . 2.7 Then, for t, s, z ∈ a 1,b− 1 3 Z , one has m ≤ G 2 t, s G 1 s, z ≤ M. 2.8 3. Main Results Theorem 3.1. Assume that H 1 –H 3 hold. Then, the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 has a unique solution y ∗ t in D,where D y ∈ B | y a 0 y b ,y t > 0,t∈ a 1,b− 1 Z . 3.1 Advances in Difference Equations 5 Moreover, for any x 0 ,y 0 ∈ D, constructing successively the sequences x n1 t b sa b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 x n z f 2 y n z , t ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z ,n 0, 1, 2, , y n1 t b sa b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 y n z f 2 x n z , t ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z ,n 0, 1, 2, , 3.2 One has x n t,y n t converge uniformly to y ∗ t in a − 1,b 1 Z . Proof. First, we show that the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 has a solution. It is easy to see that the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 has a solution y yt if and only if y is a fixed point of the operator equation A y 1 ,y 2 t b sa b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 y 1 z f 2 y 2 z ,t∈ a − 1,b 1 Z . 3.3 In view of H 3 and 3.3, Ay 1 ,y 2 is nondecreasing in y 1 and nonincreasing in y 2 . Moreover, for any τ ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , we have A ϕ τ y 1 , 1 ϕ τ y 2 t b−1 sa1 b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 ϕ τ y 1 z f 2 1 ϕ τ y 2 z ≥ ψ τ b−1 sa1 b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 y 1 z f 2 y 2 z ψ τ A y 1 ,y 2 t 3.4 for t ∈ a, b Z and y 1 ,y 2 ∈ D. Let L b − a − 1 b−1 za1 h z , 3.5 6 Advances in Difference Equations condition H 2 implies L>0. Since f i y > 0fory>0 i 1, 2,byLemma 2.2, we have A L, L b−1 sa1 b−1 za1 G 2 t, s G 1 s, z h z f 1 L f 2 L ≥ m f 1 L f 2 L b−1 sa1 b−1 za1 h z m f 1 L f 2 L L 3.6 for m in 2.1 and L in 3.5. Moreover, we obtain A L, L ≤ M f 1 L f 2 L L 3.7 for M in 2.1. Thus m f 1 L f 2 L L ≤ A L, L ≤ M f 1 L f 2 L L. 3.8 Therefore, we can choose a sufficiently small number e 1 ∈ 0, 1 such that e 1 L ≤ A L, L ≤ L e 1 , 3.9 which together with H 3 implies that there exists τ 1 ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z such that ϕτ 1 e 1 ,so ϕ τ 1 L ≤ A L, L ≤ L ϕ τ 1 . 3.10 Since ψτ 1 /ϕτ 1 > 1, we can take a sufficiently large positive integer k such that ψτ 1 ϕτ 1 k ≥ 1 ϕ τ 1 . 3.11 It is clear that ϕτ 1 ψτ 1 k ≤ ϕ τ 1 . 3.12 Advances in Difference Equations 7 We define u 0 t ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ − ϕ τ 1 k L: t a − 1,b 1, 0: t a, b, ϕ τ 1 k L: t ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z , v 0 t ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ − L ϕ τ 1 k : t a − 1,b 1, 0: t a, b, L ϕ τ 1 k : t ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z . 