(Luận văn) determinants of households expenditure on english language education, the case of ho chi minh city

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS t to UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ng hi ep w VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN n lo DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ad ju y th yi pl DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD ua al n EXPENDITURE ON ENGLISH-LANGUAGE va n EDUCATION: THE CASE OF HOCHIMINH ll fu oi m CITY at nh z z vb MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ht k jm om n a Lu n va Dr PHAM KHANH NAM l.c Academic Supervisor LUU THI KIEU OANH gm By y te re HO CHI MINH CITY, 2013 t to CERTIFICATION ng hi ep “I certify that the substance of this thesis has not already been submitted for any degree w and has not been currently submitted for any other degree n lo I certify that to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing this thesis and all ad ju y th used sources have acknowledged in this dissertation” yi pl LUU THI KIEU OANH n ua al Date: … Dec 2013 n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th i t to ng hi ACKNOWLEGMENTS ep w Firstly, I would like to thank so much to Vietnam – The Netherlands programme for n lo Master of Art in Development Economics where I have been studying useful knowledge ad y th I would like to express my deep gratitude to my academic supervisor, Dr Pham ju Khanh Nam for his great supports, advices and encouragements during my thesis yi completion pl ua al I thank so much for all lecturers because of their valuable supports as well as all my n family, my friends because of their helps and encouragements during my study va One again, I am grateful to all of you Thank you very much! n ll fu oi m at nh z z LUU THI KIEU OANH k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th ii t to ng hi ABSTRACT ep w This study attempts to investigate household’s expenditure on English education for n lo primary school children using the surveyed data from 267 randomly collected households ad y th in Ho Chi Minh City As a result, the current payment for English education of household ju in Ho Chi Minh City plays an important role in total expenditure for education It takes up yi 61.4% of basic education in average Compared with household’s total income and total pl ua al expenditure, it makes up 4.7% and 6.7% of total income and total expenditure, n respectively The study also found that total income, total expenditure, current payment for va extra education, education level of wife and household own a house has a positive n ll fu relationship with English education expenditure oi m at nh Keywords: English education, expenditure, income z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th iii t to ng hi TABLE OF CONTENTS ep CERTIFICATION i w n ACKNOWLEGMENTS ii lo ad ABSTRACT iii y th LIST OF FIGURES vi ju LIST OF TABLES vii yi ABBREVIATIONS viii pl ua al CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Problem Statements 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Research methodology 1.5 The structure of the study n 1.1 n va ll fu oi m nh CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW at Theoretical literature z 2.1 z vb Theory of Education expenditure: Education production function jm ht Theory of household production function Theory of income elasticity of educational expenditure: k Empirical literature 2.3 Conceptual framework 13 l.c gm 2.2 om CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15 Sampling strategy and data collection 15 3.2 Variables’ measurement and explanation 