Mô hình gis đánh giá điều kiện tự nhiên của đất đai phục vụ sản xuất nông nghiệp

SO KHOA HOC - CONG NGHe TP HO CHI MINH THANH DOAN TP HO CHI MINH CHCONG TRINH VCON COM SANG TAO KHOA HOC CONGNGHE THE D TAI NGHIEN Cali KHOA HOC MO HINH GIS DANH GIA DIEU KO TV' NHIEN CCJA DAT DAI PHUC VU CHO SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP Chi, nhiam: ThS Trgn Thi Thu Dung - KS Hang Trung Thanh Coy quan chi', tri de tai: Trung Tam Phat Trifi Khoa Hoc va COng Nghe Ire Doan Thanh Ni8n TP He Chi Minh — BCH TP He Chi Minh TP He Chi Minh, thang [lam 2006 Muc luc CAC Tip VIfT TAT DANH SACH HINH DANH SACH BANG CHIANG TONG QUAN VE DE TAI 1.1 ma dau 7 1.2 Muc dich, not dung va phtking pilaf) thu'c hien 1.2.1 Muc Bich 1.2.2 NOi dung 1.2.3 Phuting phap thu'c hien 7 8 1.3 T6 chile thdc hien 1.3.1 Ten de tai • 1.3.2 CO quan quan ly 1.3.3 CO quan chili tri de tai 1.3.4 Chii nhiem de tai 1.4 Tinh hinh nghien cdu N/A ngoai ntidc 1.4.1 (frig dung GIS danh gia da-t dai tren the gioi 1.4.2 (frig dung GIS danh gia da't dai tai Viet Nam CHO:NG CO SO KHOA HOC 2.1 Phan tich GIS 2.1.1 CO sei dt lieu GIS 2.1.2 Phan tich GIS 2.1.3 Czic phep phan tich GIS trig dung mo hinh 3.2 Danh gia cla't dai 3.2.1 Khai niem v6 danh gia da-t dai 3.2.2 NOi clung WI phu'ong phap danh gia da-t dai CHIANG 3: XAY DUNG MO FINN 3.1 Khai quat ve' mo hinh 3.2 Cat sd Diii lieu ciia mo hinh 3.2.1 Cac thong tin chung 3.2.2 Ma to cac•Idp clic a 3.3 Xay ddng mo hinh 3.3.1 Xay dung ban dO don vi cla-t dai 3.3.2 Xay dting ban dpi kha nang thich hop dat dai 3.3.3 Xay dyng ban dO de mat siit dung da't CHO:NG 4: THC!NGHICM VA KET LUAN 4.1 Dieu kien tif nhien huyen cu chi 4.1.1 Vi tri dia ly 9 9 10 10 11 13 13 13 15 16 19 19 20 25 25 26 26 27 30 31 33 31; 42 42 42 4.1.2 Dac diem hanh chinh 4.1.3 Th6 nhttang 4.1.4 Dia hinh 4.1.5 Diki kien thily van 4.1.6 Di6u kien hau 4.2 DR lieu nh4p 4.2.1 lieu vd tinh chdt dat dai 4.2.2 Da lieu vd sit dung dat 4.3 Chay tha nghiem 4.3.1 Giao dien cua chttcing trinh 4.3.2 Chay this nghiem 4.4 Dinh gia ke't qui chticing trinh 56 56 57 68 4.5 Ke't 1u4n 4.5.1 Cac ket qui dat thicic 4.5.2 Cac van ton tai 4.5.3 flt.tdng phat tridn ctia de tai 68 68 69 69 a TA! Lou THAM KHAO 43 44 47 48 51 52 52 53 71 CAC vir-r TAT GIS (Geographic Information System) : He thong thong tin clia 15, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) : T6 Chic Lu'Ong N6ng Th6 Gidi ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute): Vien Nghien Cdu Cac He Th6ng Moi Tru'6ng Hoa KS, LC (land characteristic) : Tinh chat cla-t dai LQ (Land quality) : Chat lu'ong dat dai LMU (Land mapping unit) : Don vi ban d6 da't dai LUM (Land unit map) : Ban don vi da-t dai LUR (Land—use requirement) : Yeu cau sa dung dal LUT (Land-use type) : Loai hinh sir dung d'a-t BD : Ban d6 DL : Di? lieu DLTT : DCit lieu thu6c tinh DTTN : Dien tich nhien NSD : Ngu'di sit dung NXB : Nha xual ban a DANH SACH HINH Hinh 2.1: MO hinh co sei di? lieu GIS 13 Hinh 2.2 : Phep help hai kip di' lieu 16 Hinh 2.3 : Phep giao hai Idp da lieu 17 Hinh 2.4 : Phep x6a ranh vimg c6 ding thuOc tinh 17 Hinh 2.5 : Phep chi6u cac thuOc tinh va xap s6p theo this tit' tren mien thuOc tinh17 Hinh 2.6 : Phep k6t n6i nhidu quan he thuOc tinh 18 Hinh 2.7 : Phep xac Binh gia tri ldn nhal tren mien thuOc tinh 18 Hinh 2.8: MOt s6 y6u to cua da't dai 20 HInh 3.1: Trinh tit thtic hien mo hinh (Mg dung GIS danh gia thich hop ddt dai 25 Hinh 3.2: That town ch6ng x6p cac ldp di? lieu (OVERLAY) - Tl, vdi da lieu nhi.ip cac tinh chdt ddt dai (LCs) 31 HInh 3.3 : That town chi6u thuOc tinh (PROJECTION) -T2, vdi dir lieu nh4 bang thuOc tinh cua bin don vi dal dai 33 Hinh 3.4 : Thuat town ket n6i cac quan he thuOc tinh (JOINn) - T3 35 Hinh 3.5: Nguyen tagc xac dinh In& thich hop chung cho mot don vi dat dai 36 Hinh 3.6: That town chon gia tri ldn nhal tren mien thu6c tinh (MAX) - T4 37 Hinh 3.7: That town x6a ranh vimg can kd c6 ding thuOc tinh(DISSOLVE) - T5 37 Hinh 3.8: That town ch6ng x6p cac Idp di? lieu (OVERLAY) - T1 vdi di? lieu nh4p 1a cac bin d6 nang thich hop 39 Hinh 3.9: That town chi6u thuOc tinh (PROJECTION) - T2 vdi dit lieu nh4p bang thuOc tinh caa bin M dd xual si't dung at (Attribute of Prop) 40 Hinh 3.10: Trinh tti thifc hien cac that town mei hinh 41 Hinh 4.1: Ban d6 ranh gidi hinh chinh huyen Cu Chi 43 Hinh 4.2: Bin d6 ddt (Soil) 44 Hinh 4.3: Bin d6 phAn co gidi ctia dal (Texture) 45 Hinh 4.4: Bin d6 dO cao tu'cing dal (Elevation) 48 Hinh 4.5: Ban d6 kha nang tu'di mita kho (Irrigable) 49 Hinh 4.6: Ban d6.tsinh trang nhidm nape chug phen tren kenh rach (Acid) 50 Hinh 4.7: Chu'Ong trinh "Dinh gia didu kien tit nhien cua dai dai" du'Oc cai dat moi tru'Cing ArcView 57 Hinh 4.8: Bang hOi thoai "Ch6ng x6p cac lop di? lieu" 58 Hinh 4.9: K6t qui B1.1 - Ban d6 don vi dat dai (Lmul.shp) 58 Hinh 4.10: Bang thuOc tinh cua bin d6 dOn vi (lift dai (Attribute of Lmu.shp) 59 Hinh 4.11: Bang hOi thoui "Tao chit dan cho bin d6 don vi dat dai" 59 a Hinh 4.12: Kel qua B1.2-Chu dan cho ban d6 ddn vi dat dai (Le_Imul.dbt) va Ban d6 ddn vi dal dai (Lmule.shp) du'Oc th6 hien mau then trding phan loai Lmu_id 60 Hinh 4.13: Bang h6i thoai "K6t not du lieu" 61 Hinh 4.14: Bang h6i thoai "Xay citing ban d6 kha nang thich hOp"_ trtOng hdp xay dung mot ban d6 kha nang thich