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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE TORT LAW Lecturing hours: 1 Tutorial hour : 1 1.1 Concepts A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm to another person : intentional, accidental, or negligent (Noncontractual damages). Compensation for both physical damage and mental loss. In Germany, the heart of those rules in their entirety (Haftungsrecht) is the law of delict with diverse instances of strict liability, product liability including liability for medical drugs. § 823 Schadensersatzpflicht (1) Wer vorsätzlich oder fahrlässig das Leben, den Körper, die Gesundheit, die Freiheit, das Eigentum oder ein sonstiges Recht eines anderen widerrechtlich verletzt, ist dem anderen zum Ersatz des daraus entstehenden Schadens verpflichtet. (2) Die gleiche Verpflichtung trifft denjenigen, welcher gegen ein den Schutz eines anderen bezweckendes Gesetz verstößt. 2Ist nach dem Inhalt des Gesetzes ein Verstoß gegen dieses auch ohne Verschulden möglich, so tritt die Ersatzpflicht nur im Falle des Verschuldens ein. In France (responabilité extracontractuelle). All injuries and other wrongs give rise to a remedy. The main principle in French tort law is that of fault; Vicarious liability and strict liability have developed to address damage caused by products, machines, and the actions of agents or employees1. Article 1240 Tout fait quelconque de lhomme, qui cause à autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer. 1 See more: Article 1382 of the French Civil Code that “any act of man, which causes damages to another, shall oblige the person by whose fault it occurred to repair it”. Three elements are necessary to engage liability: a fault, a damage, a causal link between the two. https:www.biicl.orgfiles730_introduction_to_french_tort_law.pdf. French tort law is governed by “La responsabilité extracontractuelle (Articles 1240 à 1252)”, https:www.legifrance.gouv.frcodesarticle_lcLEGIARTI00003204157120230101. Accessed 1.1.2023. 6 Article 1241 Chacun est responsable du dommage quil a causé non seulement par son fait, mais encore par sa négligence ou par son imprudence. In USA Tort law does not have an established statute. It has emerged from the decisions given in different case laws. Intentional Torts: Wrongful injury to a person or a person’s property. Caregories: intentional torts. Negligence, strict liability. Caselaw: Rylands v. Fletche2r ; Donoghue v. Stevenson. In Vietnam, Chapter XX defines the liability for Compensation for Non Contractual Damages (Art 584 to Art 608) ; Law on consumer protection 2010. Case law: Judgment No. 622010DSPT in Gia Lai province. Plaintiff Ms. Nga sued defendant Mr. Truc about Mr. Trucs dog biting his right calf. “1) Damages The purpose of the law of torts is to compensate the victim. In negligence cases, damages are the only remedy. The purpose of awarding damages in tort is to put the victim in the same position as if the wrong that has been committed against him has not occurred. It is for the judge to determine the quantum of compensation depending on multifarious factors. Such damages include compensation for pain and suffering, loss of consortium, loss of expectation of life, future possible earnings. Special damages are either ascertained or ascertainable. The judge may require only proof of the genuineness of the material evidencing the loss since the loss is specific and ascertained or ascertainable to a degree of certainty. A Tort is a Civil Wrong It is not a crime; but neither is it a breach of contract. 2 “The court also established the doctrine of ‘strict liability’, under which the defendants were held liable. The requirements for the application of the doctrine of strict liability: The defendant must have brought something on his land, Nonnatural use of land, ...”. https:blog.ipleaders.intop10tortlaw casesDonoghue_v_Stevenson_1932. Accessed 1.1.2023. 7 Tort Crime Goal: Compensation Source of law: common law Punishment Statutory law A single conduct may be a tort and a crime, e.g. in a road accident. At times, a conduct may be both a tort and a breach of contract, e.g. misrepresentation when entering into an agreement. The basic purpose of tort law is to put the victimplaintiff as far as possible to the position where he might have been if the tort were not committed. UNITED STATES TORT LAW The elements of most intentional torts follow the same pattern: intent, act, result, and causation. 