(Luận văn thạc sĩ) effectiveness of foreign aid projects for climate change response and sustainable development in the vietnamese mekong river delta

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE THI NGOC DIEP EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREIGN AID PROJECTS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT h IN THE VIETNAMESE MEKONG RIVER DELTA MASTER'S THESIS Hanoi, 2021 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY LE THI NGOC DIEP EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREIGN AID PROJECTS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE VIETNAMESE h MEKONG RIVER DELTA MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr Nguyen Van Quang Hanoi, 2021 PLEDGE In writing this Master's thesis, I carefully read the Decision on the issuance of the Master's thesis guideline at Vietnam Japan University, fully understand what is written there, and comply with all the related rules and guidelines I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published I affirm that any third party concept, research, logic, or analysis borrowed is correctly and appropriately indicated, explicitly and transparently In this way, the source is instantly identifiable in citation styles and the author's rights I am aware that not documenting source material or not citing clearly, correctly, and completely constitutes plagiarism Le Thi Ngoc Diep h ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen Van Quang, for giving me helpful guidance and suggestions and for welcoming all of my questions and concerns I also would like to thank Dr Kotera Akihiko, MSc Bui Thi Hoa and other lecturers, staff of Vietnam Japan University (VJU), and Ibaraki University for their contribution towards my exciting journey in VJU I am also very grateful to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Vietnam Office for the great internship that assisted me in finishing the research related to foreign aid projects in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam My special thanks go to Dr Nguyen Thanh Ha, Mr Ishimaru Hiroki, who gave me so much meaningful advice, helping me contact Can Tho University, and local authorities in the Mekong Delta h I also would like to extend my appreciation to the Agriculture Project Management Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; Development Partners supporting Vietnam's sustainable development; People's Committee of An Giang Province, Dong Thap Province, Long An Province, Tien Giang Province, Ben Tre Province, Vinh Long Province, Can Tho Municipality, Kien Giang Province, Ca Mau Province, Bac Lieu Province, Hau Giang Province, Soc Trang Province, Tra Vinh Province; and Can Tho University Finally, I would like to thank my friends in VJU, people I met during the internship, and my family, those who treated me so well I appreciate your role in helping me conduct this study Le Thi Ngoc Diep TABLE OF CONTENT Page PLEDGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of research 1.2 The research questions and hypotheses 1.3 Research objectives and tasks 1.4 Objects and scope of the research 1.5 Matrix of learning outcomes for the master's thesis 1.6 Literature review 1.6.1 Theoretical basis h 1.6.2 Political basis 11 1.6.3 Related previous studies 18 1.7 Study area 20 1.7.1 Natural features 20 1.7.2 Socio-economic features 23 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 28 2.1 Research approach 28 2.2 Research methods 28 2.2.1 Data collection 30 2.2.2 Data analysis .32 2.2.3 Cross-SWOT analysis 34 2.2.4 Statistical analysis .34 2.2.5 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Test 35 2.2.6 Mapmaking 37 CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN THE VMD .38 3.1 Climate change and climate change impacts 38 3.1.1 Sea-level rise 38 3.1.2 Drought and salinization 41 3.1.3 Flood 43 3.1.4 Coastal erosion and river erosion .45 3.1.5 Sustainable development in the context of climate change in the VMD 46 3.2 Upstream reservoir and water transfer 49 3.3 Land subsidence 50 3.4 Land use land cover change 51 3.5 Population growth and migration 52 3.6 Other issues 54 3.7 Sub-conclusion 54 CHAPTER 4: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREIGN AID PROJECTS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE VMD 60 4.1 The status of foreign aid projects from 2010-2020 in the VMD 60 4.2 The effectiveness