(Luận văn thạc sĩ) assessment of applicability of clean development mechanism projects under requirement of article 6 4 of paris agreement and vietnam nationally determined contribution

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAO THI HIEN ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABILITY OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECTS UNDER REQUIREMENT OF ARTICLE 6.4 OF PARIS AGREEMENT AND VIETNAM NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION h MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DAO THI HIEN ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABILITY OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECTS UNDER REQUIREMENT OF ARTICLE 6.4 OF PARIS AGREEMENT AND VIETNAM NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION h MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR ASSOC.PROF DR NGUYEN TAI TUE DR TRAN DANG QUY Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own research work with the support of my supervisors, Associate Professor Doctor Nguyen Tai Tue and Doctor Tran Dang Quy The research results have not been published in any previous research Data and information collected from other research‘s results, documents, books, research papers, and web pages must be cited and added in list of references of the thesis in compliance with regulations If any fraud is detected, I would like to take full responsibility before the Master's Program in Climate Change and Development and Viet Nam Japan University Author of the thesis h Dao Thi Hien ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors - Associate Professor Doctor Nguyen Tai Tue and Doctor Tran Dang Quy from VNU University of Sciences, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU) - for their valuable guidance and enthusiastic support throughout the implementation of my thesis I am also grateful to the experts in the field who generously shared their experiences and contributed ideas for me during the implementation process and the results of this thesis I would like to acknowledge the support of the NAFOSTED project, entitled "Optimizing the eutrophication monitoring of urban lakes using Sentinel satellite imageries: the case study of lakes in Hanoi urban area.", code 105.08-2019.329 I am deeply grateful to all the lecturers and Ms Bui Thi Hoa from the Department for Climate Change and Development, Vietnam – Japan University, who always mobilize, support, and provide the best conditions for my studies and completion of the thesis h Lastly, the thesis would not have been completed without encouragement, sharing, and advice from my family, friends, and colleagues; and I wish to express my special thanks to them I acknowledge that due to time constraints, the thesis may have some limitations, errors and I highly appreciate any comments and suggestions to further enhance the research's completeness TABLE OF CONTENT h LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background .1 1.1.1 General context .1 1.1.2 The necessity of the research 1.2 Research question and hypothesis 1.3 Research objectives and tasks 1.4 Objects and scope of the research 1.5 Research framework 1.6 Literature review 1.6.1 History of the climate negotiations 1.6.2 The principle of CDM and Article 6.4 .9 1.6.3 Policy framework on related climate change and sustainable development in Vietnam 20 1.6.4 International research on CDM transition and Article 6.4 .26 Chapter METHODOLOGY 35 2.1 General approaches 35 2.1.1 Top-down approach 35 2.1.2 Bottom-up approach 35 2.1.3 Qualitative approach 36 2.1.4 Quantitative approach .37 2.2 Methods 37 2.2.1 Desk study 38 2.2.2 Statistical analysis 38 2.2.3 Policy analysis 40 2.2.4 Expert consultation 40 2.3 Data collection 42 2.3.1 Primary data .42 2.3.2 Secondary data 42 Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44 3.1 Overview on development of CDM projects in Vietnam .44 3.1.1 Historical development and current status of CDM projects in Vietnam 44 3.1.2 Legal framework for development of CDM projects in Vietnam 49 3.1.3 Stakeholder mapping in the project implementation process 51 3.1.4 Lesson learned from implementation of CDM projects in Vietnam 57 3.2 International requirements for implementation of CDM transition to Article 6.4 of the PA 58 3.2.1 The requirements on CDM transition to Article 6.4 of the PA 58 3.2.2 Potential sectors and types of projects for the to-be-designed domestic ETS and Article of the PA .66 3.3 Proposed in-country criteria for CDM projects transferred to the new market mechanism following Article 6.4 of PA 70 3.3.1 In-country criteria for projects transition to the new mechanism in Vietnam 70 3.3.2 Recommended transition scenario 85 3.3.3 Process for CDM transition to the new mechanism in Vietnam 87 Chapter CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 89 4.1 Conclusions 