VIETNAMESE Tai Lieu Chat Luong LONDON ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN LANGUAGE LIBRARY Editors Theodora Bynon David C Bennett School of Oriental and African Studies London Masayoshi Shibatani Kobe University Advisory Board James Bynon, Bernard Comrie, Judith Jacob, Gilbert Lazard, Christian Lehmann, James A Matisoff, Vladimir P Nedjalkov, Robert H Robins, Christopher Shackle The LONDON ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN LANGUAGE LIBRARY aims to make available a series of reliable and up-to-date descriptions of the grammatical structure of a wide range of Oriental and African languages, in a form readily accessible to the nonspecialist With this in mind, the language material in each volume will be in roman script, fully glossed and translated The Library is based at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London, Europe's largest institution specializing in the study of languages and cultures of Africa and Asia Each volume is written by an acknowledged expert in the field who has carried out original research on the language and has first-hand knowledge of the area in which it is spoken Volume Nguyen Dình-Hồ Vietnamese VIETNAMESE TIENG VIET KHƠNG SON PHAN NGUYEN DÌNH-HOA Southern Illinois University, Carbondale JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nguyen Dình-Hoa, 1924Vietnamese = Tieng Viet Khong Son Phan / Nguyen Dinh-Hoa p cm (London Oriental and African language library, ISSN 1382-3485 ; v 9) Includes bibliographical references and index Vietnamese language-Grammar I Title II Series PL4374.N427 1997 495.9'228421-dc21 97-4965 ISBN 90 272 3809 X (Eur.) / 1-55619-733-0 (US) (alk paper) CIP © Copyright 1997 - John Benjamins B.V No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher John Benjamins Publishing Co • P.O.Box 75577 • 1070 AN Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA CONTENTS Preface Chapter Introduction 1.1 Vietnamese as a national language 1.2 Affinity with Chinese 1.3 Genetic relationship 1.4 Class-related dialects? 1.5 Language and religion 1.6 History of the language 1.7 Writing systems 1.8 Diversity 1.9 Kinesics 1.10 Syllabic Structure 1.11 Morphemes, words and larger sequences Chapter The sound system 2.0 An isolating language 2.1 Syllabic structure 2.2 Number of possible syllables 2.3 Below the syllable 2.4 Syllable boundaries 2.5 Stress and intonation 2.6 Earlier records and recent reforms Chapter The lexicon 3.0 The word in Vietnamese 3.1 Monosyllables and polysyllables 3.2 Full words vs empty words 3.3 Sino-Vietnamese (Hán-Viêt) 3.4 Morphemes 3.5 The simple word 3.6 Morphological processes 3.7 Reduplications Chapter The lexicon (continued) 4.0 Affixation and compounding 4.1 Prefixes 4.2 Suffixes ix 1 2 5 11 11 15 17 17 18 28 28 30 31 33 35 35 35 36 36 38 40 41 44 59 59 60 63 vi CONTENTS 4.3 Compounding 4.4 More on Sino-Vietnamese 4.5 Other foreign borrowings 4.6 Nominalization 4.7 Unanalyzed forms 4.8 Concluding remarks about the unit called tieng Chapter Parts of speech 5.0 Parts of speech 5.1 Nouns 5.2 Locatives 5.3 Numerals Chapter Parts of speech (continued) 6.0 Predicatives 6.1 (Functive) Verbs 6.2 Stative verbs 6.3 Substitutes Chapter Parts of speech (continued) 7.0 Function words 7.1 Adverbs 7.2 Connectives 7.3 Particles 7.4 Interjections 7.5 Multiple class membership Chapter The noun phrase 8.0 Phrase structure 8.1 The noun phrase Chapter The verb phrase 9.0 The verb phrase 9.1 Preverbs 9.2 The relative positions 9.3 Postverbs 9.4 The complement before and after the head verb 9.5 The di ve construction 9.6 The positions of postverb determiners 9.7 The adjectival phrase 9.8 Coordination 66 76 78 79 81 81 83 83 88 98 101 107 107 108 119 123 139 139 140 162 165 168 168 171 171 172 185 185 186 188 189 197 198 199 200 CONTENTS Chapter 10 The sentence 10.0 The sentence as unit of communication 10.1 The simple sentence 10.2 The subject-less sentence 10.3 The sentence without a predicate 10.4 The subject-less sentence