15 3.3 Model specification 23 n a Lu 3.1 n va General information of the Household’s characteristic in HCM City 28 4.2 General information of English education in Vietnam 29 4.3 Importance of English expenditure in household’s decision 31 4.4 Empirical analysis results 32 iv th 4.1 y te re CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS 28 t to ng 4.4.1 Descriptive statistics 32 4.4.2 Regression results 40 hi ep CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 46 5.1 Conclusions and recommendations 46 w n 5.1.1 Conclusion 46 lo Limitations 47 y th 5.2 ad 5.1.2 Recommendations 46 ju REFERENCES 49 yi APPENDIX 52 pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th v t to ng LIST OF FIGURES hi ep Figure 2.1 Analytical framework for the impact explanatory variable on English education w n lo expenditure 14 ad Figure 4.1 The education level of the parents in Ho Chi Minh City – Author’s survey 2013 y th 29 ju yi Figure 4.2 The education level of the parents in Ho Chi Minh City – VHLSS 2010 29 pl Figure 4.3 The distribution of current English education expenditure in basic education, al n ua total income and total expenditure 32 va Figure 4.4 Histogram graphic of the current payment for English education in Ho Chi n Minh City 33 fu ll Figure 4.5 Histogram graphic of the dummy variable of current payment for English m oi education in Ho Chi Minh City 34 nh at Figure 4.6 Household’s total income distribution in Ho Chi Minh City 35 z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th vi t to ng hi LIST OF TABLES ep w n Table 3.1 Variable description and expected sign for Model 26 lo ad Table 4.1 The development of number of foreign language center through the years 31 ju y th Table 4.2 Summary statistic of variables 37 Table 4.3 The relationship of total income and current payment for English education 39 yi pl Table 4.4 The relationship of household’s total expenditure and current payment for al ua English education 39 n Table 4.5 The results of the models 40 n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th vii t to ng hi ABBREVIATIONS ep w Age of husband n Ageh lo Current payment for extra class yi Education level of husband pl Eduh ju Cpec Current payment for English education y th Cpe Age of wife ad Agew Education level of wife Engh English level of husband Engw English level of wife Genderhh Gender of household’s head MOET Ministry of Education and Training Nrofchildren Number of children Ownh Household own a house Soeh Sector of employment of husband Soew Sector of employment of wife Totalexp Household’s total expenditure Wifeworking Wife is working VHLSS Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey n ua al Eduw n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th viii t to CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ng hi ep 1.1 Problem Statements Foreign language currently is a prominent issue in worldwide education and society w n With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, through lo ad computer systems and networks, people between nations are closer and closer together ju y th understand each other through intermediate language that commonly is the English Most of the knowledge such as books, academic papers, documentation in economy, science and yi pl technology, culture and society are mainly written in English and widely circulated on al ua the global network Bolton (2006) likened the English expansion as the most rapid spread n language all over the world In addition, the communication between different languages va n people through this common language which can understand and move toward