hop 62 Hinh 4.15: Ke't qua B2.2a - Ban d6 kha nang thich hop dal dai cho loai hinh sit dung chuyen rau 62 Hinh 4.16: Bang h6i thoai "Xay citing ban d6 kha nang thich Op" _ tru'ftg hop xay citing Cal ca cac ban d6 kha nang thich hdp mot 111c 64 Hinh 4.17: Kel qua B2.lb — Cac ban d6 kha nang thich hop cho 11 loai hinh sit dung dal ci huy'n Cu Chi du'Oc clu'a len ciia s6 View 64 Hinh 4.18: Bang h6i thoai "Xoa ranh vung can ke có ding thu6c tinh" 65 Hinh 4.19: Kel qua B2.3 - Ban d6 kha nang thich hop clal dai cho Lila DX da du'oc xoa cac ranh yang co ding thu6c tinh 67 Hinh 4.20: Bang h6i thoai "Xay diing ban d6 de xual sit dung dal" 67 SACII LANG 27 Bang 3.1: MO to di.it lieu khong gian 27 Bang 3.2: MO to dft lieu thuOc tinh 28 Bang 3.3: Lc l_Soil (Dal) 28 •Bang 3.4 : Lc2_Texture (Thanh phan cd gidi) 28 Bang 3.5: Lc3_Elevation (DO cao turfing cl6i) 28 Bang 3.6: Lc4_Acid (Mdc dO nhidm phen tren kenh rach) 29 Bang 3.7: Lc5_Irrigable (Kha nang tddi mita khO) Bang 3.8: LR# (Land Requirement - Yeu cAu ve ddt dai cua cac loai hinh sit dung 29 dal doi tinh chdt ddt dai tht? #) 29 Bang 3.9: Lu_type (Hien trang sir dung dal) 30 Bang 3.10: SUIT# (Kha nang thich hdp cho loai hinh sir dung dat tht? #) 30 Bang 3.11: Proposal (D6 xudt sir dung fiat) 34 Bang 3.12: Cdu trtic ciia he thong phan loai kha nang thich hdp dal dai 34 Bang 3.13: Chi tieu dinh lu'dng xac dinh cac Idp thich hdp fiat dai 42 tich, dan s6 va ddn vi hanh chanh huyen Cu Chi Bang 53 Bang 4.2: Chi tieu phan cap ban d8 don vi dal dai H Cu Chi 53 Bang 4.3: Danh sach cac loai hinh sit dung dal 54 Bang 4.4: Yeu cau ve didu kien tkr nhien cua cac loai hinh sit dung dal Bang 4.5: Yeu cau sir dung dal ciia 11 loai hinh stY dung ddt doi vdi tinh chat th6 55 nheng Bang 4.6: Yeu du sir dung fiat clia 11 loai hinh sir dung da-tc16i vdi tinh chat 55 phAn cd gidi dm dal Bang 4.7: Yeu cau stY dung dal ciia 11 loai hinh sit dung dat dal vdi tinh chat 56 cao arcing dal Bang 4.8: Yeu cciu sit dung dal cilia 11 loai hinh sir dung cla-tc16i vdi tinh chat tinh 56 trang bi nhidm phen Bang 4.9: Yeu cAu sir dung dat oh 11 loai hinh sit dung dat d6i vdi tinh chat kha 56 nang tddi CIFICING 143ING QUASI VE DE TAI 1.1.MO DAU Ddt dai IA ngu6n tai nguyen tti nhien vo gia va khong the tai tao dude, tit tau viec sit' dung mot cach Op 19 va hieu qui tai nguyen cldt dai luem la van de thick nhieu nha khoa hoc nghien situ Trong linh vu'c nong nghiep, van a lai cang dtidc coi Nham dat dtiUc muc tieu sit dung mot cach Op 19 va hieu qui tai nguyen ddt dai nong nghiep, danh gia da-t dai da va dang clu'Oc sir dung nhd m6t cong cu hieu qui Tren the gif3i, danh gia