1.2 Meaning First: The liability to compensate for damage outside the contract is aimed at restoring it to its original condition. Second: The responsibility to compensate for damage outside the contract educates the sense of law observance and respect for the legitimate rights and interests of other subjects. Thirdly: The purpose of protecting property, life, health, honor, dignity, reputation, rights and legitimate interests of the liability to compensate for noncontractual damage is expressed through the forced economic impact. the person responsible for compensation must pay compensation for the damage. 2) Injunction Sometimes where harm is expected, it may be more suitable to get a court to order the equitable remedy of injunction instead of damages. It means a direction of the court to a person to do or not to do a certain act. Since it is an equitable remedy the court has discretion o grant or refuse this remedy. 8 CHAPTER 2: GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO COMPENSATE FOR DAMAGE NONCONTRACT AND CASE OF NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES
1 TÀI LIỆU HỖ TRỢ HỌC TẬP KHĨA 44 MƠN: Comparative Tort Law (Luật bồi thường thiệt hại hợp đồng so sánh) SESSION - YEAR 2022 – 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: DETAILED PLAN CONTENT CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT AND MEANING COMPENSATE FOR NON-CONTRACTUAL DAMAGE OF LIABILITY TO CHAPTER 2: GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO COMPENSATE FOR DAMAGE NON-CONTRACT AND CASE OF NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPLES OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE CHAPTER 4: TYPES OF RESPONSIBILITIES FOR LIABILITY TO COMPENSATE FOR NON-CONTRACTUAL DAMAGE CHAPTER 5: DETERMINATION OF COMPENSATORY DAMAGES CHAPTER 6: FORM AND METHOD OF COMPENSATION CHAPTER 7: LIABILITY CAPACITY FOR COMPENSATION DETERMINATION OF COMPENSATION BENEFICIARIES CHAPTER 8: STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR INITIATING LAWSUITS CHAPTER 9: SPECIFIC CASES OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE (I) CHAPTER 10: SPECIFIC CASES OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE (II) CHAPTER 11: SPECIFIC CASES OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE (III) CHAPTER 12: SPECIFIC CASES OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE (IV) PART 2: THEORETICAL ISSUES AND EXERCISES PART 3: LIST OF REFERENCES AND COURSE MATERIALS : COMPARATIVE TORT LAW 2nd TERM - YEAR 2022– 2023 PART I: DETAILED PLAN Subject Title: Comparative tort law Number of credits: 30 credits (including 20 theoretical periods and 10 discussion) Course Objectives This module introduces the students to the basic principles of tort in the world Students would learn of torts especially negligence, the rules underlying enforceable torts, relationships, tort relations such as capacity of individuals for liability to compensate for damage, damages in some special cases, negligence, fault, causation, strict liability, limitation of liability, third party liability, non-pecuniary damage, pecuniary damage, liability for medical malpractice, kind of damage, and duty of care 3.1 About Knowledge: Introduce the principles of law relating to Tort law; Learn the general theory of Tort Law, the concept and meaning of liability to compensate for non-contractual damage, grounds for liability to compensate for damage non-contract and case of not responsible for damages, principles of compensation for damage, types of responsibilities for liability to compensate for non-contractual damage, determination of compensatory damages, form and method of compensation, liability capacity for compensation and determination of compensation beneficiaries, statute of limitations for initiating lawsuits, specific cases of compensation for damage 3.2 About skills: Understand the general aspect of Tort law Distinguish between contractual damages and non-contractual damages Understand principles of compensation for damage, types of responsibilities for liability to compensate for non-contractual damage, determination of compensatory damages 3.3 About attitude: A student of tort studies is required to know the environment in which the law would operate Indispensable among them would be the knowledge on the legal environment Particularly, the knowledge on the principles of tort This Module would help the students to mould their understanding of the other tort principles in a legal environment Teaching Methods: Consultation (explaining the specific situation, identifying the legal problem, solving the legal problem (based on texts, laws, case law and practices), drawing the concrete consequences of their reasoning for the case in question) Commentary on a court decision (a judgment, an order, a ruling) Text (or article) comment Dissertation, end-of-study dissertation (delimit the subject, determine the interest of the subject