the agreed fu ll long-term good cooperation In reality, English is rated as the most used and common m oi speaking language in the world with more than 1,226 million users in 2003 and spread on nh 75 countries on the world according to Crystal (2003) Graddol (2008) figures that there at z are more and more people learning English as a second language and it will nearly get big z vb amount of two billions next ten years There was also a replacement of English as a school jm ht subject instead of Russian from the participation of some Eastern European countries k (Modiano, 2006) Since educating English was identified as an important factor gm indispensable, it should be considered by government investment, according to Nergis, om l.c (2011)In some developing countries such as Turkey, they recognize that “the only way to bring Turkish up to the level of the communicational requirements of the modern world is a Lu through the interaction of knowledge of English with the derivational convenience n provided by the Turkish language reform.” n va WTO, the spread of English has facing with an unpredicted speed in Vietnam The than 90% of that volume While other languages such as Chinese, Japanese, French, th statistics shows that among the foreign language learner, the English learner takes up more y te re In Vietnam, Thinh (2006) observed that in the past ten years before the joining t to Table 06 – Multicolinearity test of OLS – Model ng hi 02 ep vif w Variable n lo ad ju y th 19.45 19.33 12.43 7.02 3.52 3.49 3.42 2.85 2.34 2.26 1.67 1.59 1.29 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.08 0.051414 0.051727 0.080422 0.142376 0.283793 0.286735 0.292610 0.351058 0.426472 0.443037 0.597484 0.630849 0.775292 0.800912 0.808125 0.826600 0.840553 0.928898 yi 1/VIF pl ua al n n va ll fu dtotalexpt3 dtotalexpt4 dtotalexpt5 dtotalexpt2 eduw ageh agew eduh englishw_0 englishh_0 soew_0 soeh_0 cpec ownh wifeworking local Nrofchildren genderhh VIF Mean VIF oi m 4.81 nh Table 07 – Logit regression result – Model 04 (a) at Logistic regression z = = = = z Log pseudolikelihood = -81.443602 Number of obs Wald chi2(18) Prob > chi2 Pseudo R2 263 39.67 0.0023 0.2845 -.3933617 -.2090731 -.3941084 4396263 7218131 -.4408215 -.3214021 -2.22921 -1.521832 -1.562604 -1.732452 -1.611525 -1.496208 -.1920569 0470992 -.4205823 -.1451731 -.7975786 -11.01297 4.680429 4.736098 5.232632 7.337423 2.573347 2418711 698019 2871147 988479 9626436 6315634 9827169 5631762 0627737 3378422 1.210402 1.617427 462632 -.9934975 n a Lu n va y te re th 57 0.098 0.073 0.092 0.027 0.000 0.568 0.469 0.130 0.677 0.641 0.361 0.635 0.375 0.320 0.009 0.343 0.102 0.602 0.019 om 1.66 1.79 1.69 2.21 3.49 -0.57 0.72 -1.51 -0.42 -0.47 -0.91 -0.48 -0.89 -0.99 2.59 0.95 1.64 -0.52 -2.35 [95% Conf Interval] l.c 1.294358 1.261546 1.435419 1.759674 4723387 1741595 2600612 6419314 6403972 6442077 6030762 6618085 5253627 065009 0741705 4160752 4496512 3214882 2.556035 P>|z| gm 2.143534 2.263512 2.419262 3.888525 1.64758 -.0994752 1883084 -.9710477 -.2666764 -.2999803 -.5504442 -.3144039 -.4665157 -.0646416 1924707 39491 736127 -.1674733 -6.003235 z k dtotalexpt2 dtotalexpt3 dtotalexpt4 dtotalexpt5 cpec eduh eduw englishh_0 englishw_0 soeh_0 soew_0 wifeworking genderhh ageh agew local ownh Nrofchildren _cons Robust Std Err jm Coef ht vb dcpe t to Table 08 – Marginal effects after Logit regression – Model 04 ng hi (b) ep Marginal effects after logit y = Pr(dcpe) (predict) = 93879449 w dy/dx n variable lo ad y th yi pl n ua al 03063 08326 07852 04656 02155 01031 01541 04692 04037 04127 04483 03164 02436 00365 0044 02937 03286 01836 