(Luận văn) qualitative analysis of sexual health protection behavior by income – the case of ho chi minh city

to tn gh p ie UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS w n VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ad lo th yj an lu la ip uy n va QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROTECTION BEHAVIOR BY INCOME – THE CASE OF HO CHI MINH CITY tz n oi m ll fu z BY ht vb LE THI PHUONG THAO k jm om l.c gm an Lu MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS n va re y te th HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2012 to tn gh p ie UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS w n VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ad lo th yj ip uy an lu la QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROTECTION BEHAVIOR BY INCOME – THE CASE OF HO CHI MINH CITY n va m ll fu n oi A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of tz MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS z ht vb om l.c gm LE THI PHUONG THAO k jm By an n va DR PHAM KHANH NAM Lu Academic Supervisor: re y te th HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2012 to tn Table of Contents gh p ie Chapter : Introduction Problem Statement 1.2 Research Objectives 1.1 w n 1.4 Research Scope 10 ad lo 1.3 Research Structure 10 th Literature reviews 11 yj Chapter : Theory of Planned Behavior 11 2.2 Empirical Studies 13 2.3 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter : an lu la ip uy 2.1 Research backgrounds and research methodology 17 n va Research backgrounds 17 3.2 Research Methodology 19 m ll fu 3.1 Analytical framework……………………………………………………… 19 3.2.2 Qualitative methods…………………………………………………………21 3.2.3 Tool………………………………………………………………………….25 3.2.4 Participants and studied location…………………………………………….29 z ht vb Chapter Summary 32 Empirical results 33 jm Chapter : Description of variables 33 k 4.1 tz 3.3 n oi 3.2.1 gm Attitude and perception…………………………………………………… 33 4.1.2 Subjective Norms……………………………………………………………39 4.1.3 Perceived Behavior Control…………………………………………………41 om Determinants of sexual health protection behavior 45 an Lu 4.2 l.c 4.1.1 Subjective Norms and sexual health protection behavior………………… 47 4.2.3 Perceived behavior control and sexual health protection behavior………….48 Chapter Summary 49 y te 4.3 re 4.2.2 n Attitude/perception and sexual health protection behavior………………….45 va 4.2.1 th to tn Chapter 5: Conclusions and policy implication 50 gh p ie 5.1 Conclusions 50 5.2 Policy Implication 51 5.3 Limitation 52 w n REFERENCES 53 ad lo Appendix A 56 th Appendix B 59 yj uy Appendix C 61 an lu la ip Appendix D 63 n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Table of Figures gh p ie Figure 1: Theory of Planned Behaviour 20 Figure 2: The layer of needs 26 w Figure 3: The collages of NeedScope model 28 n ad lo th yj an lu la ip uy n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn List of Tables gh p ie Table 1: Sample information 30 Table 2: Attitudes and Perception variable 43 w Table 3: Subjective Norms variable 43 n ad lo Table 4: Perceived Behavioural Control variable 44 Table 5: Behaviour variable 44 th yj an lu la ip uy n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh p ie Abbreviations Attitudes and Perception EC Emergency Contraception A&P w n ad lo FDG HCMC Ho Chi Minh city th Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome yj HIV/AIDS Focus discussion group In-deep interview IUD Intrauterine Device RH Reproductive Health STI Sexual Transmission Infection UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities WHO World Health Organization an lu la ip uy IDI n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh Chapter : Introduction p ie 1.1 Problem Statement w n Ho Chi Minh city is the biggest city in Vietnam with the estimated total of residents at ad lo about 7.2 million including of 2.3 million of males and 2.4 million of females which are in th the age from 15 to 65 (Statistical Office in HCMC, 2010) yj ip uy Along with the development of urbanization, industrialization and globalization, social and cultural life has many changes in recent years However, as the traditional la an lu notions in Vietnam and other Asian countries, sexual content is taboo for talking in public Meanwhile, as said above, the impressive growth of economy also brings the huge change n va of society, including the sexual health issues In which, the main sexual and reproductive m ll fu health issues are sexual transmitted infection, unplanned pregnancy and unsafe abortion (Low, 2006) Proportion of women in reproductive age suffer STIs is 25%, proportion of n oi abortion and menstrual regulation is 0.8% (UNFPA, 2009) tz HIV / AIDS in Vietnam is really an alarming problem 156,802 people living with HIV z were reported, including 34,391 AIDS patients alive and 44,232 people died because of vb ht AIDS So far, HCMC is the highest cases of people who are living