The people’s republic of amnesia tiananmen revisited

Tai Lieu Chat Luong THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF AMNESIA THE PEOPLE ’S R EPUBLIC OF AM NESI A Tiananmen Revisited LOUISA LIM 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Louisa Lim 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lim, Louisa The People’s Republic of amnesia : Tiananmen revisited / Louisa Lim pages cm ISBN 978–0–19–934770–4 (hardback)  1.  China—History—Tiananmen Square Incident, 1989.  2.  China—History—Tiananmen Square Incident, 1989—Influence.  I. Title DS779.32.L55 2014 951.05′8—dc23 2013044312 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To those who dare speak out CONTENTS Author’s Note  ix Timeline  xii Maps  xiv Introduction  1. Soldier  2. Staying  31 3. Exile  60 4. Student  83 5. Mother  105 6. Patriot  133 7. Official  157 8. Chengdu  182 Afterword: “The Debt of Memory”  206 Acknowledgments  213 Notes  215 Bibliography  231 Index  237 AUTHOR’S NOTE To write about present-day China requires an almost impossible calculation, weighing the risks and consequences of every sentence It is like juggling in the dark, given the void of information into which these words fall The very need for these acts of reckoning is also the reason why this book is necessary As the boundaries of what is considered politically acceptable in China narrow, the subtle algebra of self-censorship has steadily diminished free expression both within China’s borders and beyond This process has quickened in recent years, as the Chinese government has expelled some foreign journalists and denied visas to others Because my family has made China its home for the past decade, I could not help but contemplate these issues as I  decided whether to write this book But one question kept nagging:  if I—with all the freedoms available to me—chose not to write about June 4th, then would anyone else document these stories for the historical record? Historical fact should not be held hostage, and the line between compliance and collusion is vanishingly thin I owe an enormous debt to those who have shared their stories with me, especially as most not have the option of being able to publish their own accounts or to leave China All were aware that they were taking a risk in talking about the sensitive topic of June 4th to a Western journalist As I wrote these chapters, I wrestled with the question of whether to strip out their details to try to protect them, and for a very small number of my interviewees, I did indeed take that step But most of those who spoke to me are so well known, 234   Bibliogr aphy Ma Jian Beijing Coma (tr Flora Drew) New  York:  Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008 McGregor, Richard The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers New York: Harper, 2010 Miles, James A.R The Legacy of Tiananmen:  China in Disarray Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996 Minzner, Carl “Social Instability in China:  Causes, Consequences and Implications,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2006, at http:// csis.org/files/media/csis/events/061205_mizner_abstract.pdf (accessed December 28, 2013) Munro, Robin “Who Died in Beijing, and Why,” The Nation, Vol 250, No 23 (June 11, 1990), 811–821 Munro, Robin, and Mickey Spiegel (eds.) Detained in China and Tibet:  A  Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners New  York:  Human Rights Watch, February 1994 Ogden, Suzanne et  al (eds.) China’s Search for Democracy:  The Student and Mass Movement of 1989, Armonk, NY: M.E Sharpe, 1992 Oksenberg, Michel, Lawrence R Sullivan, and Marc Lambert (eds.) Beijing Spring, 1989 Confrontation and Conflict, The Basic Documents Armonk, NY: M E. Sharpe, 1990 Pal, Nyiri “From Starbucks to Carrefour:  Consumer Boycotts, Nationalism and Taste in Contemporary China,” PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, Vol 6, No 2, July 2009 at http://epress.lib.uts.edu au/journals/index.php/portal/article/view/936/1505 (accessed December 28, 2013) Pan, Philip P Out of Mao’s Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008 Pomfret, John Chinese Lessons: Five Classmates and the Story of the New China New York: Henry Holt, 2006 Rea, Dennis Live at the Forbidden City:  Musical Encounters in China and Taiwan Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2006 Rhodes, Greg Expat in China:  The Chengdu Blues CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013 Schak, David “Learning Nation and Nationalism: A Longitudinal Examination of Primary School Moral Education Texts