cla't dai phtic vti san xudt nong nghiep rid du'oc thu'c hien tit nhang nam 1950 Viet Nam cong tac danh gia da-t dai clack; cac chuyen gia nghien cdu va bat du ti6n hinh tit nhang th4p nien 80 ciia the k9 XX Ngay su phat trien cua cong nghe th6ng tin cid cho phep cluing to sir dung nhang ding nghe tien ti6n vAo qua trinh danh gia ddt dai Trong do, Ong nghe thong tin dia 19 (GIS — Geographic information system) la mist Ong cu ring dung rat hieu qua Tai Viet nam, cac nhA khoa hoc da bat du sir dung GIS cong tac danh gia da-t dai vao dau th4p nien 1990, cac phAn ram cidoc sit dung Span, ArcInfo, ArcView, Mapinfo, v.v GIS ddc.ic sit dung de xay cluing cac ban d6 don tinh, phan tich da lieu de xay citing cac ban d6 theo muc tieu cua cong tac danh gia ddt dai Trong thdc t6, co the phat trien Crng dung GIS de xay dung meg m6 hinh Cing dung GIS danh gia ddt dai nh'am Wang cao hieu qua va chdt lu'Ong ciia Ong tac Vert mot lanh th6, day chinh IA 19 defi cua de tai "Me hinh GIS danh gia dieu /den tre nhien ctia dirt dai phuc vu cho sire xuert 'Ong nghiep" CS mo hinh nay, GIS dude sit dung nhd mot cong cu manh de danh gia cla't dai phuc vu sari xudt nal-1g nghiep dda tren quy trinh danh gia da't dai cia t'd chdc FAO nhu'ng da dude to d6ng hOa tang phan cila qui trinh 1.2 MUC DiCH, NOI DUNG VA PHU'€NG PHAP THIJC HIEN 1.2.1 Muc dich Xay cluing m6 hinh GIS to d6ng danh gia dieu kien td nhien cua da-t dai phuc vu san xudt nong nghiep Mo hinh &roc thdc hien vdi nhieu bdOc danh gia to d6ng lam cho viec danh gia ddt dai thick thdc hien nhanh chong va hieu qua, tiet kiem thfsii gian va nhan Idc, mang lai san pha'm danh gia da-t dai c6 chdt !Yong cao 1.2.2 NOi dung Xuaet phat tii muc tieu, de tai se thkfc hien cac not dung sau: • Nghien cdu phu'ong phap danh gia dal dai caa FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization - T6 Chifc Luring Nong Th6 Gidi) • Cac phu'ong phap phan tich GIS (phan tich chl lieu khOng gian va dui lieu thuOc tinh) dung danh gia dal dai • Thi6t kee va xay dung mo hinh Cing dung GIS danh gia dieu kien tit nhien caa dal dai phuc vu cho sin xual nong nghiep • Xay thing cac giai thuat cho mo hinh : xac lap cac that town xay dung chudng trinh • Cai dat chudng trinh Si? dung nen ngil Avenue, nen ngft phat tridn tIng dung GIS mai truing ArcView de cai dat cac that town chudng trinh (Charing trinh se dude irrig dung vdi phan 1116m ArcView 3.x) • Thu' nghiem chudng trinh: de chay thu( nghiem mos hinh can dieu tra thu thap du' lieu, nhap va tong hop du' lieu, xay dung cac ban dei is dia ban huyen Ca Chi, TP Ho Chi Minh, bao + Di61.1 tra thu thap du' lieu v6 dal dai, nhap