Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu Prosodic Typology The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing This page intentionally left blank Prosodic Typology The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing Edited by SUN-AH JUN OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Editorial matter and organization Sun-Ah Jun 2005 © Individual chapters: their authors 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 First published in paperback 2006 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddies Ltd., King's Lynn ISBN 0-19-924963-6 978-0-19-924963-3 ISBN 0-19-920874-6 (Pbk.) 978-0-19-920874-3 (Pbk.) 10 Contents List of Contributors Introduction Sun-Ah Jun The Original ToBI System and the Evolution of the ToBI Framework Mary E Beckman, Julia Hirschberg, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel German Intonation in Autosegmental-Metrical Phonology Martine Grice, Stefan Baumann, and Ralf Benzmuller Intonational Analysis and Prosodic Annotation of Greek Spoken Corpora Amalia Arvaniti and Mary Baltazani viii i 55 84 Transcription of Dutch Intonation Carlos Gussenhoven 118 Transcribing Serbo-Croatian Intonation Svetlana Godjevac 146 The J_ToBI Model of Japanese Intonation Jennifer J Venditti 172 Korean Intonational Phonology and Prosodic Transcription Sun-Ah Jun 201 Towards a Pan-Mandarin System for Prosodic Transcription Shu-hui Peng, Marjorie K M Chan, Chiu-yu Tseng, Tsan Huang, Ok Joo Lee, and Mary E Beckman 230 10 An Autosegmental-Metrical Analysis and Prosodic Annotation Conventions for Cantonese Wai Yi P Wong, Marjorie K M Chan, and Mary E Beckman 271 11 Intonational Phonology of Chickasaw Matthew K Gordon 301 12 Intonation in Six Dialects of Bininj Gun-wok Judith Bishop and Janet Fletcher 331 vi Contents 13 Strategies for Intonation Labelling across Varieties of Italian Martine Grice, Mariapaola D'Imperio, Michelina Savino, and Cinzia Avesani 14 Intonational Variation in Four Dialects of English: the High Rising Tune Janet Fletcher, Esther Grabe, and Paul Warren 362 390 15 Intonational Prominence in Varieties of Swedish Revisited Gosta Bruce 410 16 Prosodic Typology Sun-Ah Jun 430 A Note on Recent Work on Intonational Phonology 459 Homepages for ToBI and the Intonational Phonology of Various Languages 462 Index 463 Preface This project of editing a book on prosodic typology started in 1998 Researchers working on intonation in the framework of AutosegmentalMetrical phonology were invited to present their work at the Intonation: Models and Transcription Workshop, a satellite meeting of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in San Francisco, California, in 1999 All papers presented at the workshop, except for one on French, are included in the current volume I am grateful to all the participating authors for their patience and their timely contributions to this long-term project I am also grateful to many people who have been involved in the process of editing this book and organizing the Intonation Workshop: to Mary Beckman for encouraging me with the idea of editing a book and organizing the workshop, and for serving as a discussant at the workshop; to Julia Hirschberg and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel for their help in serving as discussants at the workshop and for their moral support in the editing of this book; to those who helped at the registration desk at the Intonation Workshop (Taehong Cho, Cecile Fougeron, Sahyang Kim, Misun Seo, Minjung Son, and Motoko Ueyama); to Amy Schafer for her help in writing the book proposal; to the reviewers of individual chapters and the book (Robert S Bauer, Judith Bishop, Gosta Bruce, Caroline Fery, Janet Fletcher, Matthew Gordon, Martin Grice, Bob Ladd, Kikuo Maekawa, Tomas Riad, Chilin Shih, Jennifer Venditti, and four anonymous reviewers); to Mary Baltazani for her help in editing an earlier version of this book; to Mary Baltazani and Henry Tehrani for preparing the earlier version of the CD-ROM; to Illam Park for shaping the final format of the CD-ROM; to Barry Griner for proofreading the manuscripts and checking the formatting of references and all the sound files in the CDROM; and to Pat Keating for her encouragement and support especially when I was not very mobile for several months in 2000 Finally, I would also like to thank the linguistics editor of Oxford University Press, John Davey; the production editors in linguistics, Henry Miller, Jacqueline Smith, and Stuart Fowkes; the copy-editor, Christine Ranft; and their linguistics assistant, Karen Morgan, for their guidance, patience, and encouragement This work was partially supported by a UCLA Senate grant Sun-Ah Jun List of Contributors Amalia