in China,” unpublished paper, 2013 Schell, Orville Mandate of Heaven:  the Legacy of Tiananmen Square and the Next Generation of China’s Leaders New York: Touchstone Edition, Simon & Schuster, 1995 Schell, Orville, and John Delury Wealth and Power, China’s Long March to the Twenty-first Century New York: Random House, 2013 Schell, Orville, and David Shambaugh (eds.) The China Reader: The Reform Era New York: Vintage Books, 1999 Bibliogr aphy   235 Shen Tong Almost a Revolution: The Story of a Chinese Student’s Journey from Boyhood to Leadership in Tiananmen Square Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1998 Sichuan Daily Editorial Board (ed.) Chengdu Saoluan ShijianShimo (The Whole Story of the Chengdu Riots) Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Press, 1989 ——— Xuechao Dongluan Baoluan (Student Movement, Turmoil, Chaos) Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Press, 1989 Spence, Jonathan The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895-1980 New York: Viking, 1981 State Education Comission Political Thought Work Group (ed)., Jingxin Dongpo De 56 Tian: 1989 Nian Yue 15 Ri -9 Yue Meiri Jishi (A Frightening 56 Days: Daily Documentary from April 15 to September 1989), Beijng: Dadi Publishing House, 1989 Szeto Wah Dajiang Dongqu: Situ Hua Huiyilu (The Big River Flows East: Szeto Wah’s Memoir) Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2011 Unger, Jonathan (ed.) The Pro-Democracy Protests in China, Reports from the Provinces Armonk, NY: M E. Sharpe, 1991 U.S Congress Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs Sino-American Relations:  One Year After the Massacre at Tiananmen Square 101st Congress, 2nd Session, 1991 Vogel, Ezra F Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011 Wang Chaohua (ed.) One China, Many Paths New York: Verso, 2003 Wang Dan Wang Dan Huiyi Lu:  Cong Liu Si dao Liu Wang (Wang Dan’s Memoirs: From June to Exile), Taipei: Shibao Wenhua Qiye Gufen Youxian Gongsi, 2012 Wang Shunsheng, Huang Yanmin, and Wang Jiugao Xinbian Zhongguo Gongchandang Lishi Jiaocheng (New Edition of Lectures on Chinese Communist Party History) Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2011 Wang Zheng “National Humiliation, History Education and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol 52, No (December 2008), 783–806 ——— Never Forget National Humiliation; Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations New York: Columbia University Press, 2012 Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N China in the 21st Century:  What Everyone Needs to Know (2nd ed) New York: Oxford University Press, 2013 Wong Jan Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now New York: Anchor Books, 1996 Wu Mouren Bajiu Zhongguo yun jishi (Daily Reports on the Movement for Democracy in China), Not published, 1989 Wu Renhua Liusi Shijian Zhong de Yanjin Budui (The Martial Law Troops During the June 4th Incident) Alhambra, CA:  Zhenxiang Publishers, 2009 INDEX Aba, 185 absolutism, as tragedy of discourse in China, 35 agricultural taxes,  92 AIDS, 9 air pollution,  28, 208–10 aircraft carrier,  180 Alibaba.  See Ma, Jack amnesia,  5, 28, 50, 96, 105, 117, 207, 211 Amnesty International,  194, 197, 204 Amway, 148 An Ziwen,  166 Anhui province,  106 anti-Japanese sentiment,  133–37, 145–46, 153–56 Anti-Rightist movement,  Argentina, 121 Asia Watch,  41–43 asthma, 15, 77 Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery, 111 baguan (cupping),  31, 55 Bao Pu attempts to publish Li Peng's diary, 170 childhood of,  166–67 difference of, with father's attitude, 177 memories of, of Bao Tong's arrest, 157 and New Century Press,  168–70 participation of, in 1986-87 student movement, 167–68 and publication of Chen Xitong's memoir, 169–70 and publication of Zhao Ziyang's memoir, 169 Bao Tong on anticorruption campaign,  179 arrest of,  157–59, 165–66 on corruption of Communist Party, 176–77 on Cultural Revolution experiences, 166 on Deng Xiaoping,  173 on diary of Li Peng,  170 on economic reforms,  175 government surveillance of,  160 and handling of student movement, 163–65, 167–68 hope of,  177–78 joins Communist Party,  160–61 on nationalism and economic growth, 180–81 political reform and,  162–63 re-education of,  166–67 relationship of, with Zhao Ziyang, 163–65 and resignation of Zhao Ziyang, 163–64 style of,  171 on Tiananmen massacre,  173 BBC, 145, 186 The Beginning of the Great Revival, 147 Beijing.  