va tong hOp du' lieu + Dieu tra thu thap dii lieu ve sit dung dat, nhap va tang hOp cla lieu + Xay dung cac ban de; v6 dal dai (BE) Dal, BE) phan co gicli cila dal, BE) TO cao tu'cing d6i, BE) tinh trang nhi8m phen, BD kha nang + Thu [hap dir lieu Xay dung ban d6 hien trang silt dung dal • Thu nghiem va chinh saa chudng trinh : Thuic hien thin nghiem, kiem tra loi caa chudng trinh va chinh stIa cac 16i chudng trinh • Soan thao tai lieu hu'Ong din sir dung chudng trinh • Vi6t bao cao va thuc hien bac) cao nghiem thu ket qua hghien cat 1.2.3 Phurcing pita') thu'c hien • Phudng phap luan danh gia dal dai: Thyc hien danh gia dal dai (lila tren viec nghien ecru v6 dat dai va sir dung tat, tit xac Binh kha nang thich hop caa dal dai d6i vOi m6i loai hinh sir dung dat • Phu'dng phap phan tich GIS: Thyc hien truy van da lieu GIS dila tren cac m6i quan he sau: (1)M6i quan he giaa (161 Wong khang gian va da lieu thuOc tinh, (2) MO1 quan he giaa cac d6i tu'dng khong gian • Phu'dng pilaf) chuyen gia : ki6n thac chuyen gia thuOc chuyen nganh th6 nhYdng hoc, chuyen nganh quin 1)% dat dai va cac chuyen nganh khac co lien quan, se cludc van dung phan tich da lieu, )(ay dyng m6 hinh • PhLiking phap phan tich , thiel k6 he thong : Nham xac dinh khuon dang thong tin, cd cau to chac, nOi dung va hinh thac cia cd se da lieu va mo hinh • Nghien cdu cd ch6 (bin chat, quy luat hoat TOng) ciia qua trinh danh gia dal dai de xay ding mo hinh • PhYong phap thi? nghiem : Chay thi? nghiep chu'Ong trinh vdi du lieu khac de xac minh tinh chinh xac, tinh hieu qui ciia chu'dng trinh, kiem tra va chinh sd'a loi cila chYdng trinh 1.3 TO CHeC THUC HIEN 1.3.1 Ten de tai: MO hinh GIS thinh gia di6u kien tai nhien dia dal dai phuc vu cho sin xual nong nghiep 1.3.2 Cd quan quirt IS, SCf KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THANH PHO HO CHI MINH Dia chi : 244 Dien Bien Phu , Quan 3, TP HO Chi Minh Dien thoai : 9327.831 - Fax: 9.325.584 1.3.3 Cd quan cha tri de tai TRUNG TAM PHAT TRIEN KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THE DOAN THANH NIEN TP HO CHI MINH — BCH TP HO CHI MINH Dia chi: 01 Pham Ngoc Thach — P Ben Nghe - TP HO Chi Minh Dien thoai: 08.8234998 Fax: 8244705 E-mail: Khoahoctre@hcm.vnn.vn 1.3.4 Chti nhiem de tai Ho va ten : Dang Trung Thanh Hoc : Ky sit Nganh chuyen mon: Quiin lj/ dal dai qk Are I zci i IA4,114411 Lc I ill LeZ 5: (8a1ro ,ht vay_ 51 Dal xam g& Pro ! B4t:::Sro gOr iby 51eit tam pi,941 5_, Disi xifn gClk: _ - OA tam ic.,_4),: ` Bat xa'm 2:it lay : i D'al xitn96 I.3y ,i7f ice I : T ht nix ; : 4_ 113 Th.ip : 131 ceilArn pi:An thing 21Dat Ptenho9.t 4:r9 , iTua s., Tie kW) Poinon .: ? E,.N ,i - '"?ng - , hs,„ : 3,1._8„ B, shals nt'14;1pben, 3.,h,s,v thin2 P05'9-'n 2; °St P1*'en.! °# 41I98 18%1 : , T , hl! _ flir 1:' .41 T11 :IT isp ; phsn3 _ :; , 1.1 _ TO CS _: "I :46_,.kh°_ ::1 PolF9°'1 : : " Ph !hc,111.r re4!"9 f_ _ _ 011_.7 N._ t _ _.i.h.