ADVANCES IN ANALOG CIRCUITS Edited by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Advances in Analog Circuits Edited by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Vilmos Varga, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Analog Circuits, Edited by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-323-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Part 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Circuit Design 1 Analog CMOS Design Automation Methodologies for Low-Power Applications 3 Alessandro Girardi and Lucas C. Severo A New Approach to Biasing Design of Analog Circuits 15 Reza Hashemian New Port Modeling and Local Biasing of Analog Circuits 47 Reza Hashemian Behavioral Modeling of Mixed-Mode Integrated Circuits 85 Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle, Elyoenai Martínez-Romero, Carlos Sánchez-López, Francisco V. Fernández, Sheldon X D. Tan, Peng Li and Mourad Fakhfakh Design Issues 109 Parallel Preconditioned Hierarchical Harmonic Balance for Analog and RF Circuit Simulation 111 Peng Li and Wei Dong Lifetime Yield Optimization of Analog Circuits Considering Process Variations and Parameter Degradations 131 Xin Pan and Helmut Graeb Linear Analog Circuits Problems by Means of Interval Analysis Techniques 147 Zygmunt Garczarczyk Analog Design Issues for Mixed-Signal CMOS Integrated Circuits 165 Gabriella Trucco and Valentino Liberali Contents Contents VI Tunable Analog and Reconfigurable Digital Circuits with Nanoscale DG-MOSFETs 181 Savas Kaya, Hesham F. A. Hamed and Soumyasanta Laha Statistical Analog Circuit Simulation: Motivation and Implementation 207 David C. Potts Advanced Statistical Methodologies for Tolerance Analysis in Analog Circuit Design 227 Bruno Apolloni, Simone Bassis, Angelo Ciccazzo, Angelo Marotta, Salvatore Rinaudo and Orazio Muscato Applications 245 Analog-aware Schematic Synthesis 247 Yuping Wu An SQP and Branch-and-Bound Based Approach for Discrete Sizing of Analog Circuits 297 Michael Pehl and Helmut Graeb Analog Circuit for Motion Detection Applied to Target Tracking System 317 Kimihiro Nishio Analog Circuits Implementing a Critical Temperature Sensor Based on Excitable Neuron Models 327 Gessyca M. and Tovar Nunez Evolvable Metaheuristics on Circuit Design 347 Felipe Padilla, Aurora Torres, Julio Ponce, María Dolores Torres, Sylvie Ratté and Eunice Ponce-de-León Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part 3 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Pref ac e Analog circuit design imposes many issues and challenges to guarantee the develop- ment of successful applications. For instance, the accomplishment of target specifi ca- tions requires the highest experience of analog designers along with their creativity and ingenuity to deal with trade-off s and to discover the obscure interactions among design parameters. From this point of view, analog circuit design is considered a kind of art. To enhance analog circuit’s performances, a designer very o en applies rules of thumb, making almost impossible the development of systematic or generic design receipts, in part because there exist a very huge plethora of circuit topologies and each one requires diff erent design strategies. Fortunately, researchers around the world share acquired experience and insights to introduce advances in analog circuit design, mod- eling, simulation and optimization. That way, this book summarizes recent advances in analog circuits, covering a wide range of topics from circuit theory to multidisci- plinary applications. The key contribution of each chapter focus on recent advances in analog circuits, open issues and new challenges to accomplish academic or industrial target specifi cations. Electronic design automation of analog circuits is presented in Chapter 1 for low-pow- er applications. The appropriate biasing is covered in Chapter 2, and it is extended to new port modeling and local biasing of analog components in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4 a behavioral modeling approach at a level of abstraction higher than the transistor one for mixed-mode circuits, is introduced. The following chapters introduce novel design issues. For instance, Chapter 5 presents a hierarchical harmonic balance for analog and RF circuit simulation. This chapter is much focused on design automation challenges, as well as Chapter 6 to yield optimization of analog circuits considering process varia- tions and parameter degradation. Chapter 7 shows the application of interval analysis techniques for linear analog circuit’s problems. When analog circuits co-exist with digital ones they process mixed-signals, as shown in Chapter 8 for CMOS integrated circuits. Chapter 9 presents the application of nano- scale DG-MOSFETs for tunable analog and reconfi gurable digital circuits. Nanotech- nology needs the application of statistical simulation, as shown in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 presents advanced statistical methodologies for tolerance analysis. Analog circuits applications like the analog-aware circuit schematic synthesis, is shown in Chapter 12. Sizing is a very complex topic and an SQP and branch-and-bound based X Preface approach is presented in Chapter 13. Chapters 14 and 15 introduce analog circuits for motion detection applied to target tracking system, and for implementing a critical temperature sensor based on excitable neuron models, respectively. Chapter 16 fi nally discusses evolvable metaheuristics on circuit design. Enjoy the book! Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle INAOE Department of Electronics Mexico . February, 2 011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Analog Circuits, . ADVANCES IN ANALOG CIRCUITS Edited by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Advances in Analog Circuits Edited by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright. Degradations 13 1 Xin Pan and Helmut Graeb Linear Analog Circuits Problems by Means of Interval Analysis Techniques 14 7 Zygmunt Garczarczyk Analog Design Issues for Mixed-Signal CMOS Integrated Circuits