See also Beijing Olympics (2008) 238   Index Beijing (Cont.) Anti-Japanese protests (2013), 132–37 Beijing Spring,  93 1989 demonstrations in,  10, 34–36, 94, 130, 201 1989 killings in,  6, 16, 24, 38, 74, 81, 85, 110, 111, 123, 124, 131, 186, 202, 206, 207 remodeling of,  4, 116 students in Chengdu watch events in,  6, 183–86, 189, 192, 193, 202–6 suburbs of,  8, 14, 50, 120, 158 troops' entry into,  37 2012 demonstrations in,  54, 135–37, 155 universities in,  85, 94, 114, 135 Wu'er Kaixi's youth in,  62–71 Zhang Ming's experiences in,  10– 20, 22, 27–30 "Beijing fashion week,"  52 Beijing Hotel,  85 Beijing military region,  22 Beijing News, 96–97 Beijing Normal University, 63–65, 85, 86 Beijing Olympics (2008),  73, 90, 134, 144–46, 180, 197 Beijing Police Museum,  94–95 Beijing Students Autonomous Federation, dialogue delegation, 34, 66 Beijing train station,  Berlin Wall,  138 "black hands,"  39, 50, 65 Blind Mountain, 73 blockades, citizens',  11–13, 37, 94 Bloomberg news,  175 Bo Xilai,  52–53 Bonnin, Michael,  93 bourgeois,  24, 171, 179 bourgeois liberalization,  94, 163, 171 Boxer Rebellion,  138, 153, 192 boycott of classes,  34, 64–65, 67, 183 of French store Carrerfour,  144 of Japanese goods,  153–54 braid, 19–20 Brick, Jean,  193–94, 195, 202 bronchitis, 10 Brunei, 143 Buffett, Warren,  47 building construction,  26–27 business Bao Pu and,  168 Feel Liu and,  91 Gao Yong and,  154 government control of,  50 influence of,  47–49 Mao Zedong's essay as Bible of,  181 Zhang Ming and,  43–45, 56–57 businessmen,  52, 53, 58, 80, 147 "Butcher of Beijing".  See Li Peng bystanders as casualties,  38, 112, 188–89 refused permission to help Wang Nan, 111–12 Callahan, William,  138 capitalist,  51, 52, 147, 153, 166 censorship amnesia and,  105 Bao Pu and,  168 failures in,  96–97 against rumor-mongering,  82 self-censorship, ix,  101 of social media,  99–101 and students' knowledge of Tiananmen events,  85–88 students' system of, in  1989, 34 in textbooks and public institutions, 93–94 Central Academy of Fine Arts,  20 Central Military Commission,  24, 30, 118, 164 Century of National Humiliation, 137–38 Chai Ling,  80–81 Chang'an Avenue,  16, 19, 37, 38, 85, 97, 111–13 Changchun, 202 change, Zhang Ming on,  53–54 Charter '08 petition,  121–22 Chen Guang artwork of,  8–9, 13–14, 20–21, 27–28 commemorative souvenirs given to, 29–30 military training of,  9–10 ordered to recapture stolen weapons, 16–17 post-suppression duties of,  28–29 Index   prepares to secure Tiananmen Square, 14–16 on ration shortages,  26 receives first call to secure Tiananmen Square,  10–13 as witness of massacre,  18–20 Chen Guangcheng,  78–80 Chen Xitong,  169–70 Chen Yuan,  175 Chen Yunfei,  96 Chen Ziming,  50 Chengdu events of, as forgotten and excised, 202–5 fire at People's Market on June 4th, 1989, 189–91 Jiuyanqiao Bridge,  210 knowledge of events at,  200–201 1989 protest in,  6, 183–91 People's Road,  188, 191 post-Tiananmen verdict,  191 remodeling of,  197–98 researching events at,  182–83 security forces unleashed in,  191–97 Tang Deying's son as victim of massacre in,  198–200 Tianfu Square,  182, 183, 186, 201, 209 2013 march in,  208–10 U.S Consulate in,  53, 192, 193, 196, 204 violence at Jinjiang Hotel,  191–98, 200, 201, 203 violence at Minshan Hotel,  195 violence of May 16th,  1989, 184 Chengdu Evening News, 96 Chengdu University of Science and Technology, 186 Chengdu Yearbook,  185 Chiang Kaishek,  161 children children's stools,  155 deaths of, in 2008 Sichuan earthquake, 201 and hereditary privilege,  176–77 heroes of,  58, 62 protected from truth of Tiananmen suppression, 95–97, 211 studying in McDonald's,  178, 181 of Zhang Ming,  56 chili, 183 239 China Daily, 97 China Dream,  141–43 The China Dream (Liu),  142–43 China Marine Surveillance,  143 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Bao Tong joins,  160–62 and campaign for reappraisal of student movement,  129 capitalists join,  51 Central Committee of CCP,  25, 169, 185 control of, over Chinese youth, 86–87 corruption of,  179–80 criticism of,  150 Eight Immortals,  175 expulsion from,  116 Falungong sect and,  84–85 Feel Liu on,  84 first meeting place,  161 General Affairs Office,  164, 176 hereditary privilege in,  176–77 membership in,  102–3 monopoly of information in,  116 nationalism as tool of,  137–42, 147, 156, 180–81 Office of Political Reform,  157, 162 Organization Department,  158, 166 paranoia of,  207–11 Politburo, 117 Politburo Standing Committee meeting,  32, 141, 157, 159, 163 political commissar,  22 post-Tiananmen ideological campaign of, 49 Tiananmen Mothers and,  125 underground worker,  140, 161, 166 wealth of, 51 Zhang Xianling doubts,  113–14 Chinese