with regard to current legal, social, political, historical, practical, theoretical interest) 5 Evaluation: Assessment components Course (include either a 50% report, essay, case study, project or presentation, individual test) Final exam 50% 6 Course contents: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE TORT LAW Lecturing hours: Tutorial hour : 1.1 Concepts A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm to another person : intentional, accidental, or negligent (Non-contractual damages) Compensation for both physical damage and mental loss In Germany, the heart of those rules in their entirety (Haftungsrecht) is the law of delict with diverse instances of strict liability, product liability including liability for medical drugs § 823 Schadensersatzpflicht (1) Wer vorsätzlich oder fahrlässig das Leben, den Körper, die Gesundheit, die Freiheit, das Eigentum oder ein sonstiges Recht eines anderen widerrechtlich verletzt, ist dem anderen zum Ersatz des daraus entstehenden Schadens verpflichtet (2) Die gleiche Verpflichtung trifft denjenigen, welcher gegen ein den Schutz eines anderen bezweckendes Gesetz verstưßt 2Ist nach dem Inhalt des Gesetzes ein Verst gegen dieses auch ohne Verschulden möglich, so tritt die Ersatzpflicht nur im Falle des Verschuldens ein In France (responabilité extracontractuelle) All injuries and other wrongs give rise to a remedy The main principle in French tort law is that of fault; Vicarious liability and strict liability have developed to address damage caused by products, machines, and the actions of agents or employees1 Article 1240 Tout fait quelconque de l'homme, qui cause autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé le réparer See more: Article 1382 of the French Civil Code that “any act of man, which causes damages to another, shall oblige the person by whose fault it occurred to repair it” Three elements are necessary to engage liability: a fault, a damage, a causal link between the two https://www.biicl.org/files/730_introduction_to_french_tort_law.pdf French tort law is governed by “La responsabilité extracontractuelle (Articles 1240 1252)”, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000032041571/2023-01-01 Accessed 1.1.2023 Article 1241 Chacun est responsable du dommage qu'il a causé non seulement par son fait, mais encore par sa négligence ou par son imprudence In USA Tort law does not have an established statute It has emerged from the decisions given in different case laws Intentional Torts: Wrongful injury to a person or a person’s property Caregories: intentional torts Negligence, strict liability Caselaw: Rylands v Fletche2r ; Donoghue v Stevenson Tort Crime Goal: Compensation Punishment Source of law: common law Statutory law In Vietnam, Chapter XX defines the liability for Compensation for NonContractual Damages (Art 584 to Art 608) ; Law on consumer protection 2010 Case law: Judgment No 62/2010/DSPT in Gia Lai province Plaintiff Ms Nga sued defendant Mr Truc about Mr Truc's dog biting his right calf “1) Damages The purpose of the law of torts is to compensate the victim In negligence cases, damages are the only remedy The purpose of awarding damages in tort is to put the victim in the same position as if the wrong that has been committed against him has not occurred It is for the judge to determine the quantum of compensation depending on multifarious factors Such damages include compensation for pain and suffering, loss of consortium, loss of expectation of life, future possible earnings Special damages are either ascertained or ascertainable The judge may require only proof of the genuineness of the material evidencing the loss since the loss is specific and ascertained or ascertainable to a degree of certainty A Tort is a Civil Wrong It is not a crime; but neither is it a breach of contract “The court also established the doctrine of ‘strict liability’, under which the defendants were held liable The requirements for the application of the doctrine of strict liability: The defendant must have brought something on his land, Non-natural use of land, …” https://blog.ipleaders.in/top-10-tort-lawcases/#Donoghue_v_Stevenson_1932 Accessed 1.1.2023 A single conduct may be a tort and a crime, e.g in a road accident At times, a conduct may be both a tort and a breach of contract, e.g misrepresentation when entering into an agreement The basic purpose of tort law is to put the victim/plaintiff as far as possible to the position where he might have been if the tort were not committed UNITED STATES TORT LAW The elements of most intentional torts follow the same pattern: intent, act, result, and causation 1.2 Meaning First: The liability to compensate for damage