Ship channel design and operation

ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No 107 Ship Channel Design and Operation Task Committee Bruce L McCartney, Chair and Editor Laurie L Ebner Lyndell Z Hales Eric E Nelson Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu nay!!! Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ship channel design and operation/ Bruce L McCartney, chair and editor [et al.] p cm — (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; no 107) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7844-0770-3 Channels (Hydraulic engineering)—Design and construction I McCartney, Bruce L II Series TC175.S56345 627
23—dc22 2005 2005012333 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia 20191 www.pubs.asce.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE The materials are for general information only and not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S Patent and Trademark Office Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $25.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 The identification for this book is 0-7844-0770-3/05/ $25.00 Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be addressed to Permissions & Copyright Dept., ASCE C 2005 by the American Society of Civil Engineers Copyright  All Rights Reserved ISBN 0-7844-0770-3 Manufactured in the United States of America PREFACE This manual was completed by ASCE’s Task Committee for updating Manual 80, Ship Channel Design, 1993 Task Committee members were: Bruce L McCartney, Chairman and Editor; Dr Laurie L Ebner, Portland District, Corps of Engineers; Dr Lyndell Z Hales, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers; and Eric E Nelson, Seattle District, Corps of Engineers Chapter 3, “Ship Characteristics’’ was authored by Ogden Beeman, Maritime Consultant Eric Christensen, Commander, U.S Coast Guard, authored Chapter 20, “Coast Guard Activities that Support Navigation.’’ All other chapters and appendices were assembled by Bruce L McCartney Additional contributions were made by the following: Dr Cyril Galvin, Coastal Engineer; Andrew M Tuthill, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers; R Anne Sudar, Institute for Water Resources, Corps of Engineers; and Charles C Calhoun, Jr., President COPRI, 2003–2004 Waterways Committee Review was performed by the following: Dr Anatoly B Hochstein, Director, National Ports and Waterways Institute; Dr B K Lee, Consulting Engineer; and E Clark McNair, Jr., Consulting Engineer Peer review was performed by the following: Dr James R Houston, Director, Engineering Research Directorate, Corps of Engineers; Doug Thiessen, Chief Harbor Engineer for Port of Long Beach, California; Dr William H McAnally, Research Professor, Mississippi State University; and Dr Kees d’Angremond, Professor Emeritus, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering xiii CONTENTS PREFACE xiii INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Purpose Background National Defense Economic Value to the Nation Project Responsibilities Scope 4 PROJECT DESIGN 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Design Philosophy Typical Project Elements Preliminary Design Checklist Design Considerations U.S Coast Guard Baseline Studies Typical Engineering Studies Cargo Types 11 11 13 14 14 15 16 SHIP CHARACTERISTICS 17 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Purpose 3.1.2 Methodology and Sources 3.1.3 Presentation 3.2 Dry Bulk Ships 3.2.1 Description and Purpose 3.2.2 Ship Types 3.3 Container Ships 3.3.1 Description and Purpose 3.3.2 Future Ship Sizes 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 21 21 22 v vi CONTENTS 3.4 Liquid Bulk Ships 3.4.1 Description and Purpose Navy Ships Other Ships 3.6.1 Description and Purpose Summary Source 22 22 24 25 25 26 26 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANNEL DESIGN 27 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Water Levels Tide Predictions Wind, Waves, and Currents Design Vessel Sedimentation Accident Records Environmental Sustainability Local Coordination 4.8.1 Pilot Interviews 4.8.2 U.S Coast Guard 27 27 27 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 ESTUARY HYDRAULICS 33 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 Definition Purpose of Estuary Classification Classification Options 5.3.1 Topographic