MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS Edited by Nasimuddin Microstrip Antennas Edited by Nasimuddin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Microstrip Antennas, Edited by Nasimuddin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-247-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Preface IX Design of Low-Cost Probe-Fed Microstrip Antennas 1 D. C. Nascimento and J. C. da S. Lacava Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Antenna on a Uniaxial Substrate 27 Amel Boufrioua Artificial Materials based Microstrip Antenna Design 43 Merih Palandöken Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Based Selective Neural Network Ensemble and Its Application to Modeling Resonant Frequency of Microstrip Antenna 69 Tian Yu-Bo and Xie Zhi-Bin Microstrip Antennas Conformed onto Spherical Surfaces 83 Daniel B. Ferreira and J. C. da S. Lacava Mathematical Modeling of Spherical Microstrip Antennas and Applications 109 Nikolaos L. Tsitsas and Constantinos A. Valagiannopoulos Cavity-Backed Cylindrical Wraparound Antennas 131 O. M. C. Pereira-Filho, T. B. Ventura, C. G. Rego, A. F. Tinoco-S., and J. C. da S. Lacava Analysis into Proximity-Coupled Microstrip Antenna on Dielectric Lens 155 Lawrence Mall Methods to Design Microstrip Antennas for Modern Applications 173 K. Siakavara Contents Contents VI Fractal-Shaped Reconfigurable Antennas 237 Ali Ramadan, Mohammed Al-Husseini, Karim Y. Kabalan and Ali El-Hajj A Microstrip Antenna Shape Grammar 251 Adrian Muscat and Joseph A. Zammit Electrically Small Microstrip Antennas Targeting Miniaturized Satellites: the CubeSat Paradigm 273 Constantine Kakoyiannis and Philip Constantinou Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas with Proximity Coupled Feed for Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar 317 Merna Baharuddin and Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo Circularly Polarized Slotted/Slit-Microstrip Patch Antennas 341 Nasimuddin, Zhi-Ning Chen and Xianming Qing Microstrip Antenna Arrays 361 Albert Sabban Microstrip Antennas for Indoor Wireless Dynamic Environments 385 Mohamed Elhefnawy and Widad Ismail DBDP SAR Microstrip Array Technology 433 Shun-Shi Zhong Microwave Properties of Dielectric Materials 453 JS Mandeep and Loke Ngai Kin Hybrid Microstrip Antennas 473 Alexandre Perron, Tayeb A. Denidni and Abdel R. Sebak Integration of 60-GHz Microstrip Antennas with CMOS Chip 491 Gordana Klaric Felic and Efstratios Skafidas A Practical Guide to 3D Electromagnetic Software Tools 507 Guy A. E. Vandenbosch and Alexander Vasylchenko Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Pref ac e The microstrip antennas are low-profi le, low weight, ease of fabrication, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces and mechanically robust. In the last 40 years, the microstrip antenna has been developed for many communication systems such as ra- dars, sensors, wireless, satellite, broadcasting, ultra-wideband, radio frequency iden- tifi cations (RFIDs), reader devices etc The progress in modern wireless communica- tion systems has increased dramatically the demand for microstrip antennas, capable to be embedded in portable, handheld devices such RFID handheld reader, devices which provide a wireless network. Recently, demands of these devices with smaller in size and therefore antennas required smaller and light weight especially at the low microwave frequency range. The microstrip antennas can be designed in very small size with lower gain and bandwidth. For portable and handheld devices, gain and bandwidth of the antenna is not so important. However antenna meets some gain with desired bandwidth constraint. For millimeter wave applications, the antenna has to be high gain with broadband impedance bandwidth. In this book some recent adva nces in the microstrip anten nas are presented while high- lighting the theoretical and practical design techniques for various wireless system applications. The microstrip antennas on various available substrate materials such as artifi cial material, uni-axial