with HIV accounted for k gm primarily through heterosexual sex and injecting drug use jm 26.3% of HIV cases detected in the country (Ministry of Health, 2010) HIV transmission is However, the biggest challenge facing Vietnam in the field of RH is the issue of l.c om abortion The use of contraceptive method is reflected in low rate while the abortion rate Lu continues to rise in Vietnam The average women abortion rate is 2.5 times This number an was the highest in Southeast Asia and was one of the highest rates in the world Strikingly, (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city th y te asking their partner to use condoms Furthermore, a negative view on abortion has caused re women lacked basic knowledge about sex, including not believing in using condoms or not n awareness of people, they not really change their behaviour apparently Many young va while education program and media communication system have attempted to raise (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn many women choose the unsafe and illegal abortions In Vietnam, mortality rate from gh unsafe abortions is one per week p ie In Vietnam, sex education in school already gives the basic knowledge, such as w biology, gender and personal development, hygiene, and family life However, the teaching n ad lo methods used are often not suitable for sensitive topic like this (WHO, 1999) School is main source to provide knowledge about sexual health, but this information is poor and th yj unelaborated Teachers still avoid mentioning about this topic in their lectures (Nguyen et ip uy al., 1999), which brings the lack of sufficient and efficient information and causes the curiosity to the adolescent about sexual health So, it could lead to the shortage in sexual la and abortion an lu health protection, insufficient knowledge about transmission diseases, unplanned pregnancy n va As the economy of HCMC has been growing rapidly, rising in income and income m ll fu inequality has probably changed many of people’s behaviour, including sexual health n oi protection behaviour However, the relationship between protection behaviour and income, tz which has important policy implication, has not been fully understood The income has positive correlation with education factor (Pereira and Martins, 2004), but not with sex z health protection behaviour This study also tries to figure out what the difference between vb ht income groups in intended behaviour towards sexual health protection jm Research Objectives k 1.2 gm From this problem statement, this research examines the sexual health protection behavior om l.c of urban HCMC participants using qualitative method First of all, this research try to find out the attitudes and perception (A&P) towards sexual health protection, subjective norm an Lu about sexual health protection and perceived behavioral control of sexual health protection behavior Besides, this research also tries to exam the relationship between A&P and sexual re y te Moreover, this research tries to figure out these connections by income groups, including n behavior, between perceived behavioral control and sexual health protection behavior va health protection behavior, between subjective norms and sexual health protection th low-income and high-income groups (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn 1) What is the attitudes and perception, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control gh towards sexual health care/protection? p ie 2) What is the connection between attitudes and perception, subjective norms, w perceived behavioural control to sexual health protection behaviour? n ad lo 3) What are the differences in these connections among income group? Research Scope th 1.3 yj ip uy This research was carried out in HCM city The sample size was 21 participants, including Research Structure an lu 1.4 la male and 14 female, aged from 18-40 years old n va The based theory of this study is presented at chapter 2; then, followed by empirical study m ll fu Chapter reviewed research backgrounds and research methodology, in which study presented about analytical framework, qualitative method: explain why we should use n oi qualitative method for this research, tool to the research: we use NeedScope model tz during the interview, and interpretation about the participants of this study Chapter point out some results of the study, then chapter gave some conclusion and policy z ht vb recommendation k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th 10 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn REFERENCES gh p ie Ab Rahman A., Ab Rahman R., Ibrahim MI., Salleh H., Ismail S B., Ali S.H., Muda W M , Ishak M., Ahmad A (2011), Knowledge of sexual and reproductive health among w n adolescents attending school in Kelantan, Malaysia, Southeast Asian J Trop Med ad lo Public Health, Vol 42 No th yj Ajzen I (1985), From intention to actions: A theory of planned behaviour Action-control: ip uy From cognition to behaviour Kuhl J and Backmann J Heidelberg, Springer: 11-39 la Ajzen I and Fishbein M (1980), Understanding Attitudes And Predicting Social Behavior, an lu Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs n va Ajzen, I (1991), “The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human m ll fu Decision Processes”, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 50, 179-211 Ajzen, I (2002), Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the n oi Theory of Planned Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 665-683 tz Ajzen, I and Fishbein, M (1975), Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction z to theory and research Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley vb ht Akerlof, G A and Dickens, W T (1982), “The economic Consequences of Cognitive jm Dissonance”, The American Economic Review, 1982, Vol 72, No 3, pp 307-319 k om l.c Vietnam”, Population, Family and Children of Viet Nam, 2003 gm Committee for population, family and children of Vietnam, “Adolescents and Youth in Dapice, D.,Gomez-Ibanez, J A., Nguyen X T (2010), Ho Chi Minh city: The Challenges United Nations Development Programme, Policy Dialogue Paper an Lu of Growth, Number n re y te When Does it Matter?”, Urban Studies 37: 297-308 va Duranton, G and Puga, D (2000), “Diversity and Specialization in Cities: Why, Where and th 53 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Fennell, J., “Men bring condoms, women take pills: Men’s and Women’s Roles in gh Contraceptive Decision-Making”, The journal of the Sociology of Mental Health p ie section of the American Sociological Association, 2011 November 1, 1:153-172 w General Office for Population Family Planning of Vietnam (2011), Statistic of reproductive n ad lo health and family planning Green J., Thorogood N., “Qualitative Methods for Health Research”, second edition, SAGE th yj Publications Ltd, 2009 uy ip HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention Committee of HCMC (2012), Report of situation in an lu la HCMC – first six months of 2012 Low WY (2006), “Adolescent health: what are the issues and are we doing enough?” n va Singapore Med J, 47:453-5 m ll fu Mack N., Woodsong, C., Macqueen, K M., Guest, G., Namey E (2005), Qualitative n oi Research Methods: Data Collector’s Field Guide, Family Health International tz Meekers, D and Klein M (2002), “Understanding Gender Differences in Condom Use Self-Efficacy among Youth in Urban Cameroon”, The journal of AIDS Education z and Prevention, January, Vol 14, No 1: 62–72, vb ht Ministry of Health (2010), Report: Result in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in 2010 jm k Ministry of Health (2012), Viet Nam AIDS Response Progress Report 2012 gm Mundle,M., Haldar, A., Baur, B., Haldar, S., Chattopadhyay, S and Soren, A B (2011), l.c Perceptions of couples about contraception in Eastern India, Southeast Asian J om Tropical Medicine Public Health, Vol 42 No.2 Lu n va Reproductive Age, Bangkok, Thailand”, Journal of Public Health, Vol.38 No.2 an Naravage, W and Oehler, J (2008), “Sexual Risk Perception among Women at re NeedScope system, Focus research: y te http://www.focus.co.nz/webpages/what_is_needscope.html th 54 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn NeedScope, Using emotion to build world-class brands: http://www.tns- gh gallup.no/arch/_img/9079170.pdf p ie Neuman, I., “THE LOVE BARRIER, The Views of Young Vietnamese Women Regarding w their Intentions to Remain Virgins until Marriage”, Department of Public Health n ad lo Science Division of International Health – IHCAR, 2006 Nguyen, T H D., Dam A V., Vu, T H , Phan T T (1999), “Knowledge, Attitude, th yj Behavior of adolescent related to sexual and reproductive health in Hanoi and uy Ninhbinh”, Institute for Reproductive and Family Health ip an lu la Nutbeam, D and Harris, E (1997), Theory in a Nutshell: A Guide to Health Promotion Theory, Sydney, McGraw-Hill n va Pereira, P T and Martins, P S (2004), “Returns to education and wage equations”, m ll fu Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol 36(6), pages 525-531 2006/5/9, 19:49, PAGE #1 tz n oi Pope, C and Mays, N (2006), “Qualitative methods in health research”, Chapter 1, Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh city (2010), Statistical Yearbook, Chapter II Population z and Labor vb ht United Nations Fund for Population Activities (2009), Population and Development in k jm Vietnam, towards a new strategy 2011 – 2020 gm United Nations Fund for Population Activities (2011), Vietnamese Youth: Summary of om l.c Statistical Indicator From the Population and Housing Census Vietnam 2009 World Health Organization (1999), Programming for adolescent health and development Lu n va health, Technical Report Series no 886 WHO, Geneva an Report of WHO/ UNFPA/ UNICEF study group on programming for adolescent re y te th 55 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Appendix A gh p ie The guideline of interview, interviewer will follow this guideline to figure out the information during the interview with participants w n ad lo Introduction th Express no wrong or right answer, all about sharing experience yj ip uy 1) Respondent’s introduction: Age, occupation, family status, how many kids (if appropriate)? How old are they now? What is your work and interests/hobbies? la an lu 2) Today, we’re going to talk about you and your partner How long have you been m ll fu Behavior Information n va with your partner/spouse? 