89 4.2 Limitation and Recommendation 89 REFERENCES 91 APPENDIX 98 h LIST OF TABLES h Table 1.1 Research questions and hypothesis Table 1.2 Research objectives and tasks Table 1.3 Summary emission reduction targets in the NDCs Vietnam 20 Table 1.4 Emission reduction targets in the NDC Vietnam in 2022 21 Table 1.5 SDGs in Vietnam 24 Table 1.6 Transition pathways for the CDM under Article 28 Table 1.7 Scenarios for Host party assessment for CDM migration to Article 6.4 32 Table 2.1 Purposes, key questions and targeted interviewees 41 Table 3.1 Top 10 project consultants in Vietnam 54 Table 3.2 Top 10 CERs buyers in Vietnam 54 Table 3.3 Set of sustainability indicators for CDM in Vietnam 55 Table 3.4 Possible application for CDM activities transition 59 Table 3.5 GHG emissions impact of international transfers of emission reductions from migrated CDM projects 63 Table 3.6 Summary on status of CDM activities 71 Table 3.7 Number of eligible projects and potential contribution to Vietnam NDC under scenario 73 Table 3.8 Number of eligible projects and potential contribution to Vietnam NDC under scenario 80 Table 3.9 Number of eligible projects and potential contribution to Vietnam NDC under scenario 83 Table 3.10 Assessment of scenarios for potential transition of CDM to Article 6.4 85 i LIST OF FIGURES h Figure 1.1 Logical research framework Figure 1.2 Outline of the CDM 10 Figure 1.3 An example on a part of SDC report 14 Figure 1.4 Outline of the Article 6.4 15 Figure 2.1 Bottom-up approach and top-down approach in the research 36 Figure 2.2 The approach and method utilization in this study .38 Figure 2.3 CDM project cycle and relevant stakeholders 41 Figure 3.1 Development progress of CDM projects in Vietnam 44 Figure 3.2 Distribution of registered projects by Host Parties by 31/12/2022 .46 Figure 3.3 Distribution of expected CERs from registered projects by Host Parties by 31/12/2022 .46 Figure 3.4 Number of projected PA by project types 47 Figure 3.5 Volume of issued CERs of PAs by project types 48 Figure 3.6 Number of projected PoA and volume of CERs issued by project types 48 Figure 3.7 Institutional set-up for CDM in Vietnam 49 Figure 3.8 Potential impact of transferring emissions internationally under CDM and Article 6.4 61 Figure 3.9 Uses and claims for ER credits 66 Figure 3.10 Roadmap for the development of the domestic carbon market 68 Figure 3.11 Number of full eligible projects for transition to A6.4M 70 Figure 3.12 Potential ER for 2021 – 2030 of full eligible projects 71 Figure 3.13 Process flow of transition of CDM activities to the Article 6.4M 87 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Interpretation Article 6.4 Emission reduction A6.4M Article 6.4 mechanism A6.4SB Article 6.4 Supervisory Body BAU Business–as-Usual CBDR Common but differentiated responsibilities CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDM EB CDM Executive Board CDM PA Project Activity CER Certified Emission Reduction CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement COP Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CP Crediting period DCC Department of Climate change DNA Designated National Authority DOEs Designated Operating Entities EE Energy efficiency ERs Emission reductions ET International Emission Trading ETS Emission Trading System GCC Global Carbon Council GHG Greenhouse gas GS Gold Standard IPCC International Panel on Climate Change ITMOs Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes JI Joint Implementation KP Kyoto Protocol LDCs Least Developed Countries LEP Law on Environmental Protection LoA Letter of approval h A6.4ER iii Abbreviation Interpretation Large point source MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MRV Monitoring, Reporting, Verification NCM National carbon market NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NPV Net Present Value OMGE Overall Mitigation in Global Emissions PA Paris Agreement PDD Project Design Document PIN Project idea note PoA Programme of Activity PPs Project participants SB Supervisory Body SD Sustainable Development SDG Sustainable Development Goal SIDS Small Island Developing States UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VCM Voluntary carbon market VCS Verified Carbon Standard VEPF Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund h LPS iv 3.3.2 Recommended transition scenario In order to evaluate and guide decisions on the suitable transition scenario of CDM activities to the A6.4M, six following key criteria is given (Luca Lo Re & Jane Ellis, 2021):  ensuring efficient coordination and process across various UN climate regimes  regulatory efficiency  the level of administrative and financial burden on PPs  the level of administrative burden on the host Parties  the compatibility with Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 37.b and 37.d, which emphasizes ―real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change‖ and ―reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur‖ (UNFCCC, 2016b);  considering Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 37.f, recommendation to adopt RMP based on experience and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and approaches (UNFCCC, 2016b) h Potential scenarios for CDM transition in Vietnam is assessed with the assumption that Parties will co-operate to ensure co-ordination across different UN climate regimes as in Table 3.10 below: Table 3.10 Assessment of scenarios for potential transition of CDM to Article 6.48 Scenario Optimise regulatory efficiency Minimise administrative and financial burden on PPs Minimise administrative burden on host Parties Consitent with paragraphs 37.b and 37.d of Decision 1/CP.21 Scenario Scenario Scenario High Medium Very low High Medium Very low High Medium Very low Low Medium High Take into account paragraph 37.f of Decision 1/CP.21 Low Medium High Scenario 2: Transition of PoA and PA types within scope of NDC (except hydropower of above 15 MW) is considered as a neutral approach, which is balance between compatibility with international requirement and administrative, financial and technical burden on DNA and PPs It is because of following reasons: With the assumption that Parties will co-operate to ensure co-ordination across different UN climate regimes, the criterion of ‖ensuring efficient coordination and process across various UN climate regimes‖ is ignored in assessment 85  Though transition of CDM activities is required to be approved by DNA, it remains unclear whether projects can be rejected by the A6.4SB As analyzed in section 3.3.1, scenario based on blanket assessment that would not follow all rules under Article 6.4 and may lead to risks of increase in global GHG emissions and over supply of carbon credits, it is difficult to be approved by A6.4SB  Scenario based on case-by-case assessment is recommended for host Parties have 10 or fewer CDM projects currently registered (Luca Lo Re & Jane Ellis, 2021) In addition, the case by case requires significant technical and financial capacity for project assessment and information verification, while domestic capacity for verification activities is still missing in Vietnam  Since the principle of PA is ―common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", based on voluntary levels of contribution of host Party and national context, a neutral approach which is balance between compatibility with international requirement and national capacity is suitable The result is consistent with the feedback of experts All scenarios were consulted with h relevant stakeholders to seek their comments and inputs Most interviewees agree that scenario makes sense but it puts a lot of pressure on the PPs and DNA, and scenario is more feasible and practical Ms Nguyen Hong Loan, Partner – Advisory Manager, VNEEC (Vietnam) ―Scenario doesn’t present any effort of host country for international GHG mitigation effort and has high risk in decrease ambition of PA While scenario seems make sense but it is difficult for national authority to assess and ensure transparency and put large administrative and financial burden for Parties involved Scenario that excluding some project groups should be preferred and recommended‖ Ms Roxanne Tan, Credit buyer, South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd (Switzerland) ―The criterion of contributing to the SDGs should not be an issue because all CDM projects are confirmed on such through LoA Regarding scenario 3, theoretically this is good but in practice quality and comparable information is challenging to obtain 86 Transition excluding certain project types on grounds of negative environmental impact or project type has reached commercial viability (without carbon revenues) in the country as scenario is a suitable option Therefore, expert‘s inputs enriched the assessment of proposed criteria and scenario for CDM transition It is essential to consider some additional aspects such as active projects, willingness of project participants, etc for making decisions 3.3.3 Process for CDM transition to the new mechanism in Vietnam As per Decision No 380/QD-BDKH issued 31 October 2022, the Division of Economics and Information on Climate Change under DCC has responsibility for Article mechanism activities (hereafter called Article 6.4M DNA) Process flow of transition of CDM activities to the A6.4M in Vietnam is accordance with RMP of Article 6.4, which is illustrated as Figure 3.13: h Figure 3.13 Process flow of transition of CDM activities to the Article 6.4M Source: UNFCCC, 2022d As Article 6.4M DNA has responsibility to guide PPs to submit request to transition to the secretariat and DNA by 31 December 2023 based on a procedure for requesting