and ferrite are analyzed and designed for reconfi gurable, dual and tunable applications. The small microstrip antennas can be designed using artifi cial materials. Various shaped radiators are also studied for compact antenna size and circular polarization radiation. The circularly polarized microstrip antennas with diff erent feeding system and various shaped slo ed microstrip patch radiators is also studied and compared for compact size and broadband applications. The microstrip antennas are also considered as a sensor for detection of materials properties. Finally, the microstrip antennas for millimeter-wave applications are also covered in this book. New emerging wireless systems that operate at millimeter wave frequencies, such as high data rate 60-GHz transceivers for wireless personal area networks (WPAN), use integrated antennas. Therefore, antennas for these systems are commonly implement- ed on in-package solutions. The integration of antenna-in-package is also covered by using wire bonding or fl ip-chip bonding interconnections. Lastly, the 3D electromag- netic so ware tools for microstrip antennas designing is demonstrated for helping the microstrip antenna designers. The proposed microstrip antennas book is useful for students, researchers and microstrip antenna design engineers. The microstrip antennas book covers diff erent types of the microstrip antennas and ar- rays. The book chapters are from experts/scientists in the area of the microstrip antennas X Preface and applied electromagnetics. First book chapter begins introduction of the microstrip antennas with low-cost probe-fed microstrip antenna design methods. Analysis of the rectangular microstrip antennas on uni-axial and artifi cial material substrates are pre- sented in chapters 2 and 3, respectively. A particle-swarm-optimization based selective neural network ensemble and its application to modeling resonant frequency of the microstrip antenna are described in chapter 4. Chapters 5-8 present analysis of the microstrip antennas on the spherical surfaces, cylindrical wraparound, and dielectric lens. Various shapes with slo ed/slit microstrip antennas are presented in chapters 9-17 for various wireless system applications such as multiband, reconfi gurable antennas, compact microstrip antennas and circularly polarized microstrip antennas etc These chapters are also presented in comparison with slo ed/slit microstrp antennas based on fi xed overall antenna size. In chapters 18-19, the microstrip antennas are proposed for detection of material properties. The hybrid microstrip antennas and integration of the microstrip antennas with CMOS Chip for millimeter applications are described in chapters 20-21. The last book chapter is a practical guide to 3D electromagnetic so - ware tools for analysis of the planar antennas and this helps reader with general guide- lines for antenna design using the 3D electromagnetic so ware tools. N a s i m u d d i n Institute for Infocomm Research Singapore [...]... Table 1 As expected, this confirms the behavior illustrated in Fig 13 5 3 1 2 4 9 7 6 8 11 10 12 b y a x Fig 15 Feed locus for CP antenna: new design px (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 py (mm) 1. 00 3.50 6.00 8.50 11 .00 13 .50 15 .00 17 .50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 6.70 7.20 8 .10 9.20 10 .30 11 .50 12 .10 13 .30 14 .40 15 .50 16 .40 16 .90 Table 1 Probe position for CP operation: new design The applicability of... following the standard procedure in Figs 16 -17 13 Design of Low-Cost Probe-Fed Microstrip Antennas 0 0 0 330 0 30 -5 30 -5 300 -10 60 -15 -20 -25 270 90 -20 -15 Standard design New design 240 -10 12 0 Radiation pattern [dB] -10 Radiation pattern [dB] 330 300 -20 -25 270 90 -20 -15 240 -10 -5 60 -15 -5 210 0 15 0 210 0 18 0 12 0 Standard design New design 15 0 18 0 (b) (a) Fig 16 Radiation patterns in xz plane:... frequency greater than the operating one 50j 1. 8 GHz 2.2 GHz 25j 10 0j 1. 