of foreign aid projects 70 4.2.1 Characteristic of aid effectiveness principles in the VMD 70 4.2.2 Correlation analysis result 72 h 4.3 Driving forces and factors affecting the effectiveness of foreign aid projects in VMD 75 4.3.1 Aid allocation .75 4.3.2 Fund 77 4.3.3 Coordination between stakeholders 79 4.3.4 Law/ policy .82 4.3.5 Human resources .83 CHAPTER 5: PROPOSAL OF SOLUTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREIGN AID PROJECTS CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE AND FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT .84 5.1 General principles 84 5.2 Solutions, recommendations to improve the effectiveness of foreign aid projects 84 5.2.1 Recommendations regarding aid allocation 86 5.2.2 Recommendations regarding fund .87 5.2.3 Recommendations regarding coordination 89 5.2.4 Recommendations regarding law/ policy 91 5.2.5 Recommendations regarding human resources 92 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION .94 6.1 Conclusions 94 6.2 Limitations of the research 95 6.3 Recommendations for further study 96 REFERENCES 97 APPENDIX 104 Appendix A: Interview questions for experts, staff in foreign aid agency 104 Appendix B: Interview questions for local authority 106 Appendix C: Interview questions for local people 109 Appendix D: The number of donors and their projects in VMD in the 2010-2020 period collected by the author 112 Appendix E: Detail sources of data 116 Appendix F: Average exchange rate during 2010-2020 applied in this research 119 Appendix G: Major driving forces, factors affecting foreign aid effectiveness according to results from interviews with donors and local authorities 120 h Appendix H: Matrix of foreign aid projects in the VMD, used variables in Correlation Test, SDGs, and CCR 121 Appendix I: Matrix of this research and related variables in correlation test, SDGs, climate change response 186 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1: Research questions and hypothesis of the study Table 1.2: Objectives and tasks of the study Table 1.3: Relations between results of the Master's thesis and MCCD's Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) Table 1.4: Priority level by sector in the VMD 12 Table 1.5: Priority sectors in the attraction and use of ODA and preferential loans 15 Table 2.1: Methods of the study 28 Table 2.2: Secondary data of the research 31 Table 2.3: CCR options to classify adaptation projects 33 Table 2.4: Strategies under Cross-SWOT analysis 34 Table 2.5: Formula of mean, standard deviation 35 Table 2.6: Used variables in Correlation Coefficient Test 35 Table 3.1: Inundation Percentage (% area) corresponding to h sea-level rise of 100cm 40 Table 3.2: Effects of 2019-2020 drought & saline intrusion 42 Table 3.3: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the VMD 55 Table 3.4: Actionable strategies in the VMD 56 Table 3.5: Serious climate change-related issues and most affected provinces in the past ten years & present, and in the future 57 Table 3.6: Descriptions of sub-regions in the VMD 58 Table 4.1: Total number and cost of aid projects by CCR options 64 Table 4.2: Descriptive statistics of variables 73 Table 4.3: Result of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Test 73 Table 5.1: Analysis of major stakeholders in the VMD 81 i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Analytical framework of the research 11 Figure 1.2: Policy framework of the research 17 Figure 1.3: Mekong Delta in Vietnam with land use map 21 Figure 1.4: Average precipitation from 1977 to 2018 in VMD (mm) 22 Figure 1.5: Population density in 2019 (person/km2) 24 Figure 1.6: Current status of economic structure and scale and GRPD per capita in 2019 in VMD 25 Figure 1.7: Transportation in the VMD 26 Figure 2.1: Methodological framework of the research 30 Figure 3.1: Sea-level rise scenarios based on the RCP8.5 scenario (cm) 39 Figure 3.2: The inundation risk map with sea-level rise of 100cm 40 Figure 3.3: Map of 4g/l isohaline from 2013 to 2019 in the VMD 42 Figure 3.4: Simulation map of the flood situation with a frequency of 10% 45 Figure 3.5: Erosion sites from 2010-2020 in the VMD 46 h Figure 3.6: Location Map of Present and Future Hydropower Dams in Lower Mekong Basin 49 Figure 3.7: Land subsidence rate (cm/year) in the VMD 50 Figure 3.8: Land use and land cover classification map in VMD 51 Figure 