outside the contract is aimed at restoring it to its original condition Second: The responsibility to compensate for damage outside the contract educates the sense of law observance and respect for the legitimate rights and interests of other subjects Thirdly: The purpose of protecting property, life, health, honor, dignity, reputation, rights and legitimate interests of the liability to compensate for non-contractual damage is expressed through the forced economic impact the person responsible for compensation must pay compensation for the damage 2) Injunction Sometimes where harm is expected, it may be more suitable to get a court to order the equitable remedy of injunction instead of damages It means a direction of the court to a person to or not to a certain act Since it is an equitable remedy the court has discretion o grant or refuse this remedy CHAPTER 2: GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO COMPENSATE FOR DAMAGE NON-CONTRACT AND CASE OF NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES Lecturing hours: Tutorial hour : 2.1 For damage caused by people According to Clause 1, Article 584 Civil Code 2015, Article 584 Grounds for liability to compensate for damage “1 A person who infringes upon the life, health, honor, dignity, reputation, property, or other lawful rights or interests of another person and thereby causes damage shall pay compensation, unless otherwise prescribed by this Code or other relevant laws” First: There must be actual damage Second: It is illegal to commit acts of causing damage Third: There must be a causal relationship between the illegal act causing the damage and the actual damage Note on the role of the elements fault: Clause 1, Article 604 Civil Code 2015 Article 604 Compensation for damage caused by sources of extreme danger “1 Sources of extreme danger include motorized means of transport, power transmission systems, operating industrial factories, weapons, explosives, inflammables, toxics, radioactive substances, wild beasts and other sources of extreme danger as prescribed by law The owner of a source of extreme danger shall operate, use, preserve, guard and transport the source of extreme danger in accordance with law.” 2.2 For property damage In addition to the provisions on compensation for human-caused damage, the 2015 Civil Code also has general provisions on compensation for damage caused by property Specifically, Clause 3, Article 584 of the 2015 Civil Code stipulates: "3 If a property causes damage, its owner or possessor shall compensate for damage, except for the damage caused in the case prescribed in Clause of this Article” This is a general rule that applies to all types of property that cause damage Here, to give rise to liability for damage, the first condition is that the damage must exist in 10 reality, followed by the damage caused by the property When these conditions are met, the owner or possessor of the property is liable for damages 2.3 Cases where compensation is not required Where the damage occurs due to legitimate defense; damage caused by an emergency situation; damage caused by force majeure events; The damage occurred entirely through the fault of the aggrieved party In the case of damage caused by a force majeure event, it is completely understandable that the nature of the force majeure event is to exclude liability in general Accordingly, a force majeure event is understood as an event that occurs objectively, which cannot be foreseen and cannot be remedied even though all necessary and permissible measures have been applied (Clause 1, Article 156 Civil Code 2015) For the case, the person causing the damage is not responsible for compensation for the damage 54 References: Legislation Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) (Austria)—Austrian Civil Code Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten (ALR)—Prussian Civil Code Arzneimittelgesetz—Medicinal Products Act Atomgesetz—Nuclear Power Act Bauforderungssicherungsgesetz—Building Contract Securities Act Bundesbeamtengesetz—Federal Civil Service Act Bundesdatenschutzgesetz—Federal Data Protection Act Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz—Federal Pollution Control Act Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)—German Civil Code Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW) (Netherlands)—Dutch Civil Code Code civil (Cc) (France)—French Civil Code Codice civile (Cc) (Italy)—Italian Civil Code Código civil (Cc) (Portugal)—Portuguese Civil Code Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch (EGBGB)—Introductory Act to the German Civil Code Einführungsgesetz zum Reichsstrafgesetzbuch—Introductory Act to Criminal Code of the