Arvaniti (University of California, San Diego, USA) Cinzia Avesani (Institute for Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council, Italy) Mary Baltazani (University of loannina, Greece) Stefan Baumann (U des Saarlandes, Germany) Mary E Beckman (Ohio State University, USA) Ralf Benzmiiller (G Data Software AG, Germany) Judith Bishop (University of Melbourne, Australia) Gosta Bruce (Lund University, Sweden) Marjorie K M Chan (Ohio State University, USA) Mariapaola D'Imperio (CNRS, France) Janet Fletcher (University of Melbourne, Australia) Svetlana Godjevac (H5 Technologies, Inc., San Francisco, USA) Matthew K Gordon (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA) Esther Grabe (University of Oxford, UK) Martine Grice (University of Cologne, Germany) Carlos Gussenhoven (Radboud University, Nijmegen, and Queen Mary, University of London) Julia Hirschberg (Columbia University, USA) Tsan Huang (State University of New York, Buffalo, USA) Sun-Ah Jun (University of California, Los Angeles, USA) Ok Joo Lee (Ohio State University, USA) Shu-hui Peng (National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan) Michelina Savino (University of Bari, Italy) Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel (MIT, USA) Chiu-yu Tseng (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Jennifer J Venditti (Columbia University, USA) Paul Warren (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) Wai Yi P Wong (Ohio State University, USA) Introduction Sun-Ah Jun This book is an edited volume of multiple chapters, each of which contributes to establishing prosodic typology It includes descriptions of the intonation and the prosodic structure of thirteen typologically different languages based on the same theoretical framework, the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) model of intonational phonology (Bruce 1977; Pierrehumbert 1980; Ladd 1983, 1996; Gussenhoven 1984; Liberman and Pierrehumbert 1984; Beckman and Pierrehumbert 1986; Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988; Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg 1990) The languages included vary geographically, ranging from European languages (English, German, Greek, Dutch, Serbo-Croatian, Italian, and Swedish), Asian languages (Japanese, Korean, Cantonese, and Mandarin), a Native American Indian language (Chickasaw), and an Australian aboriginal language (Bininj Gun-wok, also known as Mayali) They also vary in the type and the degree of lexical specifications of prosody Some have lexical stress (e.g English, Greek), lexical pitch accent (e.g Japanese), or tone (e.g Mandarin, Cantonese), while others have both stress and pitch accent (e.g Swedish, Chickasaw) or none of these (e.g Korean) Among these, eleven languages are also described in the prosodic transcription system known as ToBI (Tones and Break Indices; Beckman and Hirschberg 1994; Beckman and Ayers-Elam 1997): English, German, Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Cantonese, Chickasaw, and Bininj Gun-wok This book thus demonstrates how a single approach to a prosodic model and transcription system can be applied to typologically different languages, even when the languages vary considerably in their prosodic features as well as their morphosyntactic structures Describing the prosody of multiple languages in the same theoretical framework would make it significantly easier for us to observe universal and language-specific prosodic features as well as greatly advance our understanding of prosodic typology The AM model of intonational phonology adopted in this book assumes that intonation has a phonological organization (Pierrehumbert 1980; see Ladd 1996 for the criteria) It describes intonation as a sequence of distinctive 452 Prosodic Typology specification of pitch for a part of the lexicon (e.g Chickasaw, Zapotec) This would show how lexical tones are modified by or interact with an intonational tone Finally, researchers interested in speech synthesis or recognition could add an Implementation tier, providing an interpretation of the tonal categories, which would be useful as input into the synthesizer Adding a new tier would not decrease the integrity of the system as long as the system is used to study different aspects of prosody or the role of prosody in linguistics through the transcription of tones and break indices The flexibility of the system, however, could be a weakness of the system because there is no restriction on the number or types of tiers or on the types of labels or diacritics that could be added In fact, we have seen that different ToBI systems use diacritics differently Some use them as phonological markers and some as phonetic markers (e.g !,