The cambridge history of china volume 12 republican china 1912 1949, part 1

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA General Editors D E N I S T W I T C H E T T and J O H N K FAIRBANK Volume 12 Republican China 1912—1949, Part Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Tai Lieu Chat Luong Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA Volume 12 Republican China 1912-1949, Part edited by JOHN K, FAIRBANK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK PORT CHESTER MELBOURNE SYDNEY Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521235419 © Cambridge University Press 1983 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place withour the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1983 6th printing 2005 Printed in the United States of America A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-23541-9 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-23541-3 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE As the modern world grows more interconnected, historical understanding of it becomes ever more necessary and the historian's task ever more complex Fact and theory affect each other even as sources proliferate and knowledge increases Merely to summarize what is known becomes an awesome task, yet a factual basis of knowledge is increasingly essential for historical thinking Since the beginning of the century, the Cambridge histories have set a pattern in the English-reading world for multi-volume series containing chapters written by specialists under the guidance of volume editors The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, appeared in sixteen volumes between 1902 and 1912 It was followed by The Cambridge Ancient History, The Cambridge Medieval History, The Cambridge History of English Literature, and Cambridge Histories of India, of Poland, and of the British Empire The original Modern History has now been replaced by The New Cambridge Modern History in twelve volumes, and The Cambridge Economic History of Europe is now being completed Other Cambridge Histories recently undertaken include a history of Islam, of Arabic literature, of the Bible treated as a central document of and influence on Western civilization, and of Iran and China In the case of China, Western historians face a special problem The history of Chinese civilization is more extensive and complex than that of any single Western nation, and only slightly less ramified than the history of European civilization as a whole The Chinese historical record is immensely detailed and extensive, and Chinese historical scholarship has been highly developed and sophisticated for many centuries Yet until recent decades the study of China in the West, despite the important pioneer work of European sinologists, had hardly progressed beyond the translation of some few classical historical texts, and the outline history of the major dynasties and their institutions Recently Western scholars have drawn more fully upon the rich traditions of historical scholarship in China and also in Japan, and greatly advanced both our detailed knowledge of past events and institutions, Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 VI GENERAL EDITORS PREFACE and also our critical understanding of traditional historiography In addition, the present generation of Western historians of China can also draw upon the new outlooks and techniques of modern Western historical scholarship, and upon recent developments in the social sciences, while continuing to build upon the solid foundations of rapidly progressing European, Japanese and Chinese sinological studies Recent historical events, too, have given prominence to new problems, while throwing into question many older conceptions Under these multiple impacts the Western revolution in Chinese studies is steadily gathering momentum When The Cambridge History of China was first planned in 1966, the aim was to provide a substantial account of the history of China as a bench mark for the Western history-reading public: an account of the current state of knowledge in six volumes Since then the out-pouring of current research, the application of new methods, and the extension of scholarship into new fields, have further stimulated Chinese historical studies This growth is indicated by the fact that the History has now become a planned sixteen volumes, but will still leave out such topics as the history of art and of literature, many aspects of economics and technology, and all the riches of local history The striking advances in our knowledge of China's past over the last decade will continue and accelerate Western historians of this great and complex subject are justified in their efforts by the needs of their own peoples for greater and deeper understanding of China Chinese history belongs to the world, not only as a right and necessity, but also as a subject of compelling interest JOHN K FAIRBANK DENIS TWITCHETT March 1982 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS General editors' preface List of maps List of tables Preface to volume 12 P*ge v Introduction: Maritime and continental in China's history by J O