with a reduced predicate 10.5 The kernel sentence 10.6 Adjuncts to the kernel sentence 10.7 Sentence expansion Chapter 11 The sentence (continued) 11.1 Types of sentences 11.1.1 The affirmative sentence 11.1.2 The negative sentence 11.1.3 The interrogative sentence 11.1.4 The imperative sentence 11.1.5 The exclamatory sentence 11.2 The compound sentence 11.2.1 Concatenation of simple sentences 11.2.2 Correlative pronouns 11.2.3 Connectives of coordination 11.3 The complex sentence 11.3.1 The embedded completive sentence 11.3.2 The embedded determinative sentence Appendix Parts of speech Appendix Texts Folk verse about the lotus Excerpt from a novel Excerpt from a newspaper advertisement Bibliography Index VII 209 209 209 210 212 213 213 224 230 233 233 233 233 237 242 243 244 244 245 245 251 251 253 256 257 257 258 261 263 276 PREFACE This is not a complete grammar of Vietnamese, but only an essential, descriptive introduction to a Southeast Asian language that has over seventy million speakers It is based on lecture notes I prepared for Vietnamese language and grammar classes taught in several institutions, including Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, where I had to earn my rice by means of courses in general and applied linguistics as my main teaching load between 1969 and 1990 The book gives a conservative treatment to phonology, lexicon, and syntax, with relevant comments on semantics and a few historical remarks, particularly in connection with the writing systems, the loanwords and the syntactic structures Being a native speaker of it, I have made sure I trust less my intuition than the early analyses undertaken by pioneer linguists from France, Great Britain, the USA, and Vietnam itself I am particularly indebted to Le Van Ly, Murray B Emeneau, Andre Haudricourt, Patrick Honey, R B Jones & Huynh Sanh Thong, and Laurence C Thompson, etc for their works, that appeared in the 1950s, as well as to the next wave of grammarians of Vietnamese (Bui Dúc Tinh, Truong Van Chinh, Nguyen Hien Le, Nguyen Qui-Hung, Duong Thanh Binh, Dào Thi Hoi, Nguyen Dang Liem, Buu Khai, Pham Van Hai, Tran Trong Hai, Marybeth Clark, etc.), whose publications came out in the 1960s and 1970s While having the advantage of consulting nearly all the excellent monographs and journal articles produced by French authors of the last century as well as by Vietnamese academics around the Institute of Linguistics (established in Hanoi in 1969) , I was handicapped in not being able to use the voluminous research work by Russian linguists—my foreign language baggage being limited to French, English and Chinese, with only a smattering of Latin, Spanish and Thai Luckily, the relevant courses (in x PREFACE general linguistics, English grammar, ESL methodology, Vietnamese grammar, language planning, and lexicography) at SIU-Carbondale, provided me with opportunities to several contrastive analyses and to learn firsthand from many native speakers of non-European languages, including Chinese, Japanese, and such Southeast Asian systems as Thai, Khmer and Malay-Indonesian I am thus very grateful for such an enriching exposure to a large variety of typological and areal features Next I would be remiss if I failed to mention the highly significant contributions of my esteemed colleagues of the Saigon Branch of S.I.L (Summer Institute of Linguistics), including those who did field work on the minority languages in South Vietnam between 1957 and 1975: I certainly benefited from various insights offered by Richard Pittman, David Thomas, Kenneth Gregerson, Jean Donaldson, Richard Watson, Ralph Haupers, to name only a few, regarding the salient features of Vietnamese in contrast with other languages of the region I am also indebted to the French Bibliothèque Nationale, the British Library, and Japan's Toyo Bunko Library, to several stateside libraries that have respectable Southeast Asia holdings, and to the Fu Tsu-Nien Library of Academia Sinica in