‘_ _ 75,_ B., 4.4 r.,, .phen, th,iin, ' T'''5' `1m46 kh° Poly2cA ' - -5 i2g1 Phan hod! ' TO: o_ ,o2,olcly: - (74"8 T'S^B - '1 'rib:in:n:3 t 4' ri Th.p4 : 13, nhlornphen thong _ ,, Tum _.; ca., PatB 3n • _ , 2.! 1).'lPi2e"'":! 14! !9 "Ing ' Polygon ":' - - 41Tfib1cp 21 Olt phen hnet clang nong- : - • - "-5 ' Tht "g^9 i , 47: Eh 1414^, € Phs7") 3.tho 7Q:: ■ !C 2:: o, arncia me'a 1.1`his t° Polygon i 0:74 phan ho.$ dOnlnang : than Ttmt n{.19 .I i TB in* : i °J^Frm_Pi , '9 ; r .: : _ ,TutncemuaKro_ j P*93^ ; 2.1°14 Pt'en 17!Q:1411-499.!!1^9._ t _§.J_Ptstif.b.Q I i i.iiii* _11Bi_nPAroc_4*.P2 ?itar9 ._ _,_ Poly2on : Ninon -, Paiygon yoleiy-A fole-jon _1 polygon , pokNor, : paywn i I ; Hinh 4.10: Bang thuOc tinh cda ban a clan vi dal dai (Attribute of Lmu.shp) * B1.2 Tao chti dan cho bin de; ddn vi clot dai - Da lieu nhap: Ban a don vi dal dai (Lmue) a - DI! Ii6u xual: Chu an ban don vi dal dai (Lelmu), Ban a dein vi dal dai da dude kit n6i vdi tru'dng phan loci don vi dot dai (Lmue & Lmu_id) A-1 k? Bing thugc tinh bin d6 dam v) eat dal : z-aZISSO-Laiki I imui Choc) trtkrng thu6c tinh phan foal Chcon tru&ng thu6c tinh de tinh tong : Lci _id Lcl_id Tendat Lc2_id » Chgn het » I I Lc2_id Lc3_id > Chgn tuj,iy > Textile Lc4_id < 86 chgn tip/ y cl Lc3_id Lc5_id « B6 chon het «1 Elevation » I 111 I 1r TruCeng phan leaf : I Lrnu id Ten file k.4t cp.; : I d:%detai1dt05_dgdd \ band° Thoit I dbf Thi4c hien Hinh 4.11: Bang hOi thoai "Tao chi dAn cho ban a dOn vi dal dai" D6 thu'c hien bu'oc nay, ngu'Oi sir dung (NSD) chon dung lenh "Tao dill dan cho ban d6 don vi ddt dai"; ChdOng trinh se hi6n thi bang hOi thoai 59 (Hinh 4.11), cho phep nhap cac 16p du' lieu ban d6 skin vi fiat dai (Lmule.shp), xac dinh cac tru'iing thu6c tinh dung de phan loai ddn vi ddt dai Ten file chi dAn ban d6 dein vi dot dai du'Os chu'Ong trinh mac dinh IA "Le_Imu.dbf", n6u mu6n thay d6i (xi the nhap ten khac vao Nhdp chon nit Thu'c hien dd tao file chi an N6u khong, nhdp chon nth Thoat d6 thoat khoi bang h6i thoai Bang h6i thoai can cho phep NSD tinh tong theo ddn ,vi dot dai N6u mu& tinh tang , NSD chon tracing thu6c tinh de tinh tong, vi du nhtt tracing thu6c tinh di'en tich (Area) Chafing trinh thu'c hien va cho ke't qua IA chi dan ban d6 ddn vi fiat dai (Hinh 4.12) veil 74 don vi dal dai du'Oc liet ke tracing phan loai "Lmu_id" V wW-4.:4( !-,