(Luận văn thạc sĩ) coastal erosion in phu cat district binh dinh province in the context of climate change and adaptation measures

h h PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is my research work and has not been published The results of this thesis are honest, not copied from any source and in any form The references to the source materials used in this thesis have been cited following the regulations AUTHOR OF THE THESIS NGUYEN THI THUY DUNG h ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Yasuhara Kazuya and Associate Professor Do Minh Duc for wholeheartedly guiding and supporting me conducted this research I would also like to thank Mr Nguyen Huu Hoa, deputy director of Binh Dinh Department of Science and Technology, for helping me collect the data for the thesis May warm thanks also go to Ms Dinh Thi Quynh for her kind help, academic advice, and support during the study I also want to express my thanks to the MCCD program for all support and sharing Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for always being my spiritual support and encouragement me to overcome all difficulties to complete this thesis h CONTENT h LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES .ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Objectives of the research 1.3 Objects and Scope of the research 1.4 Research questions and hypotheses 1.5 Significance of the research 1.6 The novelty of the research 1.7 The structure of the thesis 1.8 Review related literature and studies 1.8.1 Definitions 1.8.2 Overview of studies on coastal erosion 1.8.3 Overview of adaptation measures 1.9 Site descriptions 14 1.9.1 Location and natural conditions 14 1.9.2 Socio-economic condition 18 1.9.3 Climate change in Binh Dinh 21 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 27 2.1 Approaches .27 2.2 Data collection 28 2.2.1 Primary data 28 2.2.2 Secondary data 30 2.3 Methods 34 2.3.1 Qualitative methods 34 2.3.2 Quantitative methods 35 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43 3.1 Results 43 3.1.1 Sediment distribution 43 3.1.2 UAVs photo processing 44 3.1.3 Shoreline change analysis 44 3.1.4 Preliminary assessment of the causes of coastal erosion 60 3.1.5 Shoreline change prediction 63 3.1.6 Adaptation measures 72 3.2 Discussion .85 CHAPTER RECOMMENDATIONS 90 4.1 Recommendation for using research results 90 4.2 Further research orientations 90 CONCLUSIONS 91 REFERENCES 93 APPENDIX 98 h LIST OF TABLES h Table 1: Research objectives, questions and hypotheses Table 2: Structural solutions to prevent coastal erosion Table 3: Anti-erosion solutions of Cua Dai beach 11 Table 4: Average rainfall in years at Phu Cat station 16 Table 5: Wave and current characteristics at the De Gi estuary 17 Table 6: Population of coastal communes of Phu Cat district 18 Table 7: Land use status of coastal communes of Phu Cat district in 2013 19 Table 8: List of storms that landed or affected Binh Dinh province (1988-2017) 24 Table 1: Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS (L2SP) Band Specifications 31 Table 2: Landsat 4-5 TM (L2SP) Band Specifications 31 Table 3: List of satellite images used in the study 32 Table 4: Summary of data used in the research 33 Table 5: List of research methods 34 Table 1: Shoreline change rate in NE monsoon season (1989-2016) 47 Table 2: Shoreline change rate in NE monsoon season (1989-1999) 48 Table 3: Shoreline change rate in NE monsoon season (1999-2008) 49 Table 4: Shoreline change rate in NE monsoon season (2008-2016) 50 Table 5: Shoreline change rate in SW monsoon season (1989-2014) 52 Table 6: Shoreline change rate in SW monsoon season (1989-2000) 53 Table 7: Shoreline change rate in SW monsoon season (2000-2008) 54 Table 8: Shoreline change rate in SW monsoon season (2008-2014) 55 Table 9: Shoreline change in 1989 56 Table 10: Shoreline change in 1993 57 Table 11: Shoreline change in 2008 58 Table 12: Shoreline change rate in 2014 59 Table 13: Estimation of shoreline retreat due to SLR in Cat Khanh beach 69 Table 14: Estimation of shoreline retreat due to SLR in Cat Hai beach 70 Table 15: Estimation of shoreline retreat due to SLR in Vinh Hoi beach 71 Table 16: Estimation of shoreline retreat due to SLR in Trung Luong beach 71 Table 17: The group of non-structural solutions 72 Table 18: Features of Phu Cat coastal dunes 74 Table 19: Activities of exploiting dunes along Phu Cat coastline 74 Table 20: List of policies related to coastal erosion issue in Binh Dinh province 74 Table 21: Preliminary assessment of adaptive capacity for Phu Cat district 75 Table 22: Compare the results of the study with related studies 87 i LIST OF FIGURES h Figure 1: Phu Cat coast was eroded in 2017 Figure 2: The coastal zone Figure 3: Headland type concrete structures to protect the coastal area from erosion in Ibaraki, Japan Figure 4: Embankment in Phan Thiet beach 12 Figure 5: T-groynes and break water in Ro hamlet, Phu Yen province 12 Figure 6: Tam Quan embankment was broken in 2019 