transition, which includes relevant forms will issued by no later than June 2023 by Article 6.4SB (UNFCCC, 2022d) CDM activities will be reviewed for approval and submitted to SB by 31 December 2025 by Article 6.4M DNA Vietnam The approval includes confirmation on 87 contribution to SD, potential renewal of CP, and relation to implementation of NDC For approval and authorization, some documents may be required from PPs under two tracks:  Track 1: information on activity and additional information required by RMP if using same CDM methodology automatically  Track 2: information on activity (new information, documentation including design documents) and additional information required by RMP, and validation on application of methodology if not using same CDM methodology  Regarding approach for ensuring Vietnam‘s NDC goals, all experts agrees that it should collect a certain percentage of the carbon credits issued from the Article 6.4 projects to contribute to the NDC Besides, it is necessary to consider which project should be developed for the internal target goals and which project should be developed for the international market to prevent from the over-selling of credits Prem Kumar Pokhrel, Lead Auditor, Ecolance Private Limited: ―While fulfilling the targets of the NDC in one hand and developing the projects h under article of PA, the countries have to consider the over selling of credits, as corresponding adjustment has to be done in Article So, countries have to think which project they should consider for internal target fulfilment and which project should they develop for the international market The targets have to be fulfilled by those projects which are actually not registered in the Article as those projects are specially for the market mechanisms that can fulfil the targets of NDC of other countries However, part of those credits can also be used or can create internal carbon market to consume the credit within the countries from registered projects‖ 88 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 4.1 Conclusions Through historical development, legal framework and stakeholder mapping for development of CDM projects, lessons learned from implementation of CDM projects in Vietnam are: the necessary of efficient and flexible institutional and legal arrangements, simplified administrative procedures, enhancement of capacity of local entities The differences between A6.4M compared to CDM are related to context, aims and decentralization of the mechanism All Parties participating in the A6.4M will have mitigation pledges, aim to deliver OMGE and involve in defining particular aspects in approval mitigation activities and authorize A6.4ER for international mitigation purposes Correspondingly, ensuring environmental integrity and consistent with the sector of NDC; Promoting SD to be quantified; and requirement of Corresponding Adjustment for international transfers are key elements with improved requirements under the new mechanism h Contributing SD is a main objective of Article 6.4 under PA and it is also a prerequisites condition for CDM activities in Vietnam to get LoA Therefore, the information on SD contribution of CDM activities is proposed as a required document from PPs for migrated eligible projects Scenario 2: Transition of PoA and PA types within scope of NDC (except hydropower of above 15 MW) is suitable and recommended for Vietnam to migrate CDM activities to A6.4M The scenario may contribute 0.55% of ERs in period of 2021 - 2030 for unconditional target if transferred in host country or 0.37% of ERs in period of 2021 2030 for conditional target if get support from international climate finance 4.2 Limitation and Recommendation With limitation of time and sources, the research has shortcomings, which need to be improved for making decision with higher certainty:  Criteria and scenarios have not yet accounted for ―zombie projects‖, which has not 89 been active since registered date Many projects have not operated yet or have been transiting to VCM such as GS, VCS with option that are not required to deregister from CDM but shall not claim emission reductions under both GS4GG and CDM for the same vintage  Estimation of ERs and abatement cost is based on uncertainty assumption on crediting period, annual ex-ante ER Abatement cost was calculated based on available financial data in PDD, converting to present value at investment decision making, the comparison may not be fair Though calculation of abatement cost is only estimated for quick screening and will be reassessed case-by-case if the scenario is selected  Financial sources of projects have not taken into account Once the activities are invested from foreign direct investment, a carbon credit sharing model may exist, and a certain rate of issued credits will be counted for investing countries It also affects