Red Cross,  Chinese Student and Scholar Association, 151 Chongqing, 2, 3, 52 Chutouniao, 62–63 citizens' blockades,  11–13, 37, 94 class boycott,  34, 64–65, 67, 183 class enemies landowners as, under Communist rule, 106 Zhang Ming's grandfather as,  54–55 Clinton, Hillary,  120 240   Index colleges and universities compared to prisons,  102 increase in, 89 life at,  89–93, 101 commemoration of student movement,  97–99, 120–21, 207 commemorative souvenirs,  8, 29–30 compensation,  99, 107, 127, 199, 210 compromise for success in Chinese academia, 49–50 Zhang Ming on,  35, 47 Cong Riyun,  150–51, 152–53 constitution,  159, 164, 165, 179 construction projects,  4, 14, 26–27, 135, 139, 173 Cormier, Michel,  162 corruption,  1, 10, 12, 35, 82, 103, 168, 173, 174, 176–77, 179–80, 184, 185, 193, 210 counter-revolutionary riots,  28, 37, 117, 129, 130 Cui Weiping,  Cultural Palace of Nationalities,  Cultural Revolution,  5, 27, 38, 61, 62, 118, 140, 172, 177, 182 Dalian, 94, 210 Daoism, 55 de Wilde, Jan,  184, 186, 190, 192–93 death notice,  108 death toll of Chengdu protests,  189, 196–97, 204–5 of 1926 Tiananmen demonstration, 206 of Tiananmen massacre,  7–8 The Defenders of the Capital, 29 Democracy Wall movement,  Deng Xiaoping and April 26th  People's Daily editorial, 34–36, 53, 94 Bao Tong and,  167 as bridge partner of Ding Guan'gen, 118 and declaration of martial law,  32, 37, 57 169, 170 depiction of, in film,  147 as dictator,  172–73 economic growth under,  174, 206 first post-Tiananmen appearance and speech of,  24, 25, 119, 137, 141 has no regrets for 1989 suppression, 24 He Ping as son-in-law of,  175 Hu Yaobang and,  33 on ideological education,  137 Jack Ma supports,  48 1976 campaign against,  62 photo of, at National Museum,  141 and Politburo Standing Committee meeting, 32 political reform and,  162–63 on protests,  119 and removal of Zhao Ziyang,  171–72 and reversal of verdict on 1976 protests, 130 southern tour of,  174 student criticisms of,  174 depredations, 128, 140 "Descendants of the Dragon,"  67 Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands),  133, 136, 153, 155 diarrhea, 10, 15 Ding Guan'gen,  117–18, 171 Ding Zilin activism of,  106–7, 114–16 arrest of,  119–20, 126 dedication of,  130 Liu Xiaobo and,  122–25 diplomat,  7, 69, 70, 183, 192, 195, 196, 204 dissent,  119, 150, 177, 208 dissidents,  5, 48, 50, 70, 119, 121, 125, 129, 160, 165, 177, 197, 200, 207 domestic stability, maintenance of, 119–21, 127 domestic tourism,  147–50 Dower, John,  151–52 economic growth,  118, 174, 180–81 economic reforms,  174–75 Economist, 51 education investment in higher,  89–91 nine years of free,  92 employment, of Chinese youth,  90–91 entrepreneurialism government control of,  50 Zhang Ming and,  43–45, 47–49, 56–57 Index   environmental issues,  209–10 examination system,  152 exile of Chen Guangcheng,  78–80 failure of dissident movement in,  77 lives of dissidents in,  80 of Wu'er Kaixi,  71–76 Falungong sect,  84–85 famine, 177 Fang Lizhi,  fear in Chengdu,  200, 204 of outside groups,  120 and taboo regarding Tiananmen suppression, 83–84, 118 Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, 143 flag Chinese, at anti-Japanese protests, 126, 135 defacement of Japanese,  154, 155 flag-raising ceremony,  1–5 food, for soldiers,  25–26 For a Song and A Hundred Songs (Liao), 42–43 Fortune Global Forum,  51 The Founding of a Republic, 147 frozen pears,  53–54 Fulbright scholar,  150 Gao Yong,  133–35, 140–41, 153–54, 156 gaokao exam,  152 Gate of Heavenly Peace film,  67, 80, 82 Gates, Bill,  47 GDP, 174, 180 Geneva, 180 Global Times, 97 Goddess of Democracy,  19, 20, 184 Goldin, Paul,  184, 190 Gorbachev, Mikhail,  68–69 government payoffs,  127, 199, 210 grassroots activism,  79, 115 Great Famine of 1958 to  1961, 177 Great Hall of the People 1989 military rendezvous point in, 15–18, 25–26 political meetings held at,  100 student protest at,  65–66 Great Helmsman.  