z n va fu 2.08 1.49 1.46 2.24 4.39 -0.55 0.70 -1.34 -0.39 -0.44 -0.80 -0.53 -0.99 -1.02 2.51 0.85 1.43 -0.52 ll 0637695 1239615 1148973 1043288 094669 -.0057158 0108201 -.0628338 -.0158438 -.0182967 -.0359703 -.0166229 -.0240351 -.0037143 0110593 0248229 0469965 -.0096229 ju dtota~t2* dtota~t3* dtota~t4* dtota~t5* cpec eduh eduw engl~h_0* engl~w_0* soeh_0* soew_0* wifewo~g* genderhh* ageh agew local* ownh* Nrofch~n Std Err P>|z| [ 95% C.I 0.037 0.137 0.143 0.025 0.000 0.579 0.482 0.181 0.695 0.658 0.422 0.599 0.324 0.309 0.012 0.398 0.153 0.600 003736 -.039218 -.039007 013071 052431 -.025929 -.019376 -.154794 -.094976 -.099185 -.123833 -.078632 -.071773 -.010873 002439 -.032734 -.017401 -.045598 ] 123804 287141 268802 195586 136907 014498 041016 029127 063289 062592 051893 045386 023703 003444 019679 08238 111394 026352 X 087452 406844 334601 155894 1.41065 4.20532 3.85551 387833 365019 281369 247148 809886 779468 38.4981 35.7529 749049 642586 1.61977 m oi (*) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from to at nh z z cpecpbe cpeincome cpetotalexp cpecpbe cpeincome cpetotalexp 267 267 267 6139513 0470075 06704 Std Dev .7110703 0435199 0515155 Min 0 Max 4705882 om l.c Mean gm Obs k Variable jm sum ht vb Table 09 – Statistic summary of variable cpe/cpbe, cpe/income, cpe/totalexp n a Lu n va y te re th 58 t to Table 10 – The description of cpe and ng tab cpe hi ep w Freq Percent Cum below 300,000 300,000 - 500,000 500,000 - 1,000,000 1,000,000 - 2,000,000 over 2,000,000 41 111 52 35 25 15.30 41.42 19.40 13.06 9.33 1.49 15.30 56.72 76.12 89.18 98.51 100.00 268 100.00 n Current payment for English lo ad Total y th tab cpec ju Current payment for extra class Percent Cum 42 120 71 23 12 15.67 44.78 26.49 8.58 4.48 15.67 60.45 86.94 95.52 100.00 268 100.00 yi Freq pl below 300,000 300,000 - 500,000 500,000 - 1,000,000 over 1,000,000 n ua Total al cpec n va ll fu Table 11 – The relationship between total income and total expenditure to cpe SS df MS Number of obs F( 9, 257) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE oi m Source 95.8439027 315.354599 257 10.6493225 1.2270607 Total 411.198502 266 1.54585903 at nh Model Residual = = = = = = 267 8.68 0.0000 0.2331 0.2062 1.1077 z z -.450515 -.4346592 -.4813296 2023931 -.5114126 -.1288853 267091 6354436 1892874 -.8406895 4354815 7978759 9489985 2.006725 1.844746 2.173891 2.70272 3.265303 3.266361 1.340689 om 0.973 0.562 0.520 0.017 0.266 0.082 0.017 0.004 0.028 0.652 l.c -0.03 0.58 0.64 2.41 1.11 1.75 2.40 2.92 2.21 0.45 [95% Conf Interval] gm 2249593 3129473 363168 4581295 5982413 5846873 6184192 6677354 7812856 5538639 P>|t| k -.0075167 1816083 2338345 1.104559 6666667 1.022503 1.484905 1.950373 1.727824 25 t jm dincome2 dincome3 dincome4 dincome5 dtotalexp2 dtotalexp3 dtotalexp4 dtotalexp5 dtotalexp6 _cons Std Err ht Coef vb cpe n a Lu n va y te re th 59 n lo ad ju y th yi Table 13 - Correlation matrix of the explanatory variables pl dincome3 dincome4 dincome5 dtotal~2 dtotal~3 dtotal~4 dtotal~5 dtotal~6 dincome3 -0.42 dincome4 -0.26 -0.16 dincome5 -0.22 -0.14 -0.09 dtotalexp2 -0.25 -0.16 -0.10 dtotalexp3 0.43 -0.39 -0.21 dtotalexp4 0.00 0.41 0.08 -0.13 dtotalexp5 -0.30 0.21 0.25 dtotalexp6 -0.15 -0.10 0.09 0.53 cpec -0.10 0.18 0.11 0.04 -0.15 eduh -0.04 0.26 0.23 0.19 -0.27 eduw -0.06 0.25 0.19 0.22 -0.26 englishh_0 -0.09 0.26 0.21 0.06 -0.16 -0.20 englishw_0 -0.09 0.15 0.20 0.17 -0.15 -0.19 soeh -0.11 0.03 -0.05 -0.07 0.16 -0.08 soew -0.08 -0.13 -0.06 -0.01 0.18 -0.08 wifeworking 0.10 0.13 0.05 -0.06 -0.23 0.09 0.06 genderhh 0.02 0.03 -0.09 0.04 -0.03 -0.06 0.07 ageh 0.02 0.04 0.05 -0.04 -0.06 -0.05 