the decision for transition as considering volume of estimated ERs For making decision on transition criteria, recommendation is given to the DNA A6.4: h  Undertaking the stocktaking on Vietnam CDM projects through periodic reporting mechanism as regulated in Circular No 15/2014/TT-BTNMT and Circular No 11/2022/TT-BTNMT Information on operating status of projects, financial sources, sharing model of issued credits of CDM activities should be collected for the state agency to get general picture and excluding ―zombie projects‖ and minimize uncertainty of estimated ERs  Assessing eligible CDM activities for transition based on grouped assessment to reduce burden of administrative procedures, technical assessment activities for DNA and PPs  Collecting a 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Decision No.1658/QD-TTg on approval for national green growth strategy for 2021 – 2030 period, with a vision by 2050 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-1658QD-TTg-2021-phe-duyet-Chien-luoc-quoc-gia-ve-tang-truong-xanh489788.aspx The Prime Minister (2005) Directive No.35/2005/CT-TTg on the institutional arrangement for the implementation of the KP https://thuvienphapluat.vn/vanban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Chi-thi-35-2005-CT-TTg-to-chuc-thuc-hien-Nghidinh-thu-Kyoto-thuoc-Cong-uoc-khung-Lien-hop-quoc-bien-doi-khi-hau4354.aspx The Prime Minister (2007) Decision No.130/2007/QD-TTg on several financial mechanisms and policies applied to investment projects under CDM https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Dau-tu/Quyet-dinh-130-2007-QD-TTg-coche-chinh-sach-tai-chinh-du-an-dau-tu-co-che-phat-trien-sach-54405.aspx The Prime Minister (2012) Decision No.1775/QD-TTg on Approval of Scheme on GHG emission Management; Management of carbon credit business activities to the world market https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi- 94 h truong/Quyet-dinh-1775-QD-TTg-nam-2012-phe-duyet-De-an-quan-ly-phatthai-khi-151765.aspx The Prime Minister (2016) Decision No.2053/QĐ-TTg on promulgating implementation plan of PA on Climate change https://thuvienphapluat.vn/vanban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-2053-QD-TTg-ke-hoach-thuc-hienthoa-thuan-Paris-bien-doi-khi-hau-2016-328065.aspx The Prime Minister (2017) Decision No.622/QD-TTg on National Action Plan to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Quyet-dinh-622-QD-TTg2017-Ke-hoach-hanh-dong-quoc-gia-thuc-hien-Chuong-trinh-nghi-su-2030348831.aspx The Prime Minister (2022a) Decision No.888/QD-TTg on approval for Scheme setting out tasks and solutions for implementation of outcomes of the COP26 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-888QD-TTg-2022-trien-khai-ket-qua-Hoi-nghi-lan-thu-26-Cong-uoc-khung-biendoi-khi-hau-523386.aspx The Prime Minister (2022b) Decision No.896/QD-TTg on approving the national strategy for climate change until 2050 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tainguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-896-QD-TTg-2022-phe-duyet-Chien-luocquoc-gia-bien-doi-khi-hau-den-2050-523527.aspx The Prime Minister (2015, December 22) Decision No.2359/QD-TTg on Approving the National System of Greenhouse Gas Inventories https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-2359QD-TTg-duyet-he-thong-quoc-gia-kiem-ke-khi-nha-kinh-2015-299344.aspx The Prime Minister (2022c) Decision No.942/QD-TTg on Approving action plan for methane emissions reduction by 2030 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tainguyen-Moi-truong/Quyet-dinh-942-QD-TTg-2022-Ke-hoach-hanh-donggiam-phat-thai-khi-me-tan-den-2030-525030.aspx The Prime Minister (2022d, July 6) Decision No.687/QD-TTg on Approving the Scheme for circular economy development in Vietnam https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Quyet-dinh-687-QD-TTg2022-De-an-phat-trien-kinh-te-tuan-hoan-o-Viet-Nam-516231.aspx The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (2022) Nationally Determined Contribution (updated in 2022) https://unfccc.int/NDCREG UNEP DTU (2022) CDM: Project Activities https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/projsearch.html UNEP-CCC (2023) CDM Pipeline UNEP-CCC https://unepccc.org/cdm-ji-pipeline/ UNFCCC (2021a) Decision 3/CMA.3 Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement 2021 https://unfccc.int/decisions?f%5B0%5D=body%3A4099 95 h UNFCCC (2022a) Decision 3/CMA 3—Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/documents/510593 UNFCCC (2022b) Paris Agreement – Article 6—Tool for Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of emissions, reductions and removals https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SB002-call-for-input-5.3-MRVTool.pdf UNFCCC (2022c) Technical Paper on processes for implementation of the transition of activities from the