See Mao Zedong Gu Jinchi,  185 241 Gu Kailai,  53 Guangzhou, 39, 117 Gucci, 112 Guilin, 94 guilt of Bao Tong,  177 of Chen Guang,  20, 21, 24, 28, 30 of Deng Xiaoping,  24 legal system's embrace of,  93 of Wu'er Kaixi,  74–75 Zhang Xianling on,  121 hair, 19–20 Hangzhou, 202 Harbin, 202 Harvard,  51, 61, 81, 143 Havel, Vaclav,  129 He Ping,  175 Hebei province,  9, 22 helicopter,  12, 136, 155 Henan province,  9, 166 Hengdian, 146 heroes, changing views on,  47, 58 Heywood, Neil,  52 high-speed railway,  3, 180 Hill, Gates,  175 The History of the People's Republic of China, 93–94 holiday, enforced,  127, 208 holidaymakers,  139, 148, 150, 178 Hong Kong annual Tiananmen vigil in, 97–99, 130–32 Bao Pu in,  167–70 campaign for redress in,  129 Feel Liu's experience in,  83–85, 88 freedoms of,  83–84, 168–69 June 4th Memorial Museum in, 83, 103 One Country, Two Systems,  168 Wu'er Kaixi escapes to,  70–71 Zhang Ming's attempted escape to, 38 Hong Lei,  25 Hooters, 82 hope, 177–78 "Hope Fades as Despair Draws Near" letter, 129–30 hospital,  7, 18, 22, 60, 67, 70, 96, 108, 110, 112, 113, 139, 168, 175, 187, 188, 189, 196 242   Index Hou Dejian,  67 Hu Jintao,  52 Hu Yaobang death of,  33–34, 63, 64, 167 funeral of,  65–66 memorial gathering for, in Tianfu Square, 183 removal of, from position,  163 Huang Jigang,  58 Huang Qi,  201 Huludao, 139–40 humiliation, national,  137–38, 155–56 hunger strike in Chengdu,  182, 183, 185 genesis of Beijing,  60 of Liu Xiaobo,  123–24 Wang Dan on,  81 of Wu'er Kaixi,  60, 67–68 of Zhang Ming,  36, 41–42, 45–47, 55 Hutterer, Karl,  196, 202 ideological education,  3, 13, 94, 137, 138, 140–41 immobilization of soldiers,  11–13, 37 incitement,  135, 165, 207 income,  36, 63, 91, 115, 174, 207 inequality,  51, 174, 193 inflation, 35 insubordination of soldiers,  21–24 internal stability,  119 "Internationale,"  17, 38, 183 Internet, censorship and,  72, 80, 85–86, 88, 98–100, 129, 132, 136, 145, 156, 173, 210 See also social media; weibo ITN, 200 jail,  39–46, 49, 50, 53, 69, 70, 74, 78, 125, 130, 160, 169, 190, 200 See also Qincheng Prison Japan anti-Japanese entertainment, 145–46 arrest of Wu'er Kaixi,  75 invasion of China,  44, 137 May 4th Movement,  1919, 33 occupation by,  140 protest against,  133–37, 153–56 and territorial disputes,  143, 153 Japanese woodblock print, controversy surrounding, 151–52 Jiang Jielian,  114, 124 Jiang Peikun,  122 Jiang Zemin,  25 Jiang Zongcao,  166 Jiangxi, 166 Jiaolong submarine,  143 Jilin, 54 Jinan, 94, 202 Jinjiang Hotel,  191–98, 200–201, 203 Jiusan Society,  114–15 Jobs, Steve,  47 Joiner, Anne,  186–87 June 4th anniversary of,  75, 97, 99, 100 artwork depicting,  7–8 Bao Tong attempts to retrace run-up to,  168 commemoration of,  120, 129, 131 crime of silence surrounding,  death toll estimates,  official party view,  169 post-June 4th policy,  31, 43, 49, 206 post-June 4th verdicts,  39, 99 press coverage of,  94–97 protests against Beijing killings, 202 reassessment of verdict on,  181 referenced in National Museum of China, 141, 150 role of Deng Xiaoping,  173 self-inflicted wound,  14 taboo,  94, 116, 118 treatment of, in Chinese textbooks, 93–94, 138–39 Western economic sanctions in aftermath, 138 Khan, Genghis,  181 Kissinger, Henry,  143 kneeling, 66 Korean, 179, 181 Kunming, 94, 210 Kuomintang (Nationalist government),  53, 54, 130, 143, 149, 160, 166 land seizures,  174, 210 landlords, 54, 106 Lee Teng-hui,  60 Legation Quarter, siege of,  192 Li Laizhu,  22 Index   Li Peng accused of crimes against humanity, 120 accuses Bao Tong of leaking state secrets, 164 attempt to publish memoir of,  170 as "Butcher of Beijing,"  51, 170 on declaration of martial law,  11 diary of,  170–72 justifies suppression,  138 Li Xiaolin as daughter of,  116 on name list of those killed on June 4th, 116 unpopularity of, in  1989, 109 Wu'er Kaixi's meeting with,  60–61 Li Xiannian,  171 Li Xiaolin,  51 Li Zhengbang.  See Zhang Ming Liangmaqiao, 133, 154 Liao Yiwu,  42–43 limited property rights,  27 Lin Dan,  90 Lingyuan Prison,  40–43 Linyi, 78 Little Red Guards,  61–62 Liu, Feel education and employment of, 88–93 experiences of, in Hong Kong, 83–85 knowledge of, of Tiananmen suppression, 103–4 as member of Communist Party, 102, 103 self-censorship of,  101 Liu Gang,  40, 42 Liu Guogeng,  16–17 Liu Heung Shing,  96 Liu Mingfu,  142–43 Liu Shaoqi,  118 Liu Xiaobo,  99, 122–25 Liu Yan,  70 Liu Yishen,  188 Lu Xun,  206 Ma, Jack,  47–48, 90 Ma Yingjeou,  77 Macau, 74 Magnificent Seven,  52 Malaysia, 143 Manchu, 4 243 mandate of heaven,  13 Mandate of Heaven (Schell),  55 Mandela, Nelson,  47, 125 Mann, Vernon,  200 Mao Zedong Bao Tong as supporter of,  177 depiction of, in film,  147 on May 4th Movement of  1919, 33 mistakes of, 32 opponents of, during Cultural Revolution, 167 portrait of, in Tiananmen Square defaced, 39 statue of, in Chengdu's Tianfu Square,  182, 185, 186 and territorial disputes,  152–53 use of posters of, in anti-Japanese protests, 135 on violence and political power,  56 vision of, for Tiananmen Square,  Xi Jinping and legacy of,  129–30 and Yan'an tourism,  148–50 Maritime Safety Administration,  143 martial law, declaration of,  11, 32, 169–70 Marx, Karl,  176 mass incidents,  170 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 151–52 materialism,  43–44, 48, 88–89, 102, 117 May 4th Movement of  1919, 33 McDonald's,  50, 159, 160, 178, 179, 181 memorials,  97–99, 120–21, 207 Mencius, 13 militarism, 151, 180 Military Museum,  160 Ming dynasty,  1, 4 Miyagawa, Shigeru,  151 money.  