3.13 Evidently, for t ∈ a, b Z , u 0 ≤ v 0 . Take any λ ∈ 0, ϕτ 1 2k , then λ ∈ 0, 1 and u 0 ≥ λv 0 . By the mixed monotonicity of A, we have Au 0 ,v 0 ≤ Av 0 ,u 0 . In addition, combining H 3 with 3.10 and 3.11,weget A u 0 ,v 0 A ϕ τ 1 k L, 1 ϕ τ 1 k L A ϕ τ 1 ϕ τ 1 k−1 L, 1 ϕ τ 1 ϕ τ 1 k−1 L ≥ ψ τ 1 A ϕ τ 1 k−1 L, 1 ϕ τ 1 k−1 L ≥··· ≥ ψ τ 1 k A L, L ≥ ψ τ 1 k ϕ τ 1 L ≥ ϕ τ 1 k L u 0 . 3.14 From H 3 , we have A y 1 ,y 2 A ϕ s y 1 ϕ s , 1 ϕ s ϕ s y 2 ≥ ψ s A y 1 ϕ s ,ϕ s y 2 , ∀s ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z ,y 1 ,y 2 ≥ 0, 3.15 and hence A y 1 ϕ s ,ϕ s y 2 ≤ 1 ψ s A y 1 ,y 2 , ∀s ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z ,y 1 ,y 2 ≥ 0. 3.16 8 Advances in Difference Equations Thus, we have A v 0 ,u 0 A L ϕ τ 1 k , ϕ τ 1 k L A L ϕ τ 1 ϕ τ 1 k−1 ,ϕ τ 1 ϕ τ 1 k−1 L ≤ 1 ψ τ 1 A L ϕ τ 1 k−1 , ϕ τ 1 k−1 L ≤··· ≤ 1 ψ τ 1 k A L, L ≤ 1 ψ τ 1 k L ϕ τ 1 . 3.17 In accordance with 3.12, we can see that A v 0 ,u 0 ≤ L ϕ τ 1 k v 0 . 3.18 Construct successively the sequences u n A u n−1 ,v n−1 ,v n A v n−1 ,u n−1 ,n 1, 2, 3.19 By the mixed monotonicity of A, we have u 1 Au 0 ,v 0 ≤ Av 0 ,u 0 v 1 . By induction, we obtain u n ≤ v n ,n 1, 2, It follows from 3.14, 3.18, and the mixed monotonicity ofA that u 0 ≤ u 1 ≤···≤ u n ≤···≤v n ≤···≤v 1 ≤ v 0 . 3.20 Note that u 0 ≥ λv 0 , so we can get u n t ≥ u 0 t ≥ λv 0 t ≥ λv n t,t∈ a, b Z ,n 1, 2, Let λ n sup { λ>0 | u n t ≥ λv n t ,t∈ a, b Z } ,n 1, 2, 3.21 Thus, we have u n t ≥ λ n v n t ,t∈ a, b Z ,n 1, 2, , 3.22 and then u n1 t ≥ u n t ≥ λ n v n t ≥ λ n v n1 t ,t∈ a, b Z ,n 1, 2, 3.23 Therefore, λ n1 ≥ λ n , that is, {λ n } is increasing with {λ n }⊂0, 1.Set λ lim n →∞ λ n . We can show that λ 1. In fact, if 0 < λ<1, by H 3 , there exists τ 2 ∈ a1,b−1 Z such that ϕτ 2 λ. Consider the following two cases. Advances in Difference Equations 9 i There exists an integer N such that λ N λ. In this case, we have λ n λ for all n ≥ N holds. Hence, for n ≥ N, it follows from 3.4 and the mixed monotonicity ofA that u n1 A u n ,v n ≥ A λv n , 1 λ u n A ϕ τ 2 v n , 1 ϕ τ 2 u n ≥ ψ τ 2 A v n ,u n ψ τ 2 v n1 . 3.24 By the definition of λ n , we have λ n1 λ ≥ ψ τ 2 >ϕ τ 2 λ. 3.25 This is a contradiction. ii For all integer n, λ n < λ. In this case, we have 0 <λ n / λ<1. In accordance with H 3 , there exists θ n ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z such that ϕθ n λ n / λ. Hence, combining 3.4 with the mixed monotonicity of A, we have u n1 A u n ,v n ≥ A λ n v n , 1 λ n u n A ⎛ ⎜ ⎝ λ n λ λv n , u n λ n / λ λ ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ A ϕ θ n ϕ τ 2 v n , u n ϕ θ n ϕ τ 2 ≥ ψ θ n A ϕ τ 2 v n , u n ϕ τ 2 ≥ ψ θ n ψ τ 2 A v n ,u n ψ θ n ψ τ 2 v n1 . 3.26 By the definition of λ n , we have λ n1 ≥ ψ θ n ψ τ 2 >ϕ θ n ψ τ 2 λ n λ ψ τ 2 . 3.27 Let n →∞, we have λ ≥ λ/ λψτ 2 > λ/ λϕτ 2 ϕτ 2 λ, and this is also a contradiction. Hence, lim n →∞ λ n 1. Thus, combining 3.20 with 3.22, we have 0 ≤ u nl t − u n t ≤ v n t − u n t ≤ v n t − λ n v n t 1 − λ n v n t ≤ 1 − λ n v 0 t 3.28 for t ∈ a, b Z , where l is a nonnegative integer. Thus, u nl − u n ≤ v n − u n ≤ 1 − λ n v 0 . 