Classification 5.3.2 Classification by Salinity Structures Flow Predominance Null Point Salinity Effects on Shoaling Summary of Estuary Classification Tide-Generating Forces Tide Terms Types of Tides Spring and Neap Tides Influence of Moon and Sun Tide Prediction Tables Nonastronomical Forces Waveforms Winds and Wind-Generated Waves Setup, Setdown, and Storm Surge Seiche Freshwater Sources Episodic Events 33 33 34 34 35 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 CONTENTS 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 vii Changes in Sea Level Apparent Sea Level Rise Sea Level Rise Impact on Navigational Channels Source 44 45 45 45 CHANNEL DEPTH 47 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Channel Depth Design Methods Design Ship Loaded Draft Effects of Fresh Water Ship Motion from Waves Squat Underway Safety Clearance Advance Maintenance Dredging Tolerance Nautical Depth Source 47 49 49 49 52 52 53 54 54 55 CHANNEL ALIGNMENT 57 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 General Variable Alignment Straight Alignment PIANC Method 57 57 58 59 CHANNEL WIDTHS 63 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 General Maneuvering Lane Ship Clearance Bank Clearance Channel Types Preliminary Design Guidelines for Straight Segments Preliminary Design Guidelines for Channel Bends 8.7.1 General 8.7.2 Channel Width in Turns 8.7.3 Turn Design 8.7.4 Successive Turns Channel Width Final Design 63 63 65 65 65 66 69 69 74 74 76 76 SEDIMENTATION 79 8.8 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Native Soils Riverine Sediments River Reaches Littoral Sediments 79 79 80 81 viii CONTENTS 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Predictive Techniques Channel Shoaling Beach Erosion Source 81 82 82 82 10 DREDGING AND DISPOSAL 83 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Dredges Hopper Dredges Hydraulic Pipeline Dredge Dustpan and Sidecasting Dredges Mechanical Dredges Disposal Source 83 83 86 88 89 91 91 11 JETTIES 93 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Layout Spacing Length Types Source 93 94 94 95 99 12 SHIP LOCKS 101 13 OTHER PROJECT FEATURES 107 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 General Turning Basins 13.2.1 Size 13.2.2 Depth 13.2.3 Shoaling Anchorages Salinity Barriers 13.4.1 Ship Locks 13.4.2 Submerged Barriers Diversion Works Bridges 13.6.1 Horizontal Clearance 13.6.2 Vertical Clearance 13.6.3 Bridge Approaches 13.6.4 Examples Hurricane Barriers Sediment Traps Training Dikes and Revetments 107 107 109 109 109 109 111 111 111 112 113 113 114 114 114 114 117 117 CONTENTS ix 13.9.1 Dikes 13.9.2 Revetments 13.10 Port Berthing and Maneuvering Areas 117 117 120 14 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 127 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 General Altered Circulation Dredging Dredged Material Disposal 14.4.1 Open Water Disposal 14.4.2 Upland or off Channel 14.4.3 Agitation Disposal Method Jetty Construction 14.5.1 Water Quality Impacts 14.5.2 Biological Impacts Recent Experience 14.6.1 Houston Ship Channel 14.6.2 Columbia River Ship Channel Source 127 127 128 129 129 129 130 130 130 131 132 132 132 132 15 MODEL STUDIES 133 14.5 14.6 14.7 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 General Physical Models Numerical Models Ship Simulator Models Vessel Traffic Flow Simulation 133 133 134 135 141 16 ICE MANAGEMENT 143 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 General Design of Channels with Ice Locks Erosion and Sediment Movement Vibration Mitigation of Ice Problems Source 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 17 ECONOMIC OPTIMUM DESIGN 147 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 General Channels Structures Benefits 147 147 148 149 x CONTENTS 17.5 Transportation Savings 150 17.6 Evaluation Procedure 151 17.7 Source 151 18 CONSTRUCTION 153 18.1 General 18.2 Source 153 155 19 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 157 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Weather and Channel Conditions Ship Movements Pilotage Normal Maintenance Maintenance as a Result of Extreme Events 19.5.1 Volcanoes 19.5.2 Earthquake 19.5.3 Major Floods 19.5.4 Hurricanes 19.6 Accidents 19.7 Operation and Maintenance Plan (O&M) 157 157 158 158 159 160 160 164 165 165 166 20 COAST GUARD ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT NAVIGATION 167 20.1 General 20.2 Maritime Mobility 20.2.1 Aids to Navigation 20.2.2 Private Aids to Navigation 20.2.3 Western Rivers Marking System 20.2.4 Notice to Mariners 20.2.5 Ice Breaking 20.2.6 Bridge Administration 20.2.7 Waterways Management/Vessel Traffic Service 20.3 Maritime Safety 20.3.1 Prevention 20.3.2 Response (Search and Rescue) 20.3.3 Casualty Investigations 20.4 Maritime Security 20.4.1 General Maritime Law Enforcement 20.4.2 Drug Interdiction 20.4.3 Alien Migrant Interdiction 20.4.4 EEZ and Living Marine Resource Law/Treaty Enforcement 167 167 168 171 171 173 173 176 179 183 183 184 185 186 187 187 187 188 CONTENTS 20.5 20.6 xi National Defense Protection of Natural Resources 20.6.1 Pollution Response 20.6.2 Enforcement Source 188 188 189 190 190 21 NOAA ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT NAVIGATION 191 20.7 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 21.10 National Ocean Service (NOS) Authorizing Mandate Nautical Charts Tides and Currents Currents Global Positioning Coast Pilot Ports Marine and Coastal Weather Services Source 191 191 191 193 195 196 197 197 198 198 22 CASE HISTORIES 199 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Case History 1—Grays Harbor, Washington Case History 2—Norfolk Harbor, Virginia Case History 3—Savannah Harbor, Georgia Case History 1—Grays Harbor, Washington 22.4.1 Project Description 22.4.2 Proposed Channel Improvements 22.4.3 Hydrodynamic and Wind Conditions 22.4.4 Design Vessel 22.4.5 Channel Depth Design 22.4.6 Channel Width and Alignment Design 22.4.7 Outer Harbor Simulations 22.4.8 Inner Harbor 22.4.9 Hydrodynamic and Sediment Studies 22.4.10 Dredge Material Disposal 22.4.11 Mitigation 22.4.12 Relocations 22.4.13 Project Status Case History 2—Norfolk Harbor and Channels, Virginia 22.5.1 Project Description 22.5.2 Proposed Channel Improvements 22.5.3 Hydrodynamic and Wind Conditions 22.5.4 Design Vessels 22.5.5 Channel Design Simulation Studies 199 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 202 203 204 204 204 205 205 205 205 206 206 206 206 208 209 Index Terms Links Permanent International Association of Navigation Congressers (PIANC) (Cont.) additional width for straight channel sections 70 channel alignment assessment method 59 channel depth estimation method 47 fluid mud channel bottoms 54 48 preliminary design guidelines for straight segments Physical models 72 133 Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS) 197 Pier slips 230 Pilings 230 Pilot interviews 30 Pilotage 158 Poe Lock (Sault St Marie, Michigan) 101 102 103 104 105 Pollution response 189 Port berthing 120 Port of Portland, Oregon LOADMX channel condition system shore parallel docks Port of Vancouver, Washington 157 120 121 Port State Control program 184 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links PORTS (Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System) 197 Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA) 179 Post Panamax ships 21 auto carriers 22 25 Preliminary design 10 Preliminary design checklist 11 Prevention 183 Prince William Sound, Alaska 163 164 194 123 195 Prince William Sound Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 182 Private aids to navigation 171 Product carriers 23 Project benefits 151 Project cost curves 149 Project features 107 Project performance assessment 166 Protection of natural resources 188 Puget Sound, Washington 120 Puget Sound Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 181 PWSA (Ports and Waterways Safety Act) 179 Rapid shoaling 232 Raritan Bay 181 R 233 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Relocations case histories 205 211 forced by rapid shoaling 232 233 Remote disposal areas 233 234 Rescue of grounded ships 165 Response (search and rescue) 184 Revenue Marine 186 Reverse turns (S-bends) 76 Revetments 117 Richmond Harbor 122 River bank names 172 River buoys 172 River charts 191 River reaches 80 Riverine sediments 79 Rogue River, Oregon 188 224 125 173 232 241 Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro/Ro) cargo Rosario Strait Rubble-mound jetties 16 181 95 97 S S-bends (reverse turns) Sabine Lock 76 101 103 Sacramento River Deep Water channel Sacramento ship channel Safety Safety clearance 119 88 183 52 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Salinity