See also compensation; materialism; wealth as clouding people's consciences, 127 obsession with,  43–44 Mongolia, 152 Monument to the People's Heroes, 33, 34, 37 moral absolutism,  35 most wanted list of student leaders, 31, 39, 46 Mothers of Plaza del Mayo,  121 244   Index mourning, and stability maintenance, 120–21 Mu Peidong,  136–37 Mui, Anita,  71 museums Beijing Police Museum,  94–95 June Fourth Memorial Museum (HK), 103 National Art Museum,  162 National Museum,  141, 150 references to Tiananmen suppression in,  94–95 Muslim, 62 Muxidi, 38, 158 Nanchang Street,  111 National Art Museum,  162 national anthem,  2, 38, 134 national flag,  1–4, 135, 141 national humiliation,  137–38, 155–56 National Museum,  141, 150 National People's Congress (NPC) meetings, 15 request for emergency session (1989), 36 security for,  100 13th party congress (1987),  160 Tiananmen Mothers' petitions to, 107 wealth of,  51–52 nationalism.  See also patriotism and anti-Japanese sentiment, 133–37, 153–56 domestic tourism and,  147–50 effects of, on historical perspective, 150–52 and patriotic education,  152–53 in popular entertainment,  146–47 as tool of Communist Party, 137–42, 180–81 2008 Olympic Games and,  144–46 Nationalist government (  Kuomintang), 53, 54, 130, 143, 149, 160, 166 Nato bombing of Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 133 nepotism, 35, 175 New Century Global Center,  197 New Century Press,  168–70 New Chengdu,  197–98 New Deal,  160 A New Edition of Chinese History, 93–94 New York Times,  49, 175, 189, 196 nine-dash line,  143 Ningbo, 210 Nobel Peace Prize,  99, 122, 125 non-action, 55 North Korea,  135, 152, 163 Nygaard, Kim,  186–87, 191–92, 194–95, 203–4 Olympic flame,  144–45 Olympics.  See Beijing Olympics (2008) On China (Kissinger),  143 Operation Yellowbird,  70 Panasonic, 155 panda, 197 patriotic education,  138, 140, 146–47, 151, 153, 155, 166 patriotism.  See also nationalism of anti-Japanese demonstrators,  155 of Jack Ma,  47 of students in  1989, 58, 69, 138 of young people,  3, 5, 156 payoffs,  127, 199, 210 pears, frozen,  53–54 peasant rebellion,  207 peasants,  9, 14, 51, 139, 197–99, 207 Peking University,  67, 86, 88 Pengzhou petrochemical plant, 208–10 People's Daily April  26, 1989 editorial of, 34–35, 94 article on territorial disputes,  153 in prison,  153 People's Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers, 124, 145 advance of, into Beijing blocked, 11–13, 29, 37 army life,  9–12 clear Tiananmen Square, 18–19, 37–38 commemorative souvenirs given to, 8, 29–30 Deng Xiaoping praises,  25 enlistment age, 9 at Great Hall of the People,  15 Index   insubordination of,  21–24 ordered to recapture stolen weapons, 16–17 post-suppression duties of,  28–29 prepare to secure Tiananmen Square, 14–16 promotions given to,  21 rations for,  25–26 receive first call to secure Tiananmen Square,  10–11 Red Army soldiers,  58, 59, 147, 148 and resistance to martial law,  22, 23 talk used to counter political education of,  11–13 textbooks' treatment of actions of, 94 Wang Shi as former,  50 People's Market, fire at, in Chengdu, 189–91 People's University,  85, 86, 106 Perdue, Peter,  152 Philippines, 143 police,  22, 53, 75, 86, 98, 99 Bao Tong's dealings with,  158, 160, 162, 165, 170 in Chengdu (1989),  61 in Chengdu (2014),  182, 184, 185, 202, 205, 206, 209 People's Armed Police (PAP),  136, 146, 186, 195–97 and post-Tiananmen raids,  28, 29 and security in Tiananmen Square (2014),  100, 102, 113, 119, 120 in Xinjiang (2008),  72 Zhang Xianling's dealing's with, 126–27, 132 Police Museum,  94–95 Pomfret, John,  68, 69 poverty, decline of, in China,  92 princeling,  51, 52, 175 Princeton, 167 prison, treatment of prisoners in, 40–43.  See also Qincheng Prison prisoners of war,  140, 151 proletariat, 51, 176 propaganda apparatus, 87, 88 black, by West,  118 chief, 118 counter-revolutionary, 165 245 epic, 147 post-Tiananmen,  16, 29, 123, 190, 203, 204 Qin Shihuang,  139 Qincheng Prison Bao Tong imprisoned in,  158–59 Liu Xiaobo imprisoned in,  122 Xu Qinxian imprisoned in,  22 Zhang Ming imprisoned in,  39, 40 Qing dynasty,  4, 106, 137, 139, 141 Qingdao, 155 Radio Free Asia,  177 rally,  64–65, 97–98, 131–32 ration shortage,  25–26 Rea, Dennis,  186–87, 202–3 reappraisal of student movement, campaign for,  129–30 Red Guards,  61, 153, 182 Red Tourism,  147–50 reform economic,  24, 174, 175, 184, 185 guidelines for criminals undergoing, 41, 42 need for political,  69, 82, 121, 156, 176, 177, 179 1989 call for press,  35 political, in late 1980s,  162–63, 173 recent rural,  92 reformer,  10, 32, 36, 53, 69, 163, 165 reformist,  10, 157, 160, 163, 176, 184 Revolutionary Memorial Hall,  148 rightist, 5, 177 "Road to Revival,"  141–42 "Road to Revival" exhibition,  150 rock and roll music,  67 Roosevelt's New Deal,  160 rubber ducks,  100 ruffian,  95, 191, 196 rumor-mongering, 82 Russia, 152 Ryukyu Island chain,  155 Schell, Orville,  55 school,  56, 58, 61–67, 76, 84, 88, 90, 92, 93, 101, 108–14, 120–22, 138, 146, 149, 152, 154, 160, 161, 184, 201, 209, 211 self-censorship, 101 246   Index self-criticism,  93, 106, 124, 125 self-righteous anger,  133 Senkaku Islands.  See Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands) Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Islands),  133, 136, 153, 155 Shanghai,  33, 44, 99, 145, 160, 161, 193 Shen Tong,  206 Sheng Qi,  95–96 Shenyang, 94 Shi Zhongpeng,  147 Shijiazhuang, 22, 94 Shijingshang, 10, 13 Sino-Japanese War,  151 sit-in,  33–34, 64, 185–86 Skynet, 211 Skype, 183, 207 social media,  98, 99–101 See also Internet, censorship and; weibo social mobility, through Communist Party membership,  102 socialism,  137, 162, 176, 179 solidarity, 51, 186 Sommerville, Quentin,  145 Song Meiling,  130 Song Ping,  157–58 Songzhuang construction projects in,  26–27 as failed art hub,  14 South China Sea,  143 Southern Metropolis News, 63 souvenirs, commemorative,  8, 29–30 Soviet Union collapse of Soviet bloc,  120, 138 Premier Mikhail Gorbachev visits Beijing, 68 space, Chinese ambitions in,  143–44 stability maintenance,  119–21, 127 State Council,  185 State Oceanic Administration,  143 state secrets,  69, 164, 165 students.  See also Wu'er Kaixi (Uerkesh Davlet); Zhang Ming censorship and views of,  85–88 commemorate Tiananmen suppression, 97–98 Communist Party membership and, 102–3 ignorance of, regarding Tiananmen suppression, 93–94 immobilize soldiers,  11–13 lifestyle of contemporary, 89–93, 101–2 students' dialogue delegation,  36–37 subversion of state power,  79, 99, 122, 125, 126, 179, 201, 207 Sun Fengjuan,  45 Sun Yee On triad,  70 Supreme People’s Procuratorate,  120 taboo,  27, 30, 94–95, 97, 116, 118, 138 Taipei,  68, 75, 78, 143 Takungpao newspaper,  161 Tan Zuoren,  201, 204, 207 Tang Deying,  198–200, 210 Tang Jun,  90 Tank Man,  85–87, 100, 173–74 Telegraph building,  16 television anti-Japanese entertainment,  146 police blocking foreign cameras on Tiananmen Square,  100 post-Tiananmen propaganda,  16, 18, 29, 39, 46, 57, 87, 116, 123 as stage for exiled dissidents,  76–78 territorial disputes,  133–34, 143 textbooks revision of,  138–39 treatment of Tiananmen event in, 93–94 The Threepenny Opera (Well),  192 Tiananmen exiles,  70, 75, 77, 80 Tiananmen Mothers activism of,  106–7, 115–16 advertisement supporting,  96 and campaign for reappraisal of student movement,  129–31 detainment of,  125–26 government surveillance of,  119–21 increasing age as challenge to, 128–29 Liu Xiaobo and,  121–25 support for,  118–19, 130–31 website, 109, 111 Tiananmen Papers,  171, 202 Tiananmen Square clean up of, by martial law troops, 7–8, 19–20 failed student movement (1986-87),  5, 33, 163, 207 flag-raising ceremony at,  1–3 Index   Gate of Heavenly Peace,  2, 4, 7, 8, 67, 80, 82 history and name of,  "little Tiananmens," x,  173, 211 May 4th Movement,  1919, 208 mourning for Zhou Enlai (1976), 130, 207 1926 protest in,  206 remodeling of, 4 security and censorship at,  100 soldier's description of, on June 4th, 15–19 soldiers receive orders to secure,  11, 13, 15, 18 student leave,  38, 70, 123 student occupation of,  32–37, 53, 65–70, 168 tank treads,  204 Uighur attack on,  210 Tianfu Square.  