0.06 0.03 agew 0.02 0.05 0.02 -0.04 -0.07 -0.03 0.08 -0.04 local -0.14 0.02 0.03 0.12 -0.01 0.02 -0.15 ownh -0.06 0.23 0.13 0.11 -0.13 -0.21 Nrofchildren -0.18 -0.07 0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.00 cpec eduh eduw n dincome2 om ua al dincome2 n va fu 1 -0.22 -0.59 0.31 -0.12 -0.31 -0.26 -0.06 -0.16 -0.13 -0.07 -0.18 0.14 0.22 0.09 -0.18 0.17 0.27 0.10 0.22 -0.19 0.18 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.77 0.23 0.09 0.11 0.25 0.49 0.58 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.26 0.54 0.60 0.01 -0.08 -0.03 -0.12 -0.22 -0.22 0.02 -0.10 -0.04 -0.07 -0.31 -0.37 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.23 -0.10 0.01 0.00 -0.07 -0.02 0.17 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.15 0.07 0.02 0.14 y te -0.22 0.06 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.02 0.07 -0.10 -0.21 -0.14 at -0.26 nh oi m ll -0.08 z z k jm ht vb l.c gm Lu -0.03 an 0.11 va n re ac th si eg cd 60 jg hg n lo ad ju y th yi soeh soew wifeworking genderhh ageh agew local dincome3 va n dincome5 fu m ll dtotalexp2 dtotalexp3 oi dtotalexp4 nh at dtotalexp5 z dtotalexp6 z cpec vb ht eduh jm eduw englishw_0 0.69 soeh -0.23 -0.25 soew -0.28 -0.27 0.53 0.19 0.19 -0.05 -0.37 -0.03 -0.05 -0.07 0.03 -0.12 ageh 0.10 0.15 -0.08 0.08 -0.11 -0.04 agew 0.12 0.18 -0.10 0.04 -0.05 -0.08 0.84 local 0.06 0.11 0.03 0.05 -0.06 0.03 0.04 0.01 ownh 0.17 0.09 -0.11 -0.13 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.02 -0.13 -0.12 0.12 0.18 -0.10 0.04 0.06 0.04 om l.c gm an Lu va n y te re -0.18 0.09 -0.08 ac th Nrofchildren k englishh_0 genderhh Nrofchildren n dincome4 wifeworking ownh ua al dincome2 englishw_0 pl englishh_0 si eg cd 61 jg hg t to Table 14 - The results of the models ng Model Model Model Model OLS1 OLS2 Logit Ordered Logit Tobit hi Model ep -0.1141 -0.0149 -0.8824 -0.3152 -0.1141 dincome3 -0.1302 0.1100 -1.1158 -0.2819 -0.1302 0.0631 0.2830 0.7016 0.2856 0.0631 (omitted) 2.5108 dincome2 w n lo dincome4 ad 1.1466 dtotalexp2 -0.0173 1.9596 0.7523 -0.0173 0.0754 2.6390 1.1614 0.0754 1.5204 0.2648 3.5090 1.5906 0.3637 (omitted) 0.2832 -0.0792 *** 0.2648 2.9232 0.3637 al -0.0792 ua dtotalexp6 1.2753 pl dtotalexp5 *** yi dtotalexp4 ju dtotalexp3 y th dincome5 0.1231 englishw_0 -0.4324 0.2909 *** 0.0964 ** -0.4309 ** oi englishh_0 *** m 0.2839 ll eduw *** -0.0457 fu -0.0455 0.5083 n eduh *** va 0.4903 n cpec 1.5987 * *** 1.0854 *** 1.1466 *** 0.4903 -0.1096 -0.1371 0.2883 0.6514 -0.9516 0.1391 -0.5446 -0.9070 -0.2945 0.1520 0.0452 -0.4450 -0.1284 *** 0.2839 ** -0.4324 soew_0 -0.1284 -0.1321 wifeworking -0.2180 -0.2419 -0.2230 -0.4132 -0.2180 genderhh -0.0295 0.0203 -0.4308 0.0124 -0.0295 ageh -0.0034 -0.0019 -0.0545 -0.0308 -0.0034 agew 0.0428 local 0.0098 ownh 0.2786 at nh 0.0410 z z 0.1826 *** jm ** ht vb 0.0410 0.1140 *** 0.1231 0.0452 ** *** -0.0455 soeh_0 -0.6157 *** *** 0.0428 ** ** k -1.3253 ** 0.8505 -0.0296 * -1.3258 * -0.2615 *** -6.0257 0.0098 0.5253 -0.0725 * 0.2786 0.0908 om _cons 0.2777 0.1003 l.c -0.0311 ** 0.4860 gm Nrofchildren -0.0118 ** -1.3253 /cut4 10.4300 /cut5 13.2894 significance at % level 62 th (*): Statistic significance at 10% level, (**): Statistic significance at 5% level, (***): Statistic y 8.9018 te re /cut3 n 7.4700 va /cut2 n 4.6698 * a Lu /cut1 ** t to Source: Author’s calculation ng hi ep Table 15 – Correlation between household’s total income and total expenditure and current payment for English education w n cor income totalexp cpe (obs=267) lo ad income totalexp ju y th income totalexp cpe 1.0000 0.8064 0.4299 cpe 1.0000 0.4521 1.0000 yi pl SS df Model Residual 198.615099 