3.9: Natural population growth rate & Net migration rate in the VMD 52 Figure 3.10: The migration rate (%) in 2019 and the change in population between 2009 and 2019 53 Figure 3.11 Regional division for the past ten years and present 58 Figure 3.12: Regional division in future 59 Figure 4.1: Total aid transfer during 2010-2020 in the VMD 61 Figure 4.2: Total aid transfer by province in the 2010-2020 period in the VMD 62 Figure 4.3: Total aid transfer by SDGs during 2010-2020 63 Figure 4.4: Total aid transfer for climate action during 2010-2020 65 Figure 4.5: Climate change & green growth public investment share by theme in the VMD in the 2015-2017 period 62 Figure 4.6: Foreign aid for climate change-related issues during 2010-2020 67 Figure 4.7: Total aid for drought & salinization by province during 2010-2020 68 Figure 4.8: Total aid for erosion by province during 2010-2020 69 ii Figure 4.9: Total aid for flood by province during 2010-2020 69 Figure 4.10: Total aid for sea-level rise by province during 2010-2020 70 Figure 4.11: Graphs depicting the value distribution of X & each Y 74 Figure 4.12: Effective level several projects in Ninh Kieu, Can Tho and Binh Phuoc Xuan, Cho Moi, An Giang according to author’s interview result 76 Figure 4.13: Effective level of Project A according to author’s interview result 81 h iii No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Development: A Strategy for development Related CCR SDG17 Vietnam’s Inland Waterways Act: Organizing short-term/current activities, Transport Mekong Resources including a time frame Delta Water Ob: Protecting and enhancing utilization of Y6, Y8, Y9 Management Rural Development Project for water resources to sustain gains in SDG6, SDG9, SDG8, CCA SDG10, SDG13, SDG16, water supply for rural households, and SDG17 h agricultural productivity, provide access to contribute to climate change adaptation Act: Water Management Planning and Efficient Utilization, including measures to 184 strengthen institutional capacities at sub-regional and provincial levels, promote O&M and on-farm water use efficiency through pilots; Rehabilitation through canal reinforcement, of Improvement and Water Infrastructure dredging, embankment installation of secondary control sluice gates; Rural Water Supply and 176 No Project’s title Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR Sanitation for about 60,000 households; and Project Management and Implementation Support Technical Assistance support Ob: Enhancing disaster risk management Y9 on disaster risk management Act: Providing technical support on disaster 185 and integrated coastal zone risk management and integrated coastal zone SDG10, SDG13, CCA SDG14, SDG16, SDG17 h management/ coastal erosion management/ coastal erosion management management 186 TA - Vietnam Land Pooling/ Ob: Vietnam Land Pooling/ Readjustment SDG13, SDG16, CCA Readjustment SDG17 Sustainable Agricultural Ob: Transformation (VnSAT) 187 sustainable farming, reducing Y1, Y2, Y6, Y7, SDG1, SDG2, CCA environmental impact, increasing farmers’ Y8 Y9 SDG8, profits, strengthening institutional capacity SDG12, SDG13, Act: Providing loans to build infrastructure, SDG15, SDG16, improve governance, improving irrigation SDG17 SDG10, system, providing training courses 188 Coastal Sustainable Resources For Ob: Improving sustainable coastal fisheries Y7, Y8 Development management in selected coastal provinces of SDG8, SDG12, CCA SDG13, SDG14, 177 No Project’s title Project (CRSD) Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Vietnam Related CCR SDG16, SDG17 Act: Strengthening the institutional capacity of the fisheries sector to sustainably manage resources, promoting good practices in sustainable aquaculture, and implementing reasonable procedures for the sustainability h of the coastal fishing industry Vietnam Urban Project 189 Upgrading Ob: Alleviate poverty in urban areas Y1, Y7, Y8 SDG1, SDG8, CCA Act: Improving the living and environmental SDG11, SDG13, conditions SDG16, SDG17 participatory of the urban planning poor using methods and influencing planning processes to become more inclusive and pro-poor 190 Mekong Delta Region Urban Ob: Improving infrastructure services in Y1, Y7, Y9 SDG1, SDG9, CCA Upgrading Project Low-Income Areas in the Project Cities in SDG10, SDG11, the Mekong Delta Region SDG13, SDG17 Act: Tertiary infrastructure upgrading in