clean development mechanism to the Article 6, paragraph 4, mechanism, in accordance with chapter XI.A of the annex to decision 3/CMA.3 https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Art%206.4_Technical_paper_on_tr ansition.pdf UNFCCC (2009) Glossary: CDM terms, version 7.0 https://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/glos_CDM.pdf UNFCCC (2016a) Decision 1/CP.21—Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015 UNFCCC https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf#page=2 UNFCCC (2016b) FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015 https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf UNFCCC (2020) Ratification of Multilateral Climate Agreement Gives Boost to Delivering Agreed Climate Pledges and to Tackling Climate Change https://unfccc.int/news/ratification-of-multilateral-climate-agreement-givesboost-to-delivering-agreed-climate-pledges-and UNFCCC (2021b) History of the UN Climate Negotiations https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/climate-change/cc-negotiationsand-health-lesson-2.pdf?sfvrsn=fe8f0a68_5 UNFCCC (2021c) Matters related to Article of the Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/documents/278932 UNFCCC (2022d) Decision xx/CMA.4—Guidance on the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma4_auv_14_PA6.4.pdf UNFCCC (2023a) CDM: List of DOEs https://cdm.unfccc.int/DOE/list/index.html UNFCCC (2023b) What is the Kyoto Protocol? https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol UNFCCC (2023c) Workplan for developing a sustainable development tool for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/a64-sb004-aa-a06.pdf United Nations (2015) Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf 96 World Bank (2021) Country Processes and Institutional Arrangements for Article Transactions World Bank https://doi.org/10.1596/35392 h 97 APPENDIX List of interviewees Group List of interviewees Mr Nguyen Nhat Khanh, Position: Project Manager, Organization: Vietstar Joint Stock Company (Vietnam) Project owners/ developer Mr Vinod Kesava, General information The interviewee is directly involved in the CDM composting project from development phase to credit issuances He has knowledge on advantages and barriers in implementation and establishment of MRV system of CDM project The interviewee is an expert in development of carbon projects on renewable energy at many countries such as Singapore, Myanmar and Vietnam Position: CEO Organization: Climate Resources Exchange International Pte Ltd (Singapore) h Ms Nguyen Hong Loan, Position: Partner – Advisory Manager Organization: Energy and Environment Joint Stock Company (VNEEC) Vietnam) Consultants Mr Hoang Anh Dung, Position: Director, Organization: Investment and Trade Consultancy Company Limited (INTRACO) (Vietnam) The interviewee has been the advisory manager since 2011 and has more than 10 years of experience in climate change and carbon market in Viet Nam Her company is a leader in consultancy service on carbon credit projects in Vietnam The company has developed various project types of renewable energy, waste, EE in compliance and voluntary standards including CDM, VCS, GS, GCC The interviewee has operated INTRACO since 2001 His company is one of 10 top CDM consultants in Vietnam The company has developed various project types of renewable energy, waste, LULUCF, EE own generation, EE industry, EE household, EE service in compliance and voluntary standards including CDM, JCM, GS, VCS 98 Group List of interviewees Mr Chetan Swaroop Sharma, Position: Head – International projects, Validation/ Organization; 4K Earth Verification Science Private Limited (4KES) (India) Body Mr Prem Kumar Pokhrel, Position: Lead Auditor, Organization: Carbon Check Private Ltd (India) Ms Roxanne Tan, h Credit buyer Position: Managing Consultant, Organization: South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd (Switzerland) General information The verifier has participated in verification of carbon projects in all sectoral scopes under CDM, GS, VCS, Global Carbon Council (GCC) or Global Emission Standard (GES) The verifier has participated in verification of carbon projects in energy, waste, LULUCF sector under the CDM; the GS; the VCS The interviewee has experiences on policy advice at the company The company is one of top 10 buyers for CERs generated in Vietnam As a project developer cum credit buyer, the organization has worked with the CDM; the GS; the VCS; the Climate, Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Standard; and Social Carbon, among others The organization trade carbon credit globally in various sectors including energy, waste, LULUCF, Agriculture, Industrial processes for offsetting voluntary emissions reduction claims, investing and reselling in the carbon market, and also request of sponsors/investors 99