3) What comes to your mind when saying about “Sex”? What else? n oi tz 4) How you see attitudes to sex changing these days? What you notice among the people you know – with respect to how important sex is; what role it plays in their z lives, how comfortable they are with it, what their relationships are like What is vb ht your view about sex? Let respondent talk freely, clarify/Probe where appropriate jm k 5) What are you aware of sexual risk and protect method? Any others? What of these gm methods you ever hear of? l.c 6) Which one have you got experience with? How? From what source did you come to om know about this? Tell me more about it? y te 8) What you normally if you not want you/your partner to get sexual risk? re IF NOT USING ANYTHING (BEHAVIRORAL /NATURAL METHOD): n va could you share? Tell me more about it? an Lu 7) Who could you share if you have concern about sex sexual risk prevention? How th 56 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Apart from pregnancy prevention, what are the main reasons for using/not using gh p ie contraceptive method? IF USING CONDOM: w 9) Why you use this method? What is advantage/disadvantage? n 10) ad lo 11) Who normally buys the pills/condoms? And where? Any opinion/ feedback from your partner? How does it make you feel? th yj What type/brand of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE you know? Which one an lu la 12) ip uy IF USING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD: you/your partner use currently? Why you use this method? What is advantage/disadvantage? What you 14) m ll fu look for in using this method? n va 13) IF MORE THAN ONE METHOD USED, ASK: which one you prefer to n oi use? tz Probe about oral contraceptive or emergency contraceptive pills use? Or abortion? z Any opinion/ feedback from your partner about this method? 16) Who normally buys the pills/condoms? And where? ht vb 15) k jm gm Now using Female/Male collages picture to discuss with, we introduce contraception method and ask respondent to match with group in collages Then, om l.c talking about the people in the collages What does it say about their personality and the type of person they are? 18) Are they single or married? How is their partner like? What kind of man/woman an Lu 17) va n are they looking for? What about their sex life th 20) y te Can we talk ta bit about their relationship with their partner re 19) 57 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh p ie What does sexual freedom mean to them? 22) What does safe sex mean to them? 23) What are their concerns about sex / the problems they wish they could avoid or 21) w find a solution to? n 24) ad lo 25) What would they look for in a contraceptive? Who could influence their intent of using this method? And how? th yj an lu la ip uy n va tz n oi m ll fu z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th 58 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Appendix B gh p ie Detailed description of sample: No Gender Age Occupation More information w n ad lo IDI1 Female 21 Part-time job, working as There is one infant kid, husband cashier in supermarket work in logistics company th yj ip 24 company Engaged, preparing for marriage IDI3 Female 35 Restaurant receptionist IDI4 Female 29 Human resource IDI5 Female 40 IDI6 Female 39 IDI7 Male 29 Sale staff In relationship with girlfriend IDI8 Male 23 Studying In relationship with girlfriend IDI9 Female 24 Personal business In relationship with boyfriend IDI10 Male 39 Work in family job IDI11 Male 34 Personal business la Female uy Secretary in foreign IDI2 an lu There are two children, husband n va work in steel trading m ll fu Husband work in the same company teacher tz n oi Housewife, before was kids, husband is a worker z vb House/Land agent, owned kids, working with husband ht k jm business om l.c gm n re y te In relationship with girlfriend va office an Lu kids, wife works in the same th 59 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh p ie Gender Age IDI12 Female 31 Work at bridal shop kid, husband is photographer Male 26 Work at fashion shop In relationship with girlfriend 34 Own Barber shop kid, wife is makeup staff 35 Own telephone card shop Married, no kid No w IDI13 Occupation More information n ad lo Male IDI15 Male IDI16 Male 27 IDI17 Female 31 Diplomatic staff IDI18 Female 27 Office staff IDI119 Female 21 Studying IDI20 Female 35 Work in family company kids IDI21 Female 28 Officer staff Not, not in any relationship th IDI14 yj la ip uy Human resource operation an lu of insurance company In relationship with girlfriend n va kid in primary school m ll fu kid boyfriend tz n oi Not married, in relationship with z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th 60 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Appendix C gh p ie Table of variables: No of participants w Attitudes &Perception Comments n 21 th ad lo Towards condom 13 yj Towards daily pill uy an lu la Towards IUD which having the attitude & perceptions about using protection method 15 ip Towards EC pill This is the number of participants 10 n va No of participants There are 19 participants said that tz 19 Comments n oi Sexual Spouse m ll fu Subjective Norms sexual spouse have strong affect to ht vb Only cases mentioned about their 21 Most of participants share the influence l.c Friends gm parents’ influence k jm Parents z them an Lu protection method om of friends to their behaviour of using n va re y te th 61 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh Perceived Behavioural No of p ie Control Comments participants Afraid of side effects 18 Side effects from using of condom, oral w n pill and IUD ad lo Afraid of complexity of usage 10 Complexity of using oral pill and IUD th yj an lu la ip uy No of Comments n va Behaviour 15 This is number of participants which Daily pill 11 IUD method EC pill Not using n oi Condom tz m ll fu participants using or not using protection method One person could use more than one z ht vb k jm om l.c gm an Lu n va re y te th 62 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn Appendix D gh p ie The following is the sample screener: Hi, we are conducting a survey about sexual health protection for a research w n purpose of society There are some personal and sensitive questions which you may ad lo feel uncomfortable to answer, however, all your answer if can, will completely keep th confidential Are you willing to join in? yj uy Would you please tell me how old are u? Birth year? m ll fu 26 – 30 n va 18 – 25 Thanks and Close an lu Below 18 la ip 1) n oi Continue 31 – 35 tz 36 – 40 z vb ht Over 40 om l.c gm Would you please tell me how much is your income? k 2) jm Note: make sure the age in our range research 18-40 Thanks and Close Lu an Note: record the information n va re y te th 63 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn 3) Record the gender of respondent gh p ie Male Continue Female w n Thanks and Close Others ad lo th Would you please tell me the status of your current marriage? yj 4) ip uy la There is wife/husband and living an lu with husband/wife as a family n va There is wife/husband but living as tz living as a family with n oi There is wife/husband but don’t m ll fu a family with others ht vb Single but living as wife/husband z husband/wife or others Continue jm k with others l.c gm Single and not living as n va Note: record the status, make sure we have respondent across the group an Lu Divorce or widow/widower om wife/husband with others re y te th 64 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn 5) Would you please tell me that during your relationship have u ever had gh p ie sex? No Thanks and Close w n Thanks and Close ad lo Not giving answer Continue th yj Yes la ip uy Would you please tell me that you apply any method for sexual health an lu 6) protect? n va m ll fu No tz n oi Yes Note: record the information Would you please tell me your highest educational level? z jm Primary school graduated ht vb 7) Continue k Thanks and Close Post graduated/ Master re n College/ University graduated va Continue an College/ University studying Lu om High school graduated l.c gm Secondary school graduated y te th 65 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city to tn gh p ie 8) I will speak out some statement Would you please tell me which one is the most correct to describe about you? There is no wrong or right here w n ad lo Join in conversation with some one I’ve th yj known uy In a party, I usually strangers an lu la ip Join in conversation with many people, even In a group, I usually… n va Start the story m ll fu Wait for some on who start first n oi I feel easy to continue the story don’t know I have less thing to talk to them tz When talking with people I z I feel enthusiastic and exciting k jm When meeting a new person ht vb I feel nervous and anxious om l.c gm Note: make sure at least un-black cells is selected -> to make sure the respondent Lu an willing to start the story n va re y te th 66 (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city (Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city(Luận.văn).qualitative.analysis.of.sexual.health.protection.behavior.by.income.–.the.case.of.ho.chi.minh.city