low-income areas, supporting primary and 178 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR secondary infrastructure, including WSS (about 27% of total project) Towards 191 Sustainable Flood Ob: Urban flood management Y7, Y9 SDG8, SDG11, CCA Management in Can Tho & SDG12, SDG13, Surrounding – 2030 Resilience SDG16, SDG17 Plan TA SDG13, SDG14, CCA, coastal protection forests in Mitigation SDG15, SDG17 h Protection and development of Ob: Climate change mitigation, Disaster Risk Y9 192 Hon Dat - Kien Ha period Act: 2016-2020 Western Protecting & developing coastal protection forests coastal salinity Ob: Preventing saline intrusion Y6, Y7 193 control works in Rach Gia, Act: Building infrastructure for salinity Chau Thanh and Kien Luong two classrooms SDG6, SDG9, CCA SDG13, SDG17 control Investment in the construction Ob: Improve school infrastructures of CCM for Act: Building kindergartens & toilets Y4 SDG3, SDG4, SDG9, SDG17 194 kindergartens and toilets in Res: Standard kindergartens & toilets Tan Binh hamlet, Long Binh commune, Nga Nam district, 179 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR Soc Trang province Knowledge transport of and sediment Ob: Addressing gaps in knowledge of discharges sediment transport and discharges about concerning 195 SDG15, SDG17 fluvial fluvial geomorphology for detecting the geomorphology impact of large-scale hydropower projects in the basin of the Mekong River Rapid scientific qualitative research & h Act: based quantitative on field investigations Research 196 ecosystems, on coastal Ob: survey Adjust the situation of coastal SDG13, SDG14, CCA and ecosystem, water pollution SDG17 analyze water quality in Soc Act: Researching on coastal ecosystems, Trang province, Vietnam water quality Investment in construction of Ob: Preventing saline intrusion Y6 197 Song Kien sluice gate, Rach Act: Constructing sluice gate Gia city, Kien Giang province 198 Collaboration to enhance the Ob: Disaster National Program SDG6, SDG9, SDG8, CCA SDG13, SDG17 Risk on Change Adaptation Mitigation/ Climate Y9 SDG13, SDG16, CCA SDG17 180 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title Community-Based results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR Disaster Act: Providing training course regarding Risk Management and MOET National Program on Community-Based Action Plan on Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Management Mitigation / Climate Change Adaptation West sea dyke upgrading and Ob: Preventing erosion Y9 SDG11, CCA SDG13, SDG17 h 199 construction investment project Act: Upgrading west sea dyke SDG9, in Ca Mau province 200 Create alluvial grounds, plant Ob: Protecting the coast of the Dat Mui area, Y9 SDG11, SDG13, CCA, mangrove trees to protect the Ca Mau province SDG14, SDG17 coast of the Dat Mui area CCM Act: Creating alluvial grounds, planting mangroves 201 Project on protecting, restoring Ob: Disaster risk reduction, climate change Y9 SDG11, SDG13, CCA, and SDG14, SDG17 developing mangrove mitigation forests in Ca Mau province for Act: Protecting, restoring, and developing the period 2015 - 2020 202 CCM Preventing erosion, sedimentation, mangrove forests in Ca Mau province causing Ob: Preventing erosion planting Act: Upgrading west sea dyke, planting Y9 SDG11, SDG13, CCA, SDG14, SDG17 CCM 181 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR mangrove trees to protect sea mangroves dykes in Tran Van Thoi district Project 203 on embankments constructing Ob: Planting mangroves to Y9 create Act: Construction embankments SDG11, SDG13, CCA, SDG14, SDG17 CCM mangrove planting grounds in the West Coast 204 h Project on planting protection Ob: Disaster risk reduction Y9 forests along rivers, causing Act: Planting protection forests, afforestation SDG11, SDG13, CCA, SDG14, SDG17 CCM sedimentation and afforestation of estuarine and coastal forests of estuarine and coastal forests Inclusive education for Ob: Reducing inequality, climate change Y7 children with disabilities and prevention, climate change response SDG4, SDG10, CCA SDG11, SDG13, 205 prevention and response to Act: Providing courses for children with SDG17 climate change in Hau Giang disabilities province Responding to climate change Ob: Climate change response 206 with the participation women in the community of Act: Implementing climate actions with the participation of women in the