8 GHz 10 j 250j 2 GHz 10 -10 j 25 2.2 GHz 50 10 0 250 Standard design (p = 10 .4 mm) Standard design (p = 0.8 mm) -25j -250j -10 0j -50j Fig 5 Input impedances: standard design 0 13 0 Re [Zin] -5 90 Im [Zin] -10 70 |Γ| -15 50 -20 30 -25 10 |Γ|[dB] Input impedance [Ω] 11 0 -30 -10 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 2.0 2 .1 2.2 Frequency [GHz] 2.3 -35 2.4 Fig 6... 330 0 30 -10 60 -20 -25 270 90 -20 -15 240 -5 0 12 0 Standard design New design 210 Radiation pattern [dB] Radiation pattern [dB] 300 -15 -10 30 -5 -5 -10 330 300 60 -15 -20 -25 270 90 -20 -15 240 -10 Standard design New design -5 15 0 210 0 18 0 15 0 18 0 (a) (b) Fig 17 Radiation patterns in yz plane: (a) Ephi component - (b) Etheta component 21 Standard design New design 18 Axial ratio [dB] 15 12 9 6 3... designing thin microstrip antennas for educational purposes 0 0 330 60 Etheta Ephi -24 -30 270 90 -24 -18 240 Standard design New design -6 0 210 12 0 Radiation pattern [dB] Radiation pattern [dB] 300 -18 -12 330 30 -6 -6 -12 0 0 30 -12 Etheta 300 60 -18 -24 -30 270 90 -24 -18 -12 240 Standard design New design -6 15 0 18 0 (a) Fig 7 Radiation patterns: (a) yz plane - (b) xz plane 0 210 15 0 18 0 (b) 12 0 7 Design... design strategy for LP radiators -10 -15 Prototype HFSS -20 -25 -30 -35 Re [Zin] 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 2.0 2 .1 Frequency [GHz] (a) 2.2 2.3 2.4 -40 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 2.0 2 .1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Frequency [GHz] (b) Fig 20 LP microstrip antenna: (a) input impedance - (b) reflection coefficient magnitude 15 Design of Low-Cost Probe-Fed Microstrip Antennas 4.2 Circularly-polarized microstrip antenna The geometry of... work, so a rectangular antenna design (Nascimento et al., 2007b) is used 14 0 20.0 Im [Zin] 17 .5 Re [Zin] 10 0 15 .0 Axial ratio 9.35 mm 7.49 mm 43.98 mm 20.565 mm 80 12 .5 60 10 .0 40 7.5 20 5.0 0 Probe y Input impedance [Ω] 12 0 2.5 -20 1. 40 9.35 mm Axial ratio [dB] 41. 13 mm 1. 45 1. 50 1. 55 1. 60 1. 65 1. 70 1. 75 0.0 1. 80 Frequency [GHz] x (a) (b) Fig 28 CP truncated-corner patch: (a) geometry - (b) axial ratio... radiation efficiency is 77.9% and the directivity is 7 dB at the operating frequency 80 0 Re[Zin] -1 Im[Zin] 60 -2 50 | Γ |[dB] Input impedance [Ω] 70 40 30 -3 -4 -5 20 -6 10 -7 0 1. 80 1. 85 1. 90 1. 95 2.00 2.05 Frequency [GHz] (a) 2 .10 2 .15 2.20 -8 1. 80 1. 85 1. 90 1. 95 2.00 2.05 Frequency [GHz] 2 .10 2 .15 2.20 (b) Fig 4 Standard design: (a) input impedance - (b) reflection coefficient magnitude It can... specified in this chapter 4 .1 Linearly polarized microstrip antenna The geometry of the LP antenna designed to operate at 2 GHz is presented in Fig 1 The following dimensions were calculated in Section 2.3 (a = 32.9 mm, b = 42.8 mm and p = 7.0 mm) A photo of the prototype is shown in Fig 19 Fig 19 Photo of the LP microstrip antenna prototype 12 0 11 0 10 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 1. 6 5 Prototype HFSS... = 8 .10 mm Results for the input impedance are presented in Fig 14 (a) The value of the antenna input impedance at the operating frequency is now purely 50 Ω Graphics for the axial ratio and the reflection coefficient magnitude are depicted in Fig 14 (b) 0 200 Re[Zin] -5 Im[Zin] 15 0 15 -10 10 0 75 50 25 0 12 -15 9 -20 6 -25 12 5 | Γ | [dB] Input Impedance [Ω] 17 5 18 |Γ| Axial ratio 3 -25 -50 2.0 2 .1 2.2 . Vasylchenko Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Pref ac e The microstrip antennas are low-profi. frequency. 1. 80 1. 85 1. 90 1. 95 2.00 2.05 2 .10 2 .15 2.20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Input impedance [Ω] Frequency [GHz] Re[Z in ] Im[Z in ] (a) 1. 80 1. 85 1. 90 1. 95 2.00 2.05 2 .10 2 .15 2.20 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 |. -30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 0 30 60 90 12 0 15 0 18 0 210 240 270 300 330 -30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 E phi E theta Radiation pattern [dB] Standard design New design (a) -30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0 0 30 60 90 12 0 15 0 18 0 210 240 270 300 330 -30 -24 -18 -12 -6 0