Nankang, Taipei, for many valuable materials Finally my thanks go to Professors Theodora Bynon, Matt Shibatani and David Bennett of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, where I spent my first sabbatical leave in 1975, and to the editors of John Benjamins Publishing Company in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, for their extremely helpful assistance in editorial matters I fervently hope that this monograph—meant to be titled "Vietnamese Without Veneer" following my former supervisor Andre Martinet's Le Francais sans fard—will help both teachers and students of Vietnamese in different institutions of higher learning as well as in secondary and primary schools around the world This compact sketch of the workings and functions of a truly wonderful tongue is dedicated first of all to my parents, uncles and aunts, brothers and sisters, cousins, children and grandchildren, and beyond the Nguyen clan, to all my former teachers of language and literature (in Vietnam and abroad), and last but not least to all my former students Nguyen Dình-Hoa BIBLIOGRAPHY - 275 1984 Ch u, -hố chínhvà -ngũ [Standardization of orthography and terminology] Hanoi: Giáo-duc 1988 Tiêhg Vi է ngôn-ngU ông-nam A [Vietnamese and Southeast Asian languages] Hanoi: Khoa-hoc Xã-hoi Vuong - -, [The origin of some bound elements in compound words], Ngôn-ngũ 32-34 1975 "Glimpses of the evolution of the Vietnamese language," Linguistic Essays, pp 9-30 [Vietnamese Studies, 40.] ed 1995 An- [An nan Yi yu, annotated by Vuong INDEX a! 168 ! 168 Archaic Vietnamese 5, 69 à! 166, 168 article a! 166 aspectual words 88, 153-154 abstract 56: — adjective 56; — noun 72, 89, 94, 97, 176, 177, 210; 55, verb 119 association 191 attenuation 45 attribute 174, 181 accompaniment adjective 191 attributive position 120 40, 82, 88, 107, 108, 119ff, 121֊ Aubaret, G 83 122, 188, 217: abstract - 56; compound Austro-Asiatic 2, — 75-76, 122; concrete — 56; qualitative auxiliary - ây 92, 95, 96, 133-4 119, 121; reduplicative quantitative - 120, 121; — -adjective 122; — , 87, 108: verb 118, 187 compound 75; — -noun compound 75; bà 43: as classifier 178 -verb compound 75; larger forms 51-53 bả < bà 43 adjunct (in sentence) 224: appositive — bác 178: as classifier 178 227; circumstantial - 225; focal - 228; Bahnar transitional — 229; vocative — 224 bán- adverb affix bán-thục-từ = semi-full w o r d bao 59ff affixation 61 bán-hu-tù = semi-empty word 87, 140, 161 affinity w i t h Chinese 59: infixes 60; prefixes 60-63; 132: - giò 132; 132; - x a ~ lâu 132; - nhiêu 132 27, 162, 174 suffixes 63-66 131, 212, 238-9: ái! 96, 97 'by means o f ' 124, 245 192 (verb of contrast) 105 168: chà! 168 alliteration 42-43, 47, 69 44 alliterative patterns 42-43, 47-48 (classifier) 178 168 âm-tiet = syllable âm-vi = phoneme - 63 analytic language 17 - , 62, 122 Ancient Vietnamese 116 -ang 54 134: - giò 42, 134; - nhiêu 134 anh 43: as classifier 178 134: Annamese because of Annamite belief 194 antonym compounds 70ff appearance and disappearance 113 appointment 196 Archaic Chinese - giò nhiêu 134 ánh < anh 43 193 157 bên 98 < bên 43, 98 beneficiary 193 42, 134; - lâu 134; - INDEX 277 bi 111, 112, 214 108, 140, 117 bilingual 11 150, ! 168 162, 194 chi = 186 chi < chi 43 borrowings 36-38, 74-76 bound morphemes chi 142, 186: 60 - 142 chi 43 Bru búc 149, 150: 152, 161, 186 178 178 Chinese 2, 3: Buddhism 5, 11: Hinayana 5; Mahayana 5; Cao Ðài 5; Hoà Hảo 2; - 119,171; Buddhist monasteries - — characters loanwords 2, 2; 40, 42, Cantonese — script 76, Bùi Ð ú c T i n h 83 165 Bùi Kỷ 83, 179 chịu 111, 112 Bulteau, R cho 115,117, 163, 169, 174, 192, 194 96, 179, 182 79, 80; affinity w i t h cho 108, 159-160: có 160, 242 cà 39 choice question cà-phê 39 choi cà- 39 chọt 186 cá 165 165 Chrau 131, 140, 141, 143, 145, 177 Cadière, Léopold 79, 92, 178 83, 129 (N) 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 169, 178, 179: cái- N ' , ông, = subject 164 117, 191, 196 160, 187 166, 212 6, 15: - Hán 6, 12; - nho 6, 12; càng 188: (càng) ngày — 188 canh 182 nôm 6, 7, 8, 12; - - 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 Cao-Dài sect cardinal numbers chua 100, 149, 151, 152: 101,102,177 categorical (nouns) 88, , 92, 94, 95, 96, 129, 174, 175, 183 Catholics as classifier 178 190 151; 200; chúng classifier ( N ' ) chá < cha 43 bay, - mày, - 124-125 104 178 chao (ôi) ! 