Reich Eisenbahngesetz—Railways Act Entgeltfortzahlungsgesetz—Continued Salary Payment Act Gentechnikgesetz—Genetic Engineering Act Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb—Unfair Competition Act Gewerbeordnung—Trade Regulations Grundgesetz (GG)—German Basic Law Haftpflichtgesetz—Liability Law Haustürwiderrufsgesetz—Cancellation Rights for Doorstep Sales Act Insolvenzordnung—Insolvency Ordninance Luftverkehrsgesetz—Aviation Act Obligationenrecht (OR) (Switzerland)—Swiss Law of Obligations Pflichtversicherungsgesetz (PflVG)—Mandatory Insurance Act Produkthaftungsgesetz—Product Liability Act Reichsgewerbeordnung—Reich Business Act Reichshaftpflichtgesetz—Reich Liability Act Reichsstrafgesetzbuch—Reich Criminal Code Sozialgesetzbuch X—Social Code, Book 10 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB)—German Criminal Code Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG)—Road Traffic Act Straßenverkehrsordnung (StVO)—Road Traffic Ordinance Umwelthaftungsgesetz—Environmental Liability Act Urhebergesetz—Copyright Act Verbraucherkreditgesetz—Consumer Credit Act Versicherungsvertragsgesetz—Insurance Contracts Act Wasserhaushaltsgesetz—Water Management Law Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO)—Civil Procedure Ordinance 55 International conventions European Convention on Human Rights Art (1) Art Art Art 10 Art 13 Hague Convention of May 1971 on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents Art Art Art Art Art 11 Hague Convention of October 1973 on the Law Applicable to Products Liability Art (1) Art Art Art Art Art Art 11 European Union law Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations, [2007] OJ, L 199/40 (Rome II Regulation) Recital 32 495 Art (1) Art Art (1), (2) Art (1) Art 14 (1) Art 28 (1) National codes and statutes Austria Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, ABGB (General Civil Code) § 21 § 176 § 1294 § 1295 (1) § 1297 § 1300 § 1302 § 1304 § 1306 56 § 1308 § 1309 § 1310 § 1325 § 1327 § 1328 § 1329 § 1331 Australia Civil Liability Act Sect 33 (1), (2) Belgium Burgerlijk Wetboek/Code civil (Civil Code) Art 1382 Art 1383 Art 1384 (1) Art 1386 Loi du 21 novembre 1989 relative l’assurance obligatoire de la responsabilité civile en matière de véhicules automoteurs (Act of 21st November 1989 on Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance) Art 29 bis §§ 1er, 2, Bulgaria ЗАКОН ЗА ЗАДЪЛЖЕНИЯТА И ДОГОВОРИТЕ (Law on Obligations and Contracts) Art 47 (1) Art 48 (1), (3) Czech Republic Obcˇanský zákoník (Civil Code) § 444 (3) § 2899 § 2920 § 2950 § 2959 Denmark Erstatningsansvarsloven (Liability for Damages Act) § 24a § 24b Lov om hæftelse for børns erstatningsansvar (Act on Vicarious Liability for Children) §1 Bekendtgørelse af færdselsloven (Road Traffic Act) § 101 264 England and Wales Water Industry Act 57 Sec 209 (1), (2) Fatal Accidents Act Sect 1A (1)–(4) Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 Sect 130 Sect 131 (A1) Sect 131 (1) Sect 137 (1) Estonia Võlaõigusseadus (Code of Obligations) § 80 § 81 § 134 (2) § 134 (3) § 1043 § 1045 (1) § 1046 § 1048 § 1050 (1) § 1052 (1), (3) § 1053 § 1056 (1), (2) § 1057 § 1058 Finland Vahingonkorvauslaki (Tort Liability Act) LUKU § LUKU § 93–94 149 LUKU § LUKU 4a § France Code Civil (Civil Code) Art (1) Art 1240 96–97 Art 1241 96–97 Art 1242 (1) Art 1242 al (4), (7) Art 1246 Art 1247 Art 1248 Art 1249 (1), (2) 58 Art 1251 Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789 (Declaration of the Human Rights and the Rights oft he Citizen of 1789) Art 11 Code de l’environnement (Environmental Code) Art L 141–1 (1), (4) Art L 142–2 Germany Grundgesetz (Basic Law) Art (1) Art (1) Art (1), (2) Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB (Civil Code) § 249 82 § 252 82 § 253 § 254 (1) § 276 § 630 h (5) § 675 (2) § 823 (1) § 823 (2) § 826 § 828 § 829 § 832 (1) § 833 § 836 (1) § 844 § 845 Zivilprozessordnung, ZPO (Code of Civil Procedure) § 91 (1) § 92 (1) § 253 (1), (2) § 278 (1) Haftpfl ichtgesetz (Civil Liability Act) § (1), (2) § (1), (3) Produkthaftungsgesetz (Product Liability Act) § (1) Umwelthaftungsgesetz (Environmental Liability Act) §1 59 Straòenverkehrsgesetz, StVG (Road Traffi c Act) Đ (1), (2) §8 §9 § 17 (1), (2) § 18 (1) Gesetz über die Vergütung der Rechtsanwältinnen und Rechtsanwälte, Rechtsanwaltsvergütungsgesetz, RVG (Act on the Remuneration of Lawyers) § (1) § (1), (2) § 3a (1) § 4a § 13 (1) § 15 (1) § 34 (1) Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung, BRAO (FederalAct Regulating the Legal Profession) § 49b (2) Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Künste und der Photographie, Kunsturhebergesetz (Act Concerning the Copyright of Works of Visual