209.49897 23 239 Total 408.114068 n ua Source al Table 16 – OLS regression result of all explanatory variables n va Number of obs F( 23, 239) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE 8.63543908 876564727 1.55768728 = = = = = = 263 9.85 0.0000 0.4867 0.4373 93625 ll fu 262 MS z jm ht vb om l.c 3044974 4684479 7495517 1.984507 1.0531 1.113447 1.38324 1.588574 1.313266 6218854 0516469 4090439 4820939 -.0669609 3672447 2204854 1092237 2614252 0319492 0796371 3014418 5469618 1564882 1371572 n a Lu n va -.532629 -.7288563 -.6234191 3087678 -1.087702 -.9626228 -.8536241 -.8612149 -1.471643 3586487 -.1425964 1587891 -.2358051 -.7979091 -.2767849 -.4772161 -.5451376 -.320328 -.0387908 0059627 -.2818299 0101479 -.2186806 -2.787805 gm 0.592 0.669 0.857 0.008 0.975 0.886 0.641 0.559 0.911 0.000 0.357 0.000 0.500 0.021 0.782 0.469 0.191 0.842 0.849 0.023 0.947 0.042 0.744 0.075 k -0.54 -0.43 0.18 2.70 -0.03 0.14 0.47 0.58 -0.11 7.34 -0.92 4.47 0.68 -2.33 0.28 -0.72 -1.31 -0.20 -0.19 2.29 0.07 2.04 -0.33 -1.79 [95% Conf Interval] z 2124752 3038937 3484805 4253276 5433674 5269376 5677495 6217929 7068512 0668134 0493019 0635184 1822135 1855256 1634643 177087 1660867 1476576 0179549 0186997 1480431 1362514 0952234 7423991 P>|t| at -.1140658 -.1302042 0630663 1.146638 -.0173014 0754123 2648081 3636794 -.0791885 490267 -.0454748 2839165 1231444 -.432435 0452299 -.1283653 -.2179569 -.0294514 -.0034208 0427999 0098059 2785548 -.0310962 -1.325324 t nh dincome2 dincome3 dincome4 dincome5 dtotalexp2 dtotalexp3 dtotalexp4 dtotalexp5 dtotalexp6 cpec eduh eduw englishh_0 englishw_0 soeh_0 soew_0 wifeworking genderhh ageh agew local ownh Nrofchildren _cons Std Err oi Coef m cpe y te re th 63 t to Table 17 - The results of the models (OLS, Logit, Tobit) ng Current payment for English education hi ep Model Model OLS Logit Tobit Model w Coefficient Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal effect n lo effect (dy/dx) (dy/dx) ad Total income y th -0.015 -0.342 -0.023 -0.233 -0.233 (0.93) (0.55) (0.57) (0.50) (0.50) 0.110 -0.376 -0.027 -0.154 -0.154 (0.61) (0.64) (0.67) (0.74) (0.74) 0.283 1.520 0.062 * 0.683 0.683 (0.29) (0.24) (0.06) (0.30) (0.30) (omitted) 6.654 *** 6.654 *** ju 5-10 millions VND yi pl 10-20 millions VND n ua al 20-30 millions VND n va 1.275 *** ll (0.00) (omitted) fu Over 30 millions VND 0.113 *** 0.881 *** 0.881 *** (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) -0.046 -0.114 -0.007 -0.067 -0.067 (0.35) (0.56) (0.56) (0.55) (0.55) 0.291 *** 0.347 0.120 0.120 (0.00) (0.18) (0.20) (0.40) (0.40) 0.096 -1.078 -0.080 -0.729 * -0.729 * (0.59) (0.13) (0.18) (0.10) -0.431 ** -0.486 -0.034 gm (0.10) -0.242 -0.242 (0.02) (0.50) (0.53) (0.58) (0.58) 0.041 -0.362 -0.025 -0.060 (0.80) (0.56) (0.58) (0.43) -0.132 -0.582 -0.043 -0.043 (0.45) (0.37) (0.43) (0.62) (0.62) -0.242 -0.297 -0.018 -0.265 -0.265 (0.14) (0.62) (0.59) (0.45) (0.45) 0.020 -0.215 -0.013 -0.099 -0.099 (0.89) (0.67) (0.65) (0.75) (0.75) -0.002 -0.061 -0.004 -0.026 -0.026 at nh (0.00) oi 1.735 *** vb m 0.508 *** Current payment for extra class z Education level of husband z 0.023 k Dummy English var of husband jm ht Education level of wife (0.43) -0.043 n 64 th Age of husband y Gender of household’s head te re Wife is working n va Dummy Public sector of wife -0.060 a Lu Dummy Public sector of husband om l.c Dummy English var of wife t to ng (0.92) (0.28) (0.30) (0.44) (0.44) 0.041 ** 0.176 *** 0.011 *** 0.093 *** 0.093 *** (0.03) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) -0.012 0.357 0.025 0.236 0.236 (0.94) (0.44) (0.48) (0.41) (0.41) 0.278 ** 0.983 ** 0.073 * 0.618 ** 0.618 ** (0.04) (0.04) (0.06) (0.03) (0.03) -0.030 -0.341 -0.022 -0.148 -0.148 (0.74) (0.27) (0.27) (0.42) (0.42) -1.326 *** -3.623 * -0.518 * (0.01) (0.07) (0.67) hi Age of wife ep Location of household w n lo Household own a house ad y th Number of children ju yi pl _cons al n ua (*): Statistic significance at 10% level, (**): Statistic significance at 5% level, (***): Statistic significance at % level n va Source: Author’s calculation ll fu m oi Table 18 - The results of the models (OLS, Logit, Tobit) Model Model Model z at nh Current payment for English education Tobit Logit z OLS Coefficient vb Coefficient Marginal Coefficient Marginal ht k Total expenditure (0.24) (0.24) 0.865 0.865 (0.18) (0.03) -0.034 2.269 0.142 (0.95) (0.14) (0.20) (0.29) 0.175 2.419 0.131 1.101 (0.75) (0.14) (0.16) (0.21) 0.652 3.591 0.101 1.964 (0.27) (0.06) 0.853 (omitted) (0.07) (0.21) va *** 1.101 n (0.01) (0.29) a Lu * ** 1.964 * (0.07) 7.923 0.854 0.854 y 7.923 * te re (0.88) n 0.072 om Over 15 millions VND 1.000 2.149 l.c 10-15 millions VND gm 5-10 millions VND 1.000 -0.083 2-3.5 millions VND 3.5-5 millions VND effect (dy/dx) jm effect (dy/dx) Current payment for extra 0.451 class (0.00) th (0.18) 1.649 *** (0.00) 65 0.106 *** (0.00) *** (0.00) *** (0.00) *** -0.096 -0.006 -0.065 -0.065 (0.36) (0.61) (0.62) (0.55) (0.55) 0.288 0.189 0.012 0.058 0.058 (0.46) (0.47) (0.69) (0.69) 0.063 -0.940 -0.068 -0.649 -0.649 (0.73) (0.17) (0.22) (0.13) (0.13) -0.364 -0.307 -0.021 -0.165 -0.165 (0.66) (0.68) (0.71) (0.71) -0.023 -0.300 -0.020 -0.055 -0.055 (0.54) (0.62) (0.63) (0.47) (0.47) Dummy Public sector of 0.031 -0.559 -0.041 -0.039 -0.039 wife (0.46) (0.38) (0.45) (0.65) (0.65) -0.323 -0.019 -0.283 -0.283 * (0.61) (0.58) (0.43) (0.43) n -0.459 -0.026 -0.199 -0.199 (0.38) (0.33) (0.53) (0.53) -0.062 -0.004 -0.033 -0.033 oi t to -0.044 Education level of husband ng hi ep Education level of wife (0.00) Dummy English var of w n husband lo ad Dummy English var of wife (0.06) y th Dummy Public sector of ju yi husband *** * pl ua al -0.286 n Wife is working va (0.10) (0.29) (0.33) (0.33) 0.042 0.191 0.012 0.102 0.102 (0.03) ** (0.00) (0.39) 0.237 (0.01) *** (0.01) 0.028 0.284 0.284 (0.44) (0.33) (0.33) 0.732 0.052 0.471 0.471 (0.11) (0.14) -0.065 -0.164 -0.011 (0.49) (0.61) (0.61) -1.061 -6.060 (0.18) (0.03) * k (0.09) jm (0.80) *** ht 0.399 (0.01) vb 0.037 *** z (0.10) (0.10) -0.051 (0.79) (0.79) * a Lu (0.33) *** om l.c -0.051 -1.462 ** * gm _cons (0.28) z Number of children (0.70) at Household own a house -0.007 nh Location of household m Age of wife (1.00) ll Age of husband -0.001 fu Gender of household’s head (*): Statistic significance at 10% level, (**): Statistic significance at 5% level, (***): Statistic n n va significance at % level y te re th 66 n lo ad ju y th yi Table 19 - Questionnaire pl PART - HOUSEHOLD'S MEMBER LIST Marital status How long has [name] been in HCMc? (Write the name of district) Household's head… Spouse……… Children at nh Grandparent Married……… Widow…… Divorced…… Legal separation Nr Of Nr Of Years Months year gm Others…………… k jm Grandchildrens…… ht Female…….1 vb D Parents Single……… z Male….0 z Mark * on the right of household's head name oi The family's member is the one who live and eat together with your family at least 6/12 months and shares the expenses C E Year of Birth Place of inhabitant How old is [name]? m ll R fu E n B Relationship to the household's head va M Gender n E ua al M Please tell us the full name of your family's members, start from the household's lead om l.c an Lu va n re y te 10 11 12 ac th si 13 14 Note jg hg 67 eg cd o Center of the city include Dist 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, Binh Thanh, Phu Nhuan, Tan Binh, Tan Phu and part of Dist o Suburbs area include Dist 2, 9, 12, Binh Tan, Binh Chanh, Hoc Mon, Cu Chi n lo ad ju y th yi pl PART - EDUCATION INFORMATION Please let us know the education information of your household's members ua al 13 14 FOR THE CHILDREN Does the [name] take part in any English class within last 12 months? Don't know………… Pre-intermediate (basic communication)…… at nh z z Intermediate (good communication)…… Advance (fluent in skills (Listen, speak, read, write………… Yes No At school At English center Age start learning English? k jm ht vb PhD………………… 11 12 Self-assessment the English level of [name] oi C O D E 11 Certificate / Grade of English which [name] attain (if any) m ll Primary vocational… Vocational…………… Professional school Vocational colleges Colleges BA MA………………… 10 fu R n Senior high school va E 10 What is the type of the school? Public school… Charter school…2 Private school… International school………… Other (?)……… n M E M B The highest education level of [name] attained No certificate Primary Junior high school gm Other (specific )… 12 om l.c 10 11 12 13 14 an Lu va n y te re ac th si eg cd 68 jg hg n lo ad ju y th yi PART - CAREER - INCOME – EXPENDITURE pl 15 17 18 19 Total income (monthly) Total expenditure (monthly) Expenditure for food 20 ua al 16 [name]… n Position *Employment status Worker/staff… Employment sector n Owner…3 Others…4 z Unemployed…2 Retirement…3 z E R at Manager…2 nh Employed…1 Private (domestic Co.)…1 Private (foreign Co.)…2 Public…….3 NGOs.……….4 oi B Expenditure for Health's care m ll fu E M va Job… * M EDUCATION COST FOR THE CHILDREN Expense for education of …[name] per month (1000 VND) a b c d Tuition Extra Extra Total English learning (a+b+c) class at English school at English center vb k jm ht C O D E Unit 1000 VND om l.c 10 11 12 13 14 Unit 1000 VND Unit 1000 VND gm Unit 1000 VND an Lu va n y te re ac th si eg cd 69 jg hg t to Table 20 – Price of English class of beginner and pre-intermediate of English centers and school in Ho Chi Minh City ng hi ep School/Center English name British Council Class name Price Primary – 4,200,000 VND/month 2,752,000 VND/month 2,752,000 VND/month 2,445,000 VND/month 2,220,000 VND/month 1,309,000 VND/month Jumpstart (below years old) w ILA n lo Beginnner and Pre-intermediate level (from 6-11 years old) CleverKids ad ju y th Cleverlearn Vietnam yi Cleverstarter pl Beginner For preschool children (below years old) Superkids For primary school children (from 6-11 years old) Kindy (below years old) Over 2,000,000 VND/month n ua al VUS Divided Rank of CPE n va 1,230,000 VND/month oi m Apollo ll fu 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 VND/month at Early Start z Duong Minh nh Kids (6-11 years old) z ht Kindergarten k y Below 300,000 VND/month th 70 te re From Class - n From Class - va Beginner and Pre-intermediate 300,000 – 500,000 VND/month n English at Teacher’s house Beginner and Pre-intermediate a Lu Pre-intermediate om A Au Foreign language school Nong lam University HCM University of Education English at primary school l.c Jump start gm Pre-starter and Starter Alanta 500,000 – 1,000,000 VND/month jm Bac My vb Pre Super 1,204,000 VND/month 1,338,000 VND/month 710,000 VND/month 890,000 VND/month 875,000 VND/month 942,000 VND/month 750,000 VND/month 500,000 VND/month 433,000 VND/month 450,000 VND/month 100,000 – 300,000 VND/month 150,000 – 300,000 VND/month t to ng hi ep w n lo ad ju y th yi pl n ua al n va ll fu oi m at nh z z k jm ht vb om l.c gm n a Lu n va y te re th 71