168 - circumstantial complement class conversion 168ff chá 108, 149, 150, 186 dã chua! 152 124, 125, 131: mình, - ta, - tao, chừng chita chüa? 151, 152, 145, 166, causative verb 117,196, 216, 222 chăng? 170 (ADJ) 170 180 cám-thán-từ = interjection causality 237 192: ăn 192 110 88, , 92, 94, 95, 96, 129, 174-175, 178ff, 183 ó 113: ó [emphatic] 187 150 ó 'only' 150 ô 43, as classifier 178 142 152, 186; INDEX 278 content < ô 43 93, 179: coda 18 contentive 139 coi 116 context 86 collective nouns contour 13, 25 comment 16, 86, 180: t o p i c — common nouns 16 contraction 42 90, 91 comparative (hon) contrast 143 122, 123 coordination 172, 205ff, 207 comparison 143, 186-187 coordinator complaint 88 copula 86 complement 109, 189ff correlatives 145 complementation 171 66, counter 77: — alliterative 70; archaic coordinate — 66-67; 68; idiom synonym - 70; reversibility — 69; — 69-70; generalizing — 67- — 71; reinforcing — 70; pseudo- ~ 122; subordinative — 71ff; characteristics of — 68; 68; — word 15, 59, 66ff; V - - - ; V - C - - ; V-Result 74 compound name coverb 109: - of direction N-Adj - - ; N - V - - 72; 73 compound verb 74: V - O - 74 cửa 87, 115-116, 162, , , , 163, 186: - voi 163 cūng 144ff, 161, 186: - 161; không - 161; 147 cứa 42 cực 161: - kỳ 161 < cúng 42 concatenation 244 concern 193 confirmation 152, 167, 186 da ! 168 Confucianism 5, 7, 11 dám 187 40, 87, 162, 163-165: 163-164, 245; - of dăm (ba) of dân-tộc it dân- subordination 164-165 87, 162-165, 191-194, 195-197, 204-205, 245ff co-noun (= classifier) 93, 179 104 191: 191 164: 92-93, 96 consonant 18ff: initial - 19ff; container 186 cuon 178 van nhu 161 connective deu 108, 145, 146, 147, 186: 147; 108, 113, 145, 146, 147, 186: coordination of orientation 163, 190 curse 88 79, 92, 93, 95, 96, 145, 178 conjunction 109,111,163, 190; - - o f result , 1 , , ; cuoi 98 compound noun 71ff, 172, 173: N - N - - - 92 courtesy name 91 cuộe 97 90ff 164; , 163 không 186 compound adjective 75, 122 - continuous 87, 108, 153, 154, 186, 188 commands 158 antonym 32, 212; continuity 108, 143, 145, 146, 147, 186 55, 92, 176, 177 color 76, 181 compound - question word 36, 85, 107, 139, 168 ! = ! final 23ff 164 164 definite word 180 degree marker 108, 160-161 INDEX demonstrative 42, 92, 95, 96, 107, 133-134, 175, 179-181 279 dâu 132, 134, 135, 136, 239 dâu ! 136, 166, 236 departure 192 98 derivative 45, 50-53, 59 dây 42 descriptive 55 42, destination 111, 190 ! 166 determiner 141, 175ff, 186, 201-205 dialects 4, 9: class-related — 4; = topic Hanoi 117, , Saigon —, V i n h — Dictionarium Annamiticum Latinum - Lusitanum et -cho 164 162: - 165; - 164 145,186 Quang Ban 198 di 109, 111: d i 55 di! direct object 109, 115-116 198 160, 167 dích 165 109, 163, 190: - a l verbs 109 disyllabic 163, 164, 194: 103-104 D i f f l o t h , Gerard direction 134 97 35, 36 Ðinh Văn Ðúc 83 ditransitive verb 115-116, 196, 215-216 dinh 118, 187 diversity dó 162, 184, 194 -ďơ 96,133: t r o n g - 183; - 183 65 double negative 150 Châu 50 double nucleus 22, 23 double-object verb dòi 117 115-116, 196, 215-216 dù 164 104 dơi 178 Dubois, Marcel 27 doi vói Durand, Maurice dơng-bào Thuọng 55 173 dự-dinh 118 dộng-từ ngoai-dông = transitive verb dự-tính 118 dơng-từ nội-dơng = intransitive verb di 98, 163 don- don-âm- = monosyllabic dùa 192 = polysyllabic dã 'anterior' dừng (có) 108, 159-160 83, 87, 108, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 186, 189: dã chua? 151, 152, 166, 186, 238; dã, dang duợc 111-112, 113, 143 duong 153 188 dã! 154, 166 DáiXuânNinh dai- ê! 83 62 87, 108, 146, 154, 161, 186, empty words 36, 84, 85, 139, 168 English 11 dành 187 English loanwords 79 99 113, 114 153, 43 151, 161, 174 endomotivus verbs 109 188, 189 < 33 Emeneau, Murray 28, , , 84, dai-từ = substitute, pro-noun, pro-verb dang 168 earlier records environment 86 ! 168 280 INDEX equality giới-từ = preposition 145 114 equational (= equative) verb 118, 218- 98 219 etymon 60 given name etymology 39, 76-77, 78: evaluation 196 exclamation folk- glide 39 90 22 glottal 27: - i t y 25, 26, 27 88, 210 goal exhortative 108, 121, 147, 159, 160, 187, 211 111 grammatical behavior 86 Grammont, M 83 existence 113 Greek 78 extended state verbs 108 Gregerson, Kenneth 33, 154 exomotivus verbs 109 explosive 31 h ả ? 167 expressive 55 ha- 62 factitive 116: — complement 196 Hanoi dialect Hán-Việt family name 90 final 18: - particle see Sino-Vietnamese 10, 21 126 consonant , 88, 18, 166ff, 23-24; - 191 212-213, 240, 242 ! 191 Hashimoto, Mantaro 37 first (= given) name 90 164 focus 192-193 = suffix foreign borrowings 39, 78 Haudricourt, André fraction hay 'or' 103 French 11: - loanwords 20, 39, 78 frequency 190, 198 Fries, Charles from 242: - 146, 161 head noun 174ff f u l l words 36, 84, 85, 139, 168 86: hay 'often' 186 88, 108, 146, 147, 154, 159, 161, 187, 84 192 function 3, 27 164: - - l 164, 237-238 - word 36, 85, 168 head verb 87, 139, 186ff 164 Henderson, Eugénie 27 functive verbs 86, 88, 107, 186 165 functors 139, 165 113, 114, 105: sức 161; - thảy 134 highlanders gã classifier 178 genetic relationship Hinayana Buddhism 3-4 hình- = morpho-syllable Geneva Armistice 4, 34 hình-vi = morpheme 131 Hoa-di -gia Hồ-hao Sect 63 giá (mà) 164: giá nhu 164 -giả 63, 87 giả sử 164 giảm- 63 giưi-ngũ = prepositional phrase dịch-ngū hố 114 -hố 65, 87 hồn-tồn 161, 197 Hồng M i n h 28 Hoàng 28 INDEX 164 -hoc 281 item noun 92, 176 64 hoi (thanh) 26 Japan(ese) < hôm 43 juncture 2: Japanese loanwords 79 30-31 hoi 108, 119, 121, 140, 160, 188 ! 168: - ôi ! 168 Kampuchea homorganic consonants 48 164: hon 121 65 Honey, Patrick J honorífics 83, 84 - lai 164; - kernel (S-P) sentence 126ff 168 khả- hừ! 168 Khái-Hung 261 61 khē 197 167 dialect ! k h i 128, 155, 164, 183: - 168 164; - khí chi 164 ! 168 hu-tíř = empty word Khmer hng Khmu -khoa 64 98 identificational verb khoảng 11 53-54, 56, 59 104 ! 168 không imagist 55 immediate constituents 209 108, 140, 149, 150, 186, 234-236, 237, 238: imperative 121, 160, 242 151; có 150-151; khơng? 152, - 139, chi 167, 238; - p h a i 118 implosive 31 impressive 55 indefinite substitute 42, 92, kia! 33, 134-137 109, 115-116 individual noun 95, 133-134 133-134, 167 42, 133 kinesics 11 91-92 kính 60 inflection 41 80 kinship terms initial 18: - consonant particle 164 196, 222 164 indirect object dang 164; sau 164; truớc - 160, 188 (thanh) 26 infix 213ff 108, 119, 121, 140, 160, 188 hú! hû! mà 164 18, 19-22, 29; - -ký 165 43, 96, 123, 127-131 Korea(n) 65 injunction 158 instrument 195 intensification 45 interjection , 88, 168 interrogative substitute intonation ironical 131-132, 211 31-33 intransitive verb 104, 108, 116, 118, 120, 194, 178 labio-velar co-articulation 24 lai coverb 109 109, 110 55 isolating language 85, 86, 196, 218-219,221-223 lai adverb 146, 147; 17 147, 148-149, lai 147; 147; dã 187: lai 147; lai 147 lai lai INDEX 282 làm 117, 196 manner 190 lăm 42, 44 mạo-từ = article 119, 120, 121, 140, 160, 191 marker 108 language unification 33 Martinet, André 139 Lao 17 M a r t i n i , F (láy) 44ff 98, 99 Marxist thought 11 larger forms 47-48 Maspero, Henri Latin mass noun 78 lâu 133: bao 134; ~ 134; 186 material (coverb) Le Parler 27, 37 Vietnamien mày tao m i tớ 125 111, 112 79-80 mặc dau 164 măng 39 Lê Loi măng-cut L ê Ngoc-Vuọng (Trà-Ngân) 83 39 mat 98 L ê Quang T r i n h 83 113, 114 Lê V ă n Lý 27, 83, 159, 168, 180, 183 132 (coverb) 109, 111, 163 meaning 168 40: — differentiation grammatical — 40; lexeme 14, 34, 59, 139 means 162, 195 lexico-grammatical 86 measurement unit lexico-syntactic medial 19, 25 lexicon 9, 174, 181 mày 124: 163, 190 L ê Khả Kế 63 lêu 5, máy 73, 80 (disposal verb) 192 lên 3, 93 83, 86 35-36, 61-63 medical term linking verb 114 melodic 34 63 27 m i = mày loại-tù* = classifier, categorical noun ( N ' ) middle name location 167 Middle Vietnamese locative 43, 44, 88, 98-101, 176 163, 169, 90 Mineya, Toru 104 5, 7, 33 37 126: chúng - (= chúng ta) 126 mixed origin 78 lower register 27, 28 moc 113 lúc modal 88 164: 92, 93 medium of instruction lien 157, 191 literacy campaign 47ff; lexical ~ 40 dang - 164 lục-bát meter, 12, 257 modality 88: — marker 153 172, 191: luôn 191 Modern Vietnamese L u u V â n Lang modification 171, 172ff 83 modifier 172, 173 mà mà! 162, 174, 183, 192 167 Mahayana Buddhism m ã i 191: m a i m a i 191 Malay loanwords 39, 78 Mandarin Chinese 11 moi 103, 140, 142, 145, 177 94, 97 103, 140, 142-143, 177: ngày m ộ t 188 140, 153, 156-157, 186, 188: vừa 140, 153, 156, 186, 188 INDEX momentary action verbs 108 M o n 2: Mon-Khmer 2, 3, monème 139 mồng = mùng 60 monologue 211 monosyllabic 13, 35 montagnard mood marker 88 morphème 139 morpheme 12, 13, 15, 29, 34, 35-36, 38-40, , 139: s u b s y l l a b i c - 29 Nguyễn Dình-Hồ 14, 34 morpho-syliable 'right away' 191 nghe ! 167 nghï 117 ngồi 98, 99, 163 ngổi < ngồi 43, 99 ngơi 178, 181-182 ngon 178 Nguyễn Ann Que 139 Nguyễn Bat-Tuy 91 Nguyễn Du 12, 134, 247 Nguyễn Dăng L i ê m 112 morphological processes 41-44 morphology 283 81 Nguyễn Dúc Dân mot 42 69 Nguyễn Hiến Lê mot cách 34, 37, 77, , 97, 112, 115, 129, 163 197 54 Nguyễn Khác Hiếu 91 motivation 193 Nguyễn Khác Kham muon 197 Nguyễn K i m Than 28, 83, , , muoi 42, 44 Nguyễn L â n muón Nguyễn Quang Hong 28 42 Mng 3, 4, 69 83, 95 Nguyễn Q-Hùng Nguyễn Tài Cẩn name 90: family 90; middle - 90; first - 90; given 90 Nguyễn Trãi 7, 70, 77 ngữ-khí-từ = final particle (thanh) 26 95, 131: ngc 42 145 ! 167 nguòi 1: - K i n h 1; - - t a 126; 137 nhăm 42, 44 42, 92, 95, 133, 134 ! 168 ! 167 133, 134 nây 133, 134, 136, 137, 145 - nên 'consequently' nhu 164, 192: 114 nên 'should' 159, 187: dừng - 159 164: cho — 164; — chi duòng - 94,97 neu (nhu) 165 ngã (thanh) 26 42 'even' 165 164; cüng ~ - 164; mà 164 136, 140, 141-142, 177: dâu 136; 142; - 136; x x 136; 53, as much as 142; chi 142 nhuọc n i 133 cờn 164 nhung 164, 172: 164 bao - 42, 137; bây - 42, 137; 42, 137 nhieu 42, 87 108, 140, 149-151, 186 nên 'become' 114: trỏ— 1; 122-123 nhiêu 42: nầy = ngáng Việt as classifier 178 42, 133 negation 54, 182 83, 179 ngữ = phrase 186 91 165 INDEX 284 -niệu , , 169 orientation 66 then and only then 87-88, 123, 124, 125: chúng - no 133, 134 Pali particle 28-29 165: final 40, 166-168, 240; initial - - ; polite - 113 parts of speech 79, 92, 169 passive verb/voice nom 7, 44: 156-157 125 nõ 187 nói Iái 111, 163, 190 past tense morpheme 17 nôm characters 8, 12 peak of sonority 17 nominal expression 110 pejorative 55 nominalization 79 pen name nominalizing suffix 63-64, 87 personal substitute non-inflectional 17 phải non-reversible compound 68 phải not 191 91 40, 88ff: abstract — 94; categorical 'must, have t o ' 160 (opposite of — 94ff; collective - 92; common - 91ff; Pham D u y K h i ê m PhanKhôi -93; proper - 90-91; t i m e - - ; 92; verb to - mass unit adjective to - 169; - to adjective 170 noun phrase 171, 172ff, 40, , 42, 61 -phân 66 Phi Tuyết H i n n 48 phía 98 119,147,148,155,156,157,191 numeral phản- 89, 90, , 101: phó-danh-tù = classifier, categorical noun phó-từ = adverb, auxiliary approximate — 104; cardinal — 101-103; phoneme 12 ordinal phonemic 25 numerator 83, 179 83,95 phi- , 122 179-184,213-221 Nửa chừng xuân 258 -261 nũa duọc) 163 phải ! (response) 168 item - 92-98; locative - 98-101; 124 "passive" 111,112 phải 169; 139ff 111, 112,168 nom 44 noun 166, 211 83ff, 107ff, 103-104 174 phonetic modification f f phonology 17 f f ô ! 168: ! 168 phrase 14 168 σ! ỏ phuong 98 168: o hay ! 168; 99, 163, 193 object 109, objective 116, 192 o ! 168 phuong-vi-từ = locative, relator noun pig-Latin 28 pitch level 13 place w o r d 99-100, 101 oi ! 168 [-pleasant] 112; [+pleasant] ông 43, 178, 182 plurality < ông 43 onomatopeia pluralizer , 46, 49 89, 90, 140-141, 177 polite particle 166,211 onset 18 polite request 243 open syllable 23 polysyllabic 13, 35 opposition 191 portion of space order position 158ff, 187,211 111-113 140 99 99: - w o r d 88, 98, 99, 163 INDEX 285 possession 162, 174, 181 possibility 178 187 187-188: - chí 188; - tâm 188 possible syllables 28 post-verb 143, 189ff coverb 109, 111, 163 pre-verbs 186-189 rang 117, 121, 164, 165, 185 Pre-Vietnamese predicate 16, 86, 108, 209 predication (See sentence) 172, 209ff, 222, predicative prefix 108, recent past recipient 233ff 120; 87, 85, 112, 119, 105, 107ff: — position 156 195 recurrence 147, 187 reduced predicate - substitute 132-133 reduplication 60-63 - preposition , 87, 98, 142 182ff 27, 36, 44, 49-57, 122: total 46-47; partial - 47ff prepositional phrase 162-163, 184, 220, 222 reduplicative adjective 122 preverb 143, 186 reforms 33-34 prohibition 108, 158-159, 187, 191, 196 register 27: lower - prohibitive 187, 191, 196 reinforcing compound pronoun = substitute relative: proper name 91 proper noun 90 Protestant - 27; upper - clause 141, 182, 183, 184; relator-noun = locative relaxed 27 Proto-Vietnamese religion pro-verb See substitute response 88 proverb 210,211 result 163, 190 provider 195 resumption Przyluski, Jean reversible compounds pseudo-compound 60ff, 63ff, 122 187 rhyme 87, 120, 140, 160, 188, 191: xá 161 roi qua classifier 178 root 119, 121 59 "round-trip" phrase Ro-ngao quan-hệ-từ = connective (prep., conj.) Russian 10 quán-từ = article ruỏi, ruõi 42 quantity question 198 103, 176, 177 174 sac (thanh) 26 31-32, 237: content — 238; rhetorical 8, choice — ; tag - Quốc-âm thi-tâp quoc-ngū 49-50 87, 152, 158 quality 174, 181 quantifier 7, 33 18, 22-23, 28-29 rhyming patterns qualitative adjective 68 Rhodes, Alexandre de 91 — 237; intonation 31; Sanskrit 240 sao! 9, Saigon dialect 33: reforms 33-34 quotati ve verb 116-117 earlier records 33; sau 10, 21 5, 79 132 167 sáp, sửa 153, 155, 186 98, 163 Schmidt, W 27 70 pronoun 182, 183,184 pseudonym 120, 121, 140, 161, 185, 188 - INDEX 286 scope se special classifier 190 87, 108, 153, 155, 186, 188, 189: Spooner, W A khơng cịn 161; — van cịn 161 88 specifier = demonstrative 89, 92, 93, 107 28 = khẽ 171 spoonerism 28 selection stative verb See adjective 196 sémantème 139 semantics status pronoun 13 stem semelfactive classifier semi-active verb 97-98 stress 110-111 semi-empty w o r d 96, 124 59 31-33 The Structure of English 85 style (name) semi-full word 85 stylistic effects 49-51 semi-substantive 105 subject semivowel sentence 23, 24 14, 84 91 16, 86-87, 209-210 subject-less sentence 210ff 209: adjunct - 224ff; submissive verb 111,112 affirmative — 233; appositive — 227-228; subordinative compound circumstantial - subordinator 225-227; completive 251-253; complex - 244ff; - — 251ff; correlative - 245; 32; determinative exclamatory - - 243; focal - imperative — 242-243; - compound substantive declarative substitute simple - 177: ~ - suffix - sứng 80 without predicate 212-213 63 Siamese siêu- 61 su 79, 97, 169 30; 5, 6, 7, 36-38, 63, 74, 78,80,81 structure 11, 12, 18; 15, 57; 190 syntactic 174, 181 88: syntactic 55 syntagm socio-economic mobility boundaries syllable- below the 28; possible syllables 28 synonym compound situational complement Smith, Kenneth 122, 123 11, 12, 17, 18, : - morpheme Sino-Vietnamese size 64 126ff 29 198 -su 40ff Sinitic culture 76ff, suot dòi syllable simple w o r d 124ff; , 60, 63-66 superlative (nhất) simile 192 134; reciprocal 137; reflexive - 137; status - expansion 230-232; -sĩ 133, personal subsyllabic morpheme vocative — 224; — concatenation 244; types 233ff; - interrogative — predicative — 123, 132, 133; - 229-230; demonstrative 131-132, 134-137; 101ff 83, 87, 88, 123ff, indefinite — 134-137; 209-210; subjectless - 42, 43, 253-255; interrogative 210-212, 213; transitional 85, 88ff, 98ff, 40, 228-229; 237; kernel ( S P ) - - 213-223; negative-233; 71-73 163, 164-165 70 