13 Figure 7: Casuarina trees along the coast in An Quang Dong village, Cat Khanh commune, was uprooted in 2017 13 Figure 8: Location map of the study area 14 Figure 9: Topography map of the study area 15 Figure 10: Wave rose at the De Gi estuary a) September 2012 and b) June 2013 17 Figure 11: Economic structure of Phu Cat district 19 Figure 12: Some beautiful beaches in the Phu Cat district 21 Figure 13: Temperature trend in Binh Dinh province from 2006 to 2019 22 Figure 14: Change of annual rainfall (%) ( 1958-2014) 22 Figure 15: The influence of storm Linfa along with heavy rain caused flooding in many areas in Binh Dinh province 23 Figure 16: Path of storms that hit the East Sea and Vietnam in the past 70 years 23 Figure 17: Average Sea level at Quy Nhon station 26 Figure 1: The research framework 28 Figure 2: DJI Phantom Advanced 29 Figure 3: UAV photos of Phu Cat coastal area, captured by the DJI Phantom Advance+ 29 Figure 4: Topographic maps of study area published by U S Army Topographic Command 30 Figure 5: UAV photos processing flowchart 35 Figure 6: Sand samples after drying (Left) and sampling location (Right) of coastal sand in Phu Cat district 36 Figure 7: Particle size classification by manual sieving method 36 Figure 8: Illustration of the Bruun Rule, by the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (1991) 37 Figure 9: Parabolic bay-shape model (after Hsu and Evans, 1989) 38 Figure 10: The logical framework 42 Figure 1: Particle size distribution along Phu Cat coastline 43 Figure 2: UAV images interpretation results (overlap on Google Earth background)44 Figure 3: Four research segments 45 Figure 4: Result of the shoreline extraction 46 ii h Figure 5: Erosion - Accretion classification (EPR) 47 Figure 6: Shoreline change map (EPR) in NE monsoon season (1989-2016) 48 Figure 7: Shoreline change map (EPR) in NE monsoon season (1989-1999) 49 Figure 8: Shoreline change map (EPR) in NE monsoon season (1999-2008) 50 Figure 9: Shoreline change map (EPR) in NE monsoon season (2008-2016) 51 Figure 10: Shoreline change map (EPR) in SW monsoon season (1989-2014) 52 Figure 11: Shoreline change map (EPR) in SW monsoon season (1989-2000) 53 Figure 12: Shoreline change map (EPR) in SW monsoon season (2000-2008) 54 Figure 13: Shoreline change map (EPR) in SW monsoon season (2008-2014) 55 Figure 14: Map of shoreline change (NSM) in 1989 57 Figure 15: Map of shoreline change (NSM) in 1993 58 Figure 16: Map of shoreline change (NSM) in 2008 59 Figure 17: Map of shoreline change (NSM) in 2014 60 Figure 18: Aquaculture area along De Gi beach 62 Figure 19: Shoreline prediction for the next10 years and 20 years 64 Figure 20: Predicted SEP of De Gi beach (1965) 65 Figure 21:Predicted SEP of De Gi beach (2019) 65 Figure 22: Predicted SEP of the beach near Ong Lop headland (2019) 66 Figure 23: Predicted SEP of Cat Hai beach (2019) 67 Figure 24: Predicted SEP of Vinh Hoi beach (2019) 67 Figure 25: Predicted SEP of Trung Luong beach (2019) 68 Figure 26: Four representative cross-sections of Phu Cat shoreline 69 Figure 27: Representative cross-section of Cat Khanh beach 69 Figure 28: Representative cross-section of Cat Hai beach 70 Figure 29: Representative cross-section of Vinh Hoi beach 71 Figure 30: Representative cross-section of Trung Luong beach 71 Figure 31: De Gi jetty with tetrapod structure 79 Figure 32: Dania beach with jetty and groynes 79 Figure 33: Dania Beach, Florida, USA (viewed from the North) 80 Figure 34: Conservation of natural vegetation combined coastal setbacks in Dania Beach, Florida, USA 80 Figure 35: An example of native vegetation conservation on the coastal sand dunes in India 81 Figure 36: Proposal on the process of integrating coastal erosion into construction planning 82 Figure 37: Orientation for construction planning in Phu Cat district (browsed) 83 Figure 38: Mainstreaming anti-erosion measures into planning 84 Figure 39: Parabolic model for T-groins (tentative) at the beach of An Quang village (Cat Khanh commune) 85 Figure 40: Comparison of erosion rate (EPR index) in NEMS and SWMS 86 iii h iv h 100 h 101 h 102 h 103 Appendix 3: Photos of the UAV survey (Cat Khanh, Vinh Hoi, Trung Luong) h 104 h 105 h 106 Appendix 4: UAVs’s flight route using the DJI GS Pro app h 107 Appendix 5: Fresh sand samples h 108 Appendix 6: Analysis results of shoreline changes in the NE monsoon season h 109 Appendix 7: Analysis results of shoreline changes in the SW monsoon season h 110 Appendix 8: Analysis results of seasonal shoreline change h 111 Appendix 9: Results of shoreline prediction using DSAS (Cat Khanh and Trung Luong) h Cat Khanh Trung Luong 112 Appendix 10: Results of shoreline prediction using DSAS (Cat Hai and Vinh Hoi) h Cat Hai Vinh Hoi 113 Appendix 11: Map of the boundary of coastal corridor protection in Binh Dinh province (Cat Khanh, Cat Chanh, Cat Hai segments) (Source: Decision 4383/ QD-UBND on approval of the width and boundaries of coastal protection of Binh Dinh province) h 114