community Y5 SDG5, SDG10, CCA SDG11, SDG13, SDG17 182 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Correlation Test Primary health education and Ob: Enhancing climate resilience SDG4, 207 climate resilience enhancement Act: Providing primary health education and Khmer 208 awareness of community Related CCR SDG10, CCA SDG11, SDG13, climate change-related course Raising Related SDGs SDG17 the Ob: Raising awareness of Khmer community SDG11, SDG13, CCA on on environmental protection and capacity to SDG17 environmental protection and adapt to saline intrusion h capacity to adapt to saline Act: Providing training courses intrusion in Luong Nghia, Long My, Hau Giang Urban expansion and Ob: Urban development 209 upgrading - sub-project Vi Act: Thanh City, Hau Giang Expanding urban Y7 area, building wastewater treatment Act: system in Vi Thanh City Building and Constructing water drainage Y6 and pagoda, transferring Ob: Managing water resources An SDG6, SDG11, CCA SDG13, SDG17 wastewater treatment system 211 rainwater storage model at Ta Act: Building and transferring rainwater Ngao SDG17 protecting infrastructures Construction of water drainage Ob: Managing water resources 210 and SDG11, SDG13, CCA Phu storage model Y1, Y6, Y7 SDG1, SDG6, CCA SDG11, SDG13, SDG17 183 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR commune, Tinh Bien district, An Giang province Växjö - An Giang cooperation Ob: Managing water sustainably 212 Y1, Y6, Y7 SDG1, SDG6, CCA project on sustainable water Act: Cooperating between Växjö and An SDG11, SDG13, management for the period of Giang government SDG17 2019 - 2021 Y1, Y7 h The project "Implement the Ob: Towards sustainable development 213 Action Plan for a sustainable Act: Implement the action plan for SDG1, SDG8, CCA SDG11, SDG13, An Giang Province" from 2018 sustainable development SDG17 to 2020 Project of a water reservoir Ob: Providing water for residents 214 Y1, Y6, Y7 SDG1, SDG6, CCA model in arid areas serving Act: Improve water reservoir model in arid SDG11, SDG13, domestic water for residents in areas SDG17 Tri Ton area Building 215 upland irrigation Ob: Adapting to climate change to serve the Y1, Y7 SDG1, SDG6, CCA systems to adapt to climate restructuring of agricultural production for SDG9, change SDG13, SDG17 to restructuring serve of the people in the Bay Nui region SDG11, agricultural Act: Building upland irrigation systems 184 No Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), Project’s title results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related variables in Related SDGs Correlation Test Related CCR production for people in the Bay Nui region Building a system of anti-tide Ob: Building a system of anti-tide and 216 and anti-flood works for Bac anti-flood works for Bac Lieu city SDG9, SDG11, CCA SDG13, SDG17 Lieu city The of accreting, Ob: Accreting, creating yards and restoring Y9 creating yards and planting protective forests h 217 project trees to prevent erosion in the SDG11, SDG13, CCA, SDG14, SDG15, CCM SDG17 coastal area of Nha Mat Project to prevent erosion, Ob: Preventing erosion, planting mangroves Y9 218 planting 219 mangroves, and and protecting sea dike SDG9, SDG11, CCA, SDG13, SDG14, CCM protecting Ganh Hao sea dike SDG15, SDG17 The SDG11, SDG13, CCA, project of accreting, Ob: Accreting, creating yards and restoring Y9 creating yards and restoring protective forests SDG14, SDG15, CCM protective forests along the SDG17 coast of Bac Lieu 220 Building and upgrading the Ob: Building and upgrading the East Sea Y1, Y7, Y9 SDG9, SDG11, CCA East Sea dyke and the sluice dyke and the sluice system across the dyke SDG13, SDG17 185 No Project’s title system across the dyke Related Project’s objectives (Ob), activities (Act), variables in results (Res), outputs (Otp) Related Related SDGs CCR Correlation Test Act: Building and upgrading the East Sea dyke and the sluice system across the dyke Appendix I: Matrix of this research and related variables in correlation test, SDGs, climate change response Related variables Research’s Research’s task objective Research’s result/ outcome in the correlation Clarifying - main issues affecting sustainable developme - nt in the past, - issues affecting Collecting data about Main sustainable development in natural, the past, present, and future in socio-economic the VMD include: features, issues in the - Climate