Art and Photography, Art Copyright Act) § 22 § 23 Greece Aστικός Kώδικας (Civil Code) Art 916 Art 917 Art 918 Art 923 (1) Art 932 Ireland Civil Liability Act Sect 47 (1) Sect 48 (1) Sect 49 (1) Italy Codice civile (Civil Code) Art 2043 Art 2046 Art 2047 Art 2048 (1), (3) Art 2050 60 Art 2051 Art 2054 (1), (2) Art 2054 (3) Legge 24 dicembre 2003, n 363: Norme in materia di sicurezza nella pratica degli sport invernali da discesae da fondo (Law no 363/2003 of 24 December 2003) Art 19 (1) Japan 民法 (Civil Code) Art 711 Latvia Civillikums (Civil Code) Art 1637 Art 1780 Norway Skadeserstatningsloven (Compensatory Damages Act) § 1-1 § 1-2 § 3-5 (2) People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国侵权责任法 (Tort Law Act) Art Art Art (1) Art 32 Art 33 Art 48 Art 65 电力法 (Electric Power Law Act) Art 60 中华人民共和国道路交通安全法 (Road Traffic Safety Law Act) Art 76 机动车交通事故责任强制保险条款 (Compulsory Motor Vehicle Accident Liability Insurance Terms) Art 中华人民共和国民事诉讼法 (Civil Procedure Law Act) Art 55 中华人民共和国环境保护法 (Environmental Protection Law) Art 58 61 Art 64 Supreme People’s Court, 最高人民法院关于审理 环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律 若 干 问 题 的 解 释 (Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Conduct of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigations), Interpretation No [2015] Art Art Art (3) Art 11 Art 13 Art 14 Art 18 Art 20 Art 23 Art 24 Art 25 Art 29 Quebec, Canada Code Civil/Civil Code Art 1457 Russian Federation Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации (Civil Code) Art 1064 (1), (2) Art 1073 (1) Art 1074 (1) Art 1074 (2), (3) Art 1075 Art 1079 (1), (3) Sweden Skadeståndslagen (Tort Liability Act) kap § kap §, § kap § kap § kap § Switzerland Code civil/Zivilgesetzbuch (Civil Code) Art 16 Art 18 Art 19 lit Art 28 62 Art 28a Art 333 (1) Code des obligations/Obligationenrecht (Code of Obligations) Art 41 (1) Art 41 (2) Art 42 Art 44 (1) Art 45 Art 47 Art 49 Art 54 (1) Art 58 (1) Art 419 Art 423 (1) Code penal/Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code) Art 239 Loi fédérale sur les Chemins de fer, LCdF (Federal Railway Act) Art 40b (1) Loi fédérale sur l’aviation, LA (Federal Aviation Act) Art 64 (1) Loi fédérale sur les installations de transport par conduits de combustibles ou carburants liquids ou gazeux (Loi fédérale sur les installations par conduits, LIPC (Federal Act on Pipelines for the Transport of Liquid or Gaseous Fuels) Art (1) Art 33 (1) Loi fédérale sur les substances explosibles, Loi sur les explosifs, LExpl (Federal Explosive Substances Act) Art 27 (1), (2) Loi fédérale sur la responsabilité du fait des produits, LRFP (Product Liability Act) Art Loi sur la responsabilité civile en matière nucléaire, LRCN (Federal Act on Nuclear Energy) Art (1) Loi fédérale sur la protection de l’environnement, LPE (Federal Act on the Protection of the Environment) Art 55 (1)-(3) Art 59a (1), (2) Art 59a (3) Loi fédérale sur l’application du genie génétique au domaine non humain, Loi sur le genie génétique, LGG (Federal Act on Non-Human GeneticTechnology) Art 30 (1), (4) Art 31 Strassenverkehrsgesetz/Loi fédérale sur la circulation routière (Road Traffi c Act) Art 58 (1) Art 59 (1), (2) 63 Art 60 Art 62 (1) Loi n° 85-–677 du juillet 1985 tendant l’amélioration de la situation des victimes d’accidents de la circulation et l’accélération des procédures d’indemnisation, Loi Badinter (Law No 85–677 of 5th July 1985, Aiming at the Improvement of the Conditions of Road Traffic Accident Victims and the Acceleration of the Compensation Procedure, Badinter Act) Art Art Art Art Loi fédérale sur la chasse et la protection des mammifères et oiseaux sauvages (Federal Law in Hunting and the Protection of Mammals and Wild Birds) Art 23 508 USA Federal Law and Restatements Constitution 7th Amendment The American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law, Torts (3rd), Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm § 20 § 48 The American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law, Torts (2nd) § 552 (1), (2) § 925 State Laws Florida Wrongful Death Act Sect 768.16 Sect 768.17 Sect 768.19 Sect 768.21 New York Estates Powers & Trusts Law § 5-4.1 (1) § 5-4.3 Soft law principles Draft Common Frame of Reference, DCFR Legal documents 1.Civil Code of 2005 2.Civil Code 2015 64 Civil Procedure Code 2015 Housing Law 2005 (amended and supplemented in 2009) Housing Law 2014 6.Land Law 2003, 2013 7.Law on Commercial Arbitration 2010 Ordinance No 06/2013/UBTVQH13 dated 18/03/2013 on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Ordinance on Foreign Exchange Resolution 58/1998/NQ - UBTVQH10 on civil housing transactions established 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