3.29 Therefore, there exists a function y ∗ ∈ D such that lim n →∞ u n t lim n →∞ v n t y ∗ t for t ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z . 3.30 10 Advances in Difference Equations By the mixed monotonicity ofAand 3.20, we have u n1 t A u n t ,v n t ≤ A y ∗ t ,y ∗ t ≤ A v n t ,u n t v n1 t . 3.31 Let n →∞and we get Ay ∗ t,y ∗ t y ∗ t, t ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z .Thatis,y ∗ is a nontrivial solution of the BVP 1.1 and 1.2. Next, we show the uniquenessofsolutionsof the BVP 1.1 and 1.2. Assume, to the contrary, that there exist two nontrivial solutions y 1 and y 2 of the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 such that Ay 1 t,y 1 t y 1 t and Ay 2 t,y 2 t y 2 t for t ∈ a − 1,b 1 Z . According to 3.9, we can know that there exists 0 <η≤ 1 such that ηy 2 t ≤ y 1 t ≤ 1/ηy 2 t for t ∈ a, b Z . Let η 0 sup 0 <η≤ 1 | ηy 2 ≤ y 1 ≤ 1 η y 2 . 3.32 Then 0 <η 0 ≤ 1andη 0 y 2 t ≤ y 1 t ≤ 1/η 0 y 2 t for t ∈ a, b Z . We now show that η 0 1. In fact, if 0 <η 0 < 1, then, in view of H 3 , there exists τ ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z such that ϕτη 0 . Furthermore, we have y 1 A y 1 ,y 1 ≥ A η 0 y 2 , 1 η 0 y 2 A ϕ τ y 2 , 1 ϕ τ y 2 ≥ ψ τ A y 2 ,y 2 ψ τ y 2 , 3.33 y 1 A y 1 ,y 1 ≤ A y 2 η 0 ,η 0 y 2 A y 2 ϕ τ ,ϕ τ y 2 ≤ 1 ψ τ A y 2 ,y 2 1 ψ τ y 2 . 3.34 In 3.34, we used the relation formula 3.16. Since ψ τ >ϕτη 0 , this contradicts the definition of η 0 . Hence η 0 1. Therefore, the BVP 1.1 and 1.2 has a unique solution. Finally, we show that “moreover” part of the theorem. For any initial x 0 ,y 0 ∈ D,in accordance with 3.9, we can choose a sufficiently small number e 2 ∈ 0, 1 such that e 2 L ≤ x 0 ≤ 1 e 2 L, e 2 L ≤ y 0 ≤ 1 e 2 L. 3.35 It follows from H 3 that there exists τ 3 ∈ a 1,b− 1 Z such that ϕτ 3 e 2 , and hence ϕ τ 3 L ≤ x 0 ≤ L ϕ τ 3 ,ϕ τ 3 L ≤ y 0 ≤ L ϕ τ 3 . 3.36 Thus, we can choose a sufficiently large positive integer k such that ψτ 3 ϕτ 3 k ≥ 1 ϕ τ 3 . 3.37 Define u 0 ϕ τ 3 k L, v 0 L ϕ τ 3 k . 3.38 [...]... 15 P J Y Wong and R P Agarwal, “Results and estimates on multiple solutionsofLidstone boundary value problems,” Acta Mathematica Hungarica, vol 86, no 1-2, pp 137–168, 2000 16 P J Y Wong and R P Agarwal, “Characterization of eigenvalues for difference equations subject to Lidstone conditions,” Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, vol 19, no 1, pp 1–18, 2002 17 P J Y Wong and L Xie, “Three... solutionsoffourth-order nonlinear c difference equations,” Lithuanian Mathematical Journal, vol 49, no 1, pp 71–92, 2009 11 D R Anderson and F Minhos, Adiscretefourth-orderLidstoneproblemwith parameters,” Applied ´ Mathematics and Computation, vol 214, no 2, pp 523–533, 2009 12 T He and Y Su, “On discretefourth-order boundary value problems with three parameters,” Journal of Computational and. .. 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