classification of estuaries by 35 effects on shoaling 39 prevention of intrusion vertical structures 234 235 101 35 Salinity barriers 111 Saltwater barriers 112 Saltwater wedge 234 235 San Francisco Bay, California Alcatraz disposal site 228 entrance channel 221 interior channel 230 lessons learned 241 San Francisco Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 181 Sandy Hook Channel 181 SAR (search and rescue) 184 Savannah Harbor, Georgia 213 case history 199 channel design 215 channel-widening project 213 design vessels 214 hydrodynamic conditions 214 interior channel 230 proposed channel improvements 214 simulation studies 215 Savannah River, Georgia 214 Savings 150 Scour holes 228 Sea level rise 213 216 234 242 229 44 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Search and rescue (SAR) 184 Seattle, Washington waterfront 120 122 230 231 Sediment isolated from channel littoral movement of riverine 81 144 79 suspended clay 234 Sediment studies 204 Sediment traps 117 230 Sedimentation 29 79 Sedimentation studies 209 Seiche 43 Seismic sea waves 42 Semidiurnal tides 41 Setdown 43 Setup 43 Sextants 193 Ship channels 10 alignment 57 baseline studies 15 bends 69 conditions 157 construction of 153 depth 47 design considerations 13 design factors 27 design philosophy design process 10 entrance channels 11 223 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Ship channels (Cont.) feasibility of 10 final design 10 with ice 143 initiative 10 interior channels 11 maintenance of 157 operations 157 preliminary design side channels 10 11 straight 60 types of 65 typical project elements 11 width 63 Ship characteristics 17 Ship clearance 65 Ship-generated waves 119 Ship locks 101 Ship motion 11 230 special features salinity barriers 228 12 111 49 Ship movements 157 Ship simulator models 135 Ship wave systems 118 SHIPRISK (traffic flow model) Ships 141 25 container ships 21 dry bulk ships 18 new types 17 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Shoaling Links 82 abandonment or relocation forced by 232 233 diversion-caused 230 231 dredging through shoals 228 229 rapid 228 229 39 234 shifts upstream 234 235 turning basin 109 salinity effects on Shore parallel docks 120 Siboeva ships 20 Side channels 230 Sidecasting dredges Signals, bridge 88 178 Simulation studies 76 case histories 209 Site harbors 232 Slips 124 Soils, native 79 Soo Locks 182 Southampton Channel 125 Spacing, jetty 94 Special features 11 Spring tides 41 Squat calculations 53 Squat underway 52 St Clair River, Michigan 65 St Lawrence Seaway St Mary’s River, Michigan 235 104 143 66 St Mary’s River Vessel Traf.c Service (VTS) 182 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Storm surge 43 Storm tide 43 Straight alignment 58 60 Straight sections additional widths for 70 preliminary design guidelines for 66 Strait of Juan de Fuca 181 Straits of Mackinac 178 Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin 176 Submerged salinity barriers 111 Subsidence 44 Suez Channel 65 SuezMax ships 20 Sun effects 41 Surveillance plan 166 Suspended clay sediments 234 Swept path 23 69 T TABS-MDS numerical modeling system Tampa Bay, Florida Tectonic activity 135 197 221 45 Temporary tide gauges 195 “Texas Chicken” maneuver 136 137 Thimble Shoal Channel, Virginia depth design 209 enlargement project 212 phased construction plan 210 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Thimble Shoal Channel, Virginia depth design (Cont.) proposed improvements 206 relocations 211 simulation studies 209 Ticonderoga Class cruisers 24 Tide gauges 163 164 temporary 194 195 Tide-generating forces 39 Tide-prediction tables 42 Tide predictions 27 Tide terms 40 Tides 39 diurnal 40 influence of moon and sun on 41 mixed 41 neap 41 NOAA activities 193 nonastronomical forces on 42 semidiurnal 41 spring 41 storm tide 43 types of 40 Tillamook Bay, Oregon Titanic Tofino Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 225 227 242 26 181 Topographic classification of estuaries 34 Toutle River 160 Traffic flow models 141 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Traffic studies 14 Training dikes 117 Training revetments 117 Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 182 Transportation savings 150 Trench-type channels 68 Tressel construction method 153 Trim 49 Tsunamis 42 Turn design 74 