ADAPTIVEFILTERING APPLICATIONS EditedbyLinoGarcíaMorales Adaptive Filtering Applications Edited by Lino García Morales Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Vicente Barcelo Varona, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Adaptive Filtering Applications, Edited by Lino García Morales p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-306-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Noise and Echo Cancellation 1 Chapter 1 Applications of Adaptive Filtering 3 J. Gerardo Avalos, Juan C. Sanchez and Jose Velazquez Chapter 2 Applications of Adaptive Filtering: Recent Advancements in Active Noise Control 21 Akhtar Muhammad Tahir, Mitsuhashi Wataru and Nishihara Akinori Chapter 3 Active Noise Cancellation: The Unwanted Signal and the Hybrid Solution 49 Edgar Omar López-Caudana Chapter 4 Perceptual Echo Control and Delay Estimation 85 Kirill Sakhnov, Ekaterina Verteletskaya and Boris Simak Part 2 Medical Applications 121 Chapter 5 Adaptive Noise Removal of ECG Signal Based On Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition 123 Zhao Zhidong, Luo Yi and Lu Qing Chapter 6 Application of Adaptive Noise Cancellation in Transabdominal Fetal Heart Rate Detection Using Photoplethysmography 141 Kok Beng Gan, Edmond Zahedi and Mohd. Alauddin Mohd. Ali Chapter 7 Adaptive Filtering by Non-Invasive Vital Signals Monitoring and Diseases Diagnosis 157 Omar Abdallah and Armin Bolz VI Contents Chapter 8 Noise Removal from EEG Signals in Polisomnographic Records Applying Adaptive Filters in Cascade 173 M. Agustina Garcés Correa and Eric Laciar Leber Chapter 9 Fast Extraction of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Based on Robust Adaptive Filtering 197 Yuexian Zou, Yong Hu and Zhiguo Zhang Part 3 Communication Systems 211 Chapter 10 A LEO Nano-Satellite Mission for the Detection of Lightning VHF Sferics 213 Ghulam Jaffer, Hans U. Eichelberger, Konrad Schwingenschuh and Otto Koudelka Chapter 11 Adaptive MIMO Channel Estimation Utilizing Modern Channel Codes 239 Patric Beinschob and Udo Zölzer Chapter 12 An Introduction to ANFIS Based Channel Equalizers for Mobile Cellular Channels 255 K. C. Raveendranathan Chapter 13 Adaptive Channel Estimation in Space-Time Coded MIMO Systems 285 Murilo B. Loiola, Renato R. Lopes and João M. T. Romano Chapter 14 Adaptive Filtering for Indoor Localization using ZIGBEE RSSI and LQI Measurement 305 Sharly Joana Halder, Joon-Goo Park and Wooju Kim Part 4 Other Applications 325 Chapter 15 Adaptive Filters for Processing Water Level Data 327 Natasa Reljin, Dragoljub Pokrajac and Michael Reiter Chapter 16 Nonlinear Adaptive Filtering to ForecastAir Pollution 343 Luca Mesin, Fiammetta Orione and Eros Pasero Chapter 17 A Modified Least Mean Square Method Applied to Frequency Relaying 365 Daniel Barbosa, Renato Machado Monaro, Ricardo A. S. Fernandes, Denis V. Coury and Mário Oleskovicz Chapter 18 Anti-Multipath Filter with Multiple Correlators in GNSS Receviers 381 Chung-Liang Chang Preface Adaptivefilteringisusefulinanyapplicationwherethesignalsorthemodeledsystem varyovertime.Theconfigurationofthesystemand,inparticular,thepositionwhere theadaptiveprocessorisplacedgeneratedifferentareasorapplicationfieldssuchas: prediction, system identification and modeling, equalization (deconvolution, reverse filtering,inversemod eling),cancellationofinterference,etc.whichareveryimportant in many disciplines such as control systems, communications, signal processing, acoustics,voice,soundandimage,etc.Thisbookconsistsofacompendiumofapplica‐ tionsinthreeareasofgreatinterestinscientificresearch:noiseandecho cancellation, medical applications, communicationssystemsandothers hardly joinedbytheirhet‐ erogeneity.Thereisnoastructureand/oralgorithmbetterthanother;Italldependson theimplementationandtheperformancetarget.Inall thesechapters,eachapplication is a case study with rigor that shows the weakness‐strength of the method used (in many casesco mpared with other methods), assesses itssuitability and suggests new formsandareasofuse.Theproblemsarebecomingincreasinglycomplexandapplica‐ tionsmustbeadapted tosolvethem.Theadaptivefiltershaveproven tobeusefulin these environments of multiple input/output, variant‐time behaviors, and long and com plextransferfunctionseffectivelybutfundamentallytobestillevolving.Thereare manyʺvariablesʺ to takeinto accountand how to combinethem, optimize themand achievethedesiredoutcome.Thisbookisademonstrationofthisandasmallillustra‐ tionofeverythingthatistocome. Dr.Prof.LinoGarcíaMorales Prof.TitularDpto.ElectrónicayComunicaciones Coord.GradoenArteElectrónicoyDigital EscuelaSuperiorPolitécnica UniversidadEuropeadeMadrid Spain [...].. .Part 1 Noise and Echo Cancellation 1 Applications of Adaptive Filtering J Gerardo Avalos, Juan C Sanchez and Jose Velazquez National Polytechnic Institute Mexico 1 Introduction Owing to the powerful digital signal processors and the development of advanced adaptive algorithms there are a great number of different applications in which adaptive filters are used The number of different applications. .. satisfactory The number of coefficients (N) of the adaptive filter is derived from the duration of the echo impulse response that has to be compensated, taking into account the sampling frequency In order to calculate the number of coefficients we could use 13 Applications of Adaptive Filtering Fig 11 Echo cancellation for full-duplex transmission N = (2D/v) fs (1) Where N is the number of coefficients, D... may seriously affect the sound quality (Spriet et al., 2006) A more promising solution for acoustic feedback is the use of a feedback cancellation system Fig 13 Adaptive feedback canceller 16 Adaptive Filtering Applications Figure 13 illustrates an adaptive feedback canceller, which produces an estimate z(n) of the feedback signal v(n) and subtracts this estimate z(n) from the microphone signal, so that,... magnetic field that causes the unwanted interference and then remove this interference from data obtained from a measurement circuit 18 Adaptive Filtering Applications Fig 16 Line beat Adaptive canceller Fig 17 Three Axis linear combiner for interference cancellation Figure 17 shows a 3-axis magnetic field sensor which is connected to a separate analogue to digital converter (ADC) A forth ADC is used to... combiner (Wright et al., 2 010 ) Applications of Adaptive Filtering 19 8 Conclusion In recent years, the development and commercial availability of increasingly powerful and affordable digital computers has been accompanied by the development of advanced digital signal processing algorithms for a wide variety of applications; therefore the use of adaptive filters is bigger every day Adaptive filters are used... systems, or in applications where a sample-by sample adaptation of a process and/or a low processing delay is required In this chapter, we described some of the most used adaptive filtering applications The material presented here forms the basis to understand the behavior of most adaptivefiltering structures in practical implementations The main objective was to illustrate how the adaptive- filtering is... John Wiley & Sons Ltd, ISBN 0-470- 014 95-4, West Sussex Ma, G.; Gran, F ; Jocobsen, F., & Agerkvist, F., (2 010 ) Adaptive feedback cancellation with band-limited LPC vocoder in digital hearing aids , IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, Vol pp, Issue 99, (July 2 010 ), pp 1, ISSN 15 58-7 916 Spriet, A ; Rombouts, G ; Moonen, M., & Wouters, J (2006) Adaptive Feedback Cancellation in... D., & Snelgrove, W (19 95) Comparison of DC Offset Effects in Four LMS Adaptive Algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing; Volume 42, No 3, (March 19 95), pp 17 6- 18 5 Vaseghi, S (2006) Advanced Digital Signal Processing and noise reduction (Third edition) John Wiley & Sons Ltd, ISBN 0-470-09494-X, West Sussex 20 Adaptive Filtering Applications Wright,... includes a microphone inside each ear cup to monitor the error - the part of the signal that has not been canceled by the Applications of Adaptive Filtering 11 speakers in order to optimize the ANC algorithm Very popular with pilots, active headphones are considered essential in noisy helicopters and propeller-powered airplanes 7 .1 Echo cancellation In telecommunications, echo can severely affect the... to subtract and cancel out the echo of speaker A on the line from B to A The echo canceller is basically an adaptive linear filter The coefficients of the filter are adapted so that the energy of the signal on the line is minimised Fig 10 Adaptive echo cancellation system 12 Adaptive Filtering Applications Assuming that the signal of the line from speaker B to speaker A, yB(n), is composed of the speech . Preface IX Part 1 Noise and Echo Cancellation 1 Chapter 1 Applications of Adaptive Filtering 3 J. Gerardo Avalos, Juan C. Sanchez and Jose Velazquez Chapter 2 Applications of Adaptive Filtering: . Robust Adaptive Filtering 19 7 Yuexian Zou, Yong Hu and Zhiguo Zhang Part 3 Communication Systems 211 Chapter 10 A LEO Nano-Satellite Mission for the Detection of Lightning VHF Sferics 213 Ghulam. Kim Part 4 Other Applications 325 Chapter 15 Adaptive Filters for Processing Water Level Data 327 Natasa Reljin, Dragoljub Pokrajac and Michael Reiter Chapter 16 Nonlinear Adaptive Filtering