change and VMD climate change impacts Interviewing with - Upstream reservoir and experts, local people water transfer present, Narrative analysis to identify central issues - and future in the past, present, and in the future in the VMD - Land subsidence Land-use land cover change Low population growth Related SDGs test h - Related - issues Issues affecting Main affecting sustainable development in sustainable development in the VMD the VMD, negatively especially affect: Y1, Y2, climate change Y3, Y6, Y7, and climate Y9 change impacts, Adaptive have a direct capacity can be impact or/ and improved, and more significant climate change response Main issues can have negative impacts on climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation 186 Related variables Research’s Research’s task objective Research’s result/ outcome in the correlation rate and high migration - Soil quality degradation Sensitivity can be reduced by improving Y4, - Environmental pollution Y5, Y8 rate h Assessing the effectivene ss of foreign aid Related SDGs test VMD - Related - Collecting foreign aid - Overall international aid projects' information in projects are likely ineffective in contributing to sustainable the research area - Collecting reports on development in the VMD - climate change response influence to: - SDG1 - SDG2 - SDG3 - SDG4 - SDG5 - SDG6 - SDG7 - SDG8 - SDG9 - SDG11 - SDG13 - SDG14 - SDG15 Effective Effective foreign aid projects positively contribute to projects projects positively positively aid Effective contribute to all contribute aid to 187 Related variables Research’s Research’s task objective the of - effectiveness finished foreign aid projects Conducting interviews with experts, local people for assessing the effectiveness of projects aid from stakeholders’ point of - - - The total amount of loans/ grants is still improper regarding focusing issues, focusing SDGs, distribution among the improvement of Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9 provinces Driving forces and factors affecting foreign aid effectiveness in the VMD X, Y8 affect aid h VMD Identifying driving forces and factors affecting foreign aid effectivene ss in the VMD in the correlation Related SDGs test projects for CCR and sustainable developme nt in the - Research’s result/ outcome Related  Aid allocation Classifying foreign aid  Fund projects  Coordination on location, fund, focusing  Law/ policy issue, etc  Human resource Visualizing the response 17 SDGs climate change through direct adaptation and and additional climate change impacts mitigation effectiveness include: view based climate change aid projects' distribution - Inferential analysis to assess the effectiveness 188 Related variables Research’s Research’s task objective Research’s result/ outcome in the correlation Related Related SDGs climate change test response of foreign aid projects - Interview, describing case studies to identify driving forces and factors affecting aid effectiveness Proposing solutions, recommen dations to - to solutions, recommendations improve improve the to the effectiveness of foreign aid projects for CCR effectivene ss of foreign aid projects for CCR and sustainable Collecting data related - and sustainable development at the international level and national level - Interview with experts, staff of international Efforts from all stakeholders are needed for effective foreign assistance projects in the Recommendati ons positively affect X, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Recommendatio VMD Appropriate proposals for aid projects Y5, Y6, Y7, Y8, Y9 achieve SDG16, contribute play an essential role in responding to climate change and achieving sustainable development through helping implement effective aid in the VMD Several recommendations projects h - - Recommendatio ns for effective ns for effective aid directly SDG17 projects aid projects help positively to climate change adaptation 189 Related variables Research’s Research’s task objective Research’s result/ outcome in the correlation test developme nt in the donors, authorities to propose  Aid allocation VMD recommendations  Fund Proposing  Coordination - Related SDGs climate change response regarding: local solutions, recommendations after  Law/ policy considering  Human resource References for the local previous - h studies and conclusions Related government and donors 190