H N K FAIRBANK, Professor of History, Hmeritus, Harvard University The problem of foreign influence Maritime China as a minor tradition The treaty-port mixture 20 Economic trends, 1912-49 by ALBERT FEUERWERKER, Professor of History, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Introduction: an overview Population National income Industry Agriculture Transport Government and the economy Foreign trade and investment 28 34 37 41 63 91 99 116 The foreign presence in China by ALBERT FEUERWERKER The foreign network Diplomats Missionaries Chinese government agencies Economic interests 128 154 165 177 192 Vll Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Vlll CONTENTS Politics in the aftermath of revolution: the era of Yuan Shih-k'ai, 1912-16 by E R N E S T P Arbor YOUNG, Professor of History, University of Michigan, Ann The ambiguous legacy of the revolution The structure of the new order Political parties and constitutional government Yuan Shih-k'ai on the issues The Second Revolution The Dictatorship Yuan's monarchical movement 209 213 217 225 228 237 246 A constitutional republic: the Peking government, 1916-28 by ANDREW J NATHAN, Professor of Political Science, Columbia University Social and intellectual roots of constitutionalism The Peking government The political role of the modern banks Factionalism and personal connections Election of the Anfu parliament, 1918 Decline of the constitutionalist ideal, 1922-28 259 263 268 271 274 278 The warlord era: politics and militarism under the Peking government, 1916-28 by JAMES E SHERIDAN, Professor of History, Northwestern University The view from the provinces: warlords and warlordism The view from Peking: militarism and instability Warlordism and Chinese society 284 307 317 Intellectual change: from the Reform movement to the May Fourth movement, 1895-19 20 by CHARLOTTE Long Beach FURTH, Professor of History, California State University at Evolutionism in reform thought 322 National Essence and the future of Confucianism: the emergence of Neo-traditional alternatives 350 Social Utopia and the background of the May Fourth movement 374 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS IX Themes in intellectual history: May Fourth and after by BENJAMIN I SCHWARTZ, Professor of History and Government, Harvard University The May Fourth incident 406 Progress and nationalism 409 Revolution 415 The 1911 Revolution and the 'New Culture' 419 May Fourth and its consequences 427 Introduction of Marxism-Leninism 430 Problems and '-isms' 433 The theme of popular culture 435 'Neo-traditionalism' - finding truth in the heritage 437 The debate on science and human life 439 The ascendancy of Marxism 444 Literary trends I: the quest for modernity, 1895-1927 by LEO O U - F A N L E E , Professor of Chinese Literature, the University of Chicago Late Ch'ing literature, 1895-1911 452 Butterfly fiction and the transition to May Fourth (1911-17) 461 The May Fourth era, 1917-27 464 10 The Chinese Communist Movement to 1927 by JEROME C H ' E N , Professor of History, York University, Toronto Conversion to the doctrine Foundation of the party Tension in the first united front 505 514 518 11 The Nationalist Revolution: from Canton to Nanking, 1923-28 by C MARTIN WILBUR, Professor of History, Emeritus, Columbia University Creating a revolutionary movement 527 Competition and dissension within 553 The drive to unify China - first phase 575 Conflict over revolutionary goals 603 Mounting problems for the Wuhan regime 639 The communists turn to rebellion 673 The final drive - Peking captured and Nanking the new capital 697 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 12 The Chinese bourgeoisie, 1911-37 by M A R I E - C L A I R E BERGERE, Professeur a I'lnstitut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientates, Universite de Paris III The birth of a Chinese bourgeoisie 722 1911: the invisible bourgeois revolution 729 The golden age of Chinese capitalism, 1917-23 745 The political failure of the bourgeoisie 762 From economic crisis to political abdication, 1923-27 787 The return of bureaucracy and decline of the bourgeoisie, 1927-37 809 Bibliographical essays Bibliography Glossary-Index Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 827 859 927 912 BIBLIOGRAPHY Shih-pao Brf^S Shanghai, 1904Shih, Paul T K The strenuous decade: China's nation-building efforts 1927-19)7 Jamaica, N.Y.: St John's University Press, 1970 'Shih-t'uan yu chin-mien ch'u-k'ou-ling chih ch'ii-hsiao' fcW&W$rt&t\^1ZM $$ (The Diplomatic Corps and the abrogation of the decree banning the exportation of cotton) YHYK, 3.7 (July 1923) heading Kuo-nei ts'ai-cheng ching-chi Shih-wu pao HrfJ£$8 (Current affairs, 'The China progress') Shanghai, Aug 1896-July 1898 Shin, Linda 'China in transition: the role of Wu T'ing-fang (1842-1922)' University of California, Los Angeles, Ph.D dissertation, 1970 Shina kin'yiijijd See Japan, Gaimusho Shun Pao See Shen-pao Shun-t'ien shih-pao llH^RrfS- Peking, 1901-30 Sie, Ying-chow Le fe'de'ralisme en Chine, iitude sur quelques constitutions provinciates University of Paris, these de 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