Turning basins 11 154 107 Turns channel width in 74 channel width increase in 73 consecutive (U-type) 76 recommended configurations 74 reverse (S-bends) 76 successive 76 75 Two-way traffic additional width for passing distance in 72 trench-type channels with 68 Typical engineering studies 15 Typical project elements 11 12 U U-type turns 76 Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCCs) 23 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Umpqua River, Oregon Links 224 242 Upland or off channel disposal of dredged material 129 Upstream water levels 101 U.S Aids to Navigation System (ATONS) 168 U.S Air Force 196 U.S Army Corps of Engineers bridge administration channel depth estimation method estuary waterway projects hopper dredges navigational maps 176 48 223 85 191 preliminary design guidelines for straight segments river charts 66 72 191 TABS-MDS numerical modeling system Water Resources Center (WRC) 135 17 Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Research Ship Simulator U.S Coast Guard (USCG) 122 31 157 Automatic Identification System (AIS) 180 bridge administration 176 Captains of the Port (COTPs) 189 casualty investigations 185 districts 174 Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSC) 189 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links U.S Coast Guard (USCG) (Cont.) ice breaking services 173 174 living marine resource law/treaty enforcement 188 Local Notices to Mariners (LNMs) 173 maritime mobility activities 167 maritime safety activities 183 Maritime Security Missions 186 national defense activities 188 National Response Center (NRC) 190 natural resources protection 188 Navigation Center Web site 173 navigation support activities 167 polar icebreakers 175 pollution response 189 primary missions for providing safe and efficient marine transportation system project design 168 14 safety prevention activities 183 search and rescue (SAR) Program 184 Vessel Traffic Information Service (VTIS) Los Angeles-Long Beach (LA/LB) Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 181 157 U.S Coast Pilot 197 U.S Customs Service 187 179 U.S Navy dock configurations ships 120 24 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links U.S Navy (Cont.) slip length and width 124 USCG See U.S Coast Guard USC&GS Hodson 195 USS Enterprise 115 USS George Washington USS Lexington 120 123 V Vancouver Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Variable alignment 181 57 Verrazano Narrows Bridge 181 Vertical salinity structures 35 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) 23 Vessel simulators 136 Vessel traffic flow simulation 141 58 Vessel Traffic Information Service (VTIS) Los Angeles-Long Beach (LA/LB) Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) 181 157 locations 180 operational sites for ship channels 157 VTS Berwick Bay 183 VTS Houston-Galveston 182 VTS Louisville 183 VTS New York 180 VTS Prince William Sound 182 VTS Puget Sound 181 179 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) (Cont.) VTS San Francisco 181 VTS St Mary’s River 182 Vibration VLCCs (Very Large Crude Carriers) Volcanoes 145 23 160 VTIS (Vessel Traffic Information Service) Los Angeles-Long Beach (LA/LB) 181 VTS See Vessel Traffic Service W Walk-on/Walk-off (Wo/Wo) cargo 16 Water levels 27 sea level rise stabilization of Water quality Water Resources Center (WRC) Waterway elevation changes 44 101 130 17 101 Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Research Ship Simulator 122 Waterways management 179 Waterways Safety Act 113 Wave climate 207 Waveforms 42 Waves 27 case histories 207 generated by moving vessels 118 long 208 208 39 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Waves (Cont.) nonastronomical forces on ship-generated ship motion from ship system 42 119 49 118 wind-generated 42 Weather conditions 157 Weather Radio (NOAA) 197 Weather Service 197 Weather services 198 Weather studies 14 Wells Harbor, Massachusetts 198 243 WES (Waterways Experiment Station) Research Ship Simulator 122 West Neebish Channel 182 Western Rivers Marking System 171 Wheeler 164 Width, channel 63 case histories 203 209 27 42 201 206 Wind(s) Wind conditions Wind-generated waves 42 World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics 192 Y Yaquina Bay, Oregon 96 154 159 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation