The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms

Tai Lieu Chat Luong CONTRIBUTORS J ANGELI-PAPA H H HOU IKUO ARITA TATSUZIRO ITO S T CHANG S C JONG P C C H E N D S KIM S C H E N G M KOMATSU K E N N E T H W COCHRAN R H KURTZMAN, JR E L I V CRISAN C A R L E N E A R A P E R J R D E L C A I R E A N N E SANDS J DELMAS A L E X A N D E R H SMITH R L E D W A R D S K SZUDYGA G E G E R K TOKIMOTO J E Y M E Y TOMINAGA GERDA F R I T S C H E H TONOMURA G GRAMSS C C T U W A HAYES P J C V E D D E R M S HO F ZADRAZIL THE BIOLOGY AND CULTIVATION OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS EDITED B Y S.r Chang Department of Biology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N T., Hong Kong W A Hayes Department of Biological Sciences University of Aston Birmingham, England ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London 1978 COPYRIGHT © , B Y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC A L L RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART O F THIS PUBLICATION M A Y B E REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY F O R M OR B Y ANY MEANS, E L E C T R O N I C OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL S Y S T E M , W I T H O U T PERMISSION IN WRITING F R O M T H E P U B L I S H E R A C A D E M I C P R E S S , I N C I l l F i f t h Avenue, N e w Y o r k , N e w Y o r k 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by A C A D E M I C P R E S S , I N C 24/28 Oval Road, L o n d o n N W l ( L O N D O N ) L T D 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms Includes bibliographies and index Mushroom culture Mushrooms, Edible I Chang, Shu-ting, Date II Hayes, W A SB353.B47 635\8 77-6591 ISBN - - - PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES O F AMERICA List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors* contributions begin J ANGELI-PAPA ( ) , Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, LN.R.A., 33140 Pont de la Maye, France IKUO ARITA ( ) , The Tottori Mycological Institute, Japan Kinoko Re­ search Centre Foundation, Tottori, Japan S T CHANG (35, ) , Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N T., Hong Kong P C CHEN ( ) , Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan S CHENG ( ) , Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan Uni­ versity, Taipei, Taiwan KENNETH W COCHRAN ( ) , Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 E L I V CRISAN* ( ) , Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Cahfomia 95616 J R DELCAIRE ( 7 ) , Rue des Dardanelles, 75017 Paris, France J DELMAS (251, 645, 699), Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, I.N.R.A., Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux, Domaine de la Grande Ferrado, 33140 Pont de la Maye, France R L EDWARDS ( 9 ) , Landway, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent ME14 B D , England G EGER ( ) , Institut fόr Pharmazeutische, Technologie der Universitδt Marburg, D-3550 Marburg, West Germany J E Y M E ( ) , Universite de Bordeaux I, Laboratoire de Botanique, 33405 Talence, France GERDA FRITSCHE (239, ) , Proefstation voor de Champignoneultuur, * Present address: 690 Alvarado Avenue, Apartment 13, Davis, Cahfomia 95616 XV XVI List of Contributors Peelheideweg 1, Horst-America 5960-AA, Postbus 6042, The Nether­ lands G GRAMSS ( ) , 69 Jena-Winzerla, Grenzstrasse 28, German Demo­ cratic Republic W A HAYES (191, ) , School of Biological Sciences, The University of Aston, Birmingham B4 E T , England M S Ho ( 3 ) , Taiwan Provmcial Farmer's Association, Taichung, Taiwan H H Hou ( ) , Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan TATSUZIRO ITO ( ) , Mushroom Research Institute of Japan