See Chengdu Tibet,  73, 144–45, 147, 185, 187, 211 Toefl, 62, 83 torture, of prisoners,  40–43 tourism, domestic,  147–50 Toyota, 155 The Truth About the Beijing Turmoil, 16 Tsinghua University,  32, 38, 85, 87 turmoil,  5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 21, 24, 25, 29, 40, 86, 87, 109, 138, 163, 172, 203, 208 Uighur ethnic minority,  62, 71–73, 174, 211 Umbrella Men,  100 United Daily News,  76 United Nations human rights training,  180 Women's Conference,  119, 120 Urumqi, riots in,  71–72 US diplomatic cables,  7, 182, 189, 192, 193, 195, 204 US embassy in Beijing,  5, 78, 192 Vietnam, 143, 152 violence,  155, 173, 174 Vogel, Ezra,  24 Voice of America,  138, 186 VPN, 88 Vuitton, Louis,  182 47 Walesa, Lech,  47 Wan'an Cemetery,  120 Wang Dan,  67, 70, 74, 75, 77, 81 Wang Fandi,  107, 110 Wang Jun,  175 Wang Lijun,  53 Wang Nan attitude of, toward student movement, 108–9 death of,  108–11 impact of death of, on family, 117–18 Zhang Xianling investigates death of, 111–14 Wang Shi,  50–51 Wang Zhen,  175 Wang Zheng,  137, 156 Washington Post, 51 watch, given to martial law troops,  wealth of government officials,  179 through revolutionary ancestry, 175–76 wealth gap,  92 weibo,  50, 99, 100, 101, 174, 183, 210 Wen Jiabao,  176 The Whole Story of the Chengdu Riots,  189, 190, 191, 196 de Wilde, Jan,  184, 186, 190, 192–93 Wong, Jan,  67–68 worker,  9, 10, 35, 39, 41, 51, 90, 91, 96, 135, 145, 147, 184, 192, 195, 208, 209 World War I,  33 World War II,  44, 140 Wu, Dr.,  112 Wu Guoguang,  162 Wu'er Kaixi (Uerkesh Davlet) becomes student leader,  63–65 Chen Guangcheng and,  78–80 on Chinese youth,  82 current activism of,  74–76 escapes to Hong Kong,  69–71 exile of,  71–74 family and early years of,  61–63 involvement of, as student leader, 66–67 lack of similar high-profile leader in Chengdu, 207 limits to authority of,  68–69 participation of, in hunger strike, 67–68 248   Index Wu’er Kaixi (Cont.) on responsibility for Tiananmen massacre, 81 as student leader and exile,  60–61 and student protest during Hu Yaobang funeral,  65–66 television interview with,  76–78 wuwei, 55 Wuxi, 126 Wyman Kelly, Judy,  184–85 Xi Jinping and China Dream,  141, 143 lack of political reform under, 129–30 as leader of Magnificent Seven,  52 wealth of relatives of,  175 Xiamen, 210 Xi'an, 155 Xidan, Beijing,  210 Xinhua news agency,  22, 126 Xinhuamen,  33, 34, 35, 64 Xinjiang,  62, 63, 71, 72, 139 Xu Qinxian,  21–23, 39 Xu Zhiyong,  179 Ya Aiguo (patriot),  128 Ya Weilin,  128 yak-trekking, 186 Yale, 150 Yan Lianke,  50 Yan'an, 148–49 Yang Jisheng,  22, 23 Yang Rudai,  185 Yang Shangkun,  172 Yang Xiaowu,  149 Yanhuang Chunqiu (Annals of the Yellow Emperor),  185 Yinchuan, 94 Yu Hua,  43 Yuan Ming Yuan (Old Summer Palace), 141 Yunnan, 155 Zhai Zhigang,  144 Zhang Kaiji,  Zhang Ming arrest and sentencing of,  39–40 as businessman,  43–45, 48–49 on change,  53–54 current life of,  55–59 family of,  54–56 flees Beijing,  38–39 hunger strike of,  45–47 imprisonment of,  40–43, 45 involvement of, in student movement, 32–39 lasting effects on,  31–32 Zhang Xianling activism of,  114–19 arrest of,  125–26 background and activism of,  105–7 blocked from traveling to Hong Kong, 131–32 on Chinese imperial mindset,  129 and death of Wang Nan,  109–11 dedication of,  130 government surveillance of, 120–21, 126–27 investigates son's death,  111–14 on Liu Xiaobo,  122, 125 Zhang Yimou,  145 Zhang Yueqi,  164 Zhang Zuolin,  206 Zhao Ziyang calls for dialogue,  66 Deng Xiaoping and removal of, 171–72 depiction of, in textbooks,  93–94 impact of curbing political reforms of, 174–75 loses political struggle with conservatives, 157 photo of, under house arrest,  171 popularity of, in Sichuan,  184 publication of diaries of,  169 resignation of,  163–64 takes sick leave,  164–65 Wen Jiabao and,  176 Yang Rudai and,  185 Zheng Wang,  137 Zhongnanhai leadership compound,  33, 112, 157, 158, 171 Zhou Enlai,  130, 207 Zhou Guocong,  198–200 Zhu Hong,  50 Zhu Yufu,  207 Zhu Zeyao,  136 Zizhuyuan Park,  119 Zuo Zongtang,  139 236   Bibliogr aphy Wu’er Kaixi Wei ziyou Er Zishou: Wu’er Kaixi De Liuwang Biji (Giving Myself Up for Freedom: Wu’er Kaixi’s Notes from Exile) Xinbeishi: Baqi Wenhua Publishing, 2013 Wu’er Kaixi and Chris Taylor Road to Exile (unpublished manuscript), 2004, at http://www.christaylorwriter.com/road-to-exile/ (accessed January 1, 2014) Yang Jisheng Zhongguo Gaige Niandai de Zhengzhi Douzheng (China’s Reform and Political Struggle) Rev ed Hong Kong: Cosmos Books, 2010 Yao Jianfu comp Chen Xitong Qinshu:  Zhongkou Shuo Nan Shuozhen (Conversations with Chen Xitong: It is Difficult to Tell the Truth in Shining Testimonials) Hong Kong: New Century Media, 2012 Yu Hua China in Ten Words (tr Allan H Barr) New York: Pantheon Books, 2011 Zhang Liang (compiler), The Tiananmen Papers, ed Andrew J.Nathan and Perry Link New York: Public Affairs, 2001 Zhang Qizhi (ed.) Zhongguo Lishi Xin Bian (A New Chinese History) Beijing: Higher Education Press 2011 Zhao Ziyang, Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang (ed and tr Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius) New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009