syntactic relationship behavior 88; 88 149, 171 synthetic language 17 soliloquy 211 song (le) sỏ dĩ source 164 ta 124,125: chúng 164 192 spatial locative Taberd, Jean Louis Tai 98-101 tai 'at' 193 (= chúng mình) 124 33 INDEX 'because' 162, 164: tâm 164 thuợng- 178 tao 62 tích-cực T ả n Ðà 91 tăng- 287 197 tiên-danh-từ = pre-noun 63 tiên-to = prefix 124, 125: chúng - 124 tieng = (syllable-) morpheme, w o r d Taoism 5, 11 tieu-từ tình-thái tất 134,142,145 time Tay-Nung tính 187 69 telescoping verbs 196 temporal locative 98-100 tên marker 87, 108, 153, 154, 186, 165: 123, 124-131, 211 62-63 134 toàn- 92, 134 124, 130: tôi-nghiêp ! 46; 197 - ! 168 < - ây 43; - cha 43 43 topic 140, 142, 145, 174, 175, 177 totalizer thanh-mảu = initial consonant tờ 178 thảo thật 114; - thử 164 164 thay ! the tớ 125 trà phê 39 167 trắc 27 163 Trần dynasty 87, 123, 132-133 the ! 92 tói (coverb) 102, 167 161 thấy 16, 86, 180: topic-comment 16 totality 167 Trần Ngoc N i n h 83 Trần Trong K i m 83, 130, 179, 247 87, 153, 154-157, 165 trang-từ = adverb -nghĩ 197 transitive verb thiet-nghĩ 197 transliteration 63 thieu- 62 Thomas, David < 43, 93 161, 189 trisyllabic Thompson, Laurence , 65, 67, 70, , 84, tro nên = tro thành 115, 126 trộm nghï thú- tron dòi 60, 103 64 thực-từ = f u l l word thuờng 186: - 36 113 thuyet = comment -ihúc 109, 1 , 1 , 98, 163, 169 186 = - 189 197 98, 99, 163 < 43, trung- 62 114 197 99 - - register 27, tones in poetry 27 thanh(-diêu) = tone thành 114: tro - 26; 61-62 tonogenesis 43, 178: 124 tone 13, 18, 19, 25-27: - categories 27; change 42; diagram Thailand thàng chúng - 168 tonal harmony 27 khơng 165 Thai tham tồn-bộ tơi terminology 94, 100 toan 187 188, 238 term of address =particle time noun/word tình-thái-từ = particle 178 tense 186: INDEX 288 ve 'about' 162, 193 trung-to = i n f i x trc verb 98, 163 Truong Văn Chình Truong V ĩ n h K ý 83, 104 Truong V ï n h Tong -trirỏng từ 40, 42, 107, 110; 54 179 114; bodily movement 114; causative 117; choosing 109; 116, disappearance 64 action 86, 107, 113; becoming 174, 193 existence = word: — ghép = compound; — goc giving/taking từ 108ff: appearance 196; direction 113; ditransitive 113; 115; feeling 111; 115, 116; identificational Hán, — Hán-Việt = Sino-Vietnamese; — 118; insertion 116, 196-197; intransitive láy = reduplication 109,110; linking 114; motion 111,163, từ-tố tự = morpheme ' f r o m ' 193 tự- 'self' tựng 62 157, 158, 186: chua - 158; dã 110; stative 221ff; 164: — rầng 164; tuy-nhiên 167 ừ! 168 semi-transitive submissive compound 164 161, 197 compound 74; 81 -ung 54 74 65 162, 164: - rang 164; boi , tai ~ 164; 164 vi 178 -vi 64 vi-ngū = predicate uniformity 143, 144, 145, 186 unit noun 92, 93 unit of measurement upper register Ức-trai di-tập 178 27 việc 79, 97 viêm 63, 66 viên 178 -vien 64 Vietnamese: earlier records of 33; history of 5; reforms 33; — word order va 126 87, 162, 163, 172 vá 164: — 164; — lai 164 vài(ba) 104 Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dict Valiot, Pierre G vocative 56, 83 vơ- vói voi ! 108, 145ff, 161: - - c ò n 146 vân-mâu = rhyme 168 123, 132-133 vây ! 168 ve (coverb) 111 191 vocalic nucleus văn-ngon 78 7, 21 62, 122 vô vào coverb 109, 111, 163, 195 vây 74; verb-result ví 164: — bang, — dù, — nhu, — thů 165 unanalyzed f o r m ! 111; 118, 187; 185ff, 213ff, 217ff, 219, sỏ dì U! 111; 119ff; verbalizing suffix 161, 191 tuyêt-đoi 86, 107, 188; quotative verb-complement compound verb-object 117 tuyêt semi-active verb phrase - 158 Wỏng quality 116; transitive 109, 110; volition 103, 140, 143, 177 tựng 190; 19, 23 88 162, 163, 172, 191-192: volition vowel 163 168 187 18, 19ff, 22ff: - alternation 44; nucleus 18 vùa (moi) 140, 153, 156, 186, 188 Vuong Lộc 69 - INDEX 289 we, exclusive 124 xe 73 we, inclusive 124, 126 xong 152 witness w o r d 108 xuong (coverb) 109, 111, 163 writing systems word content — 168; 14, 35: empty 36, 84, 85, 168; f u l l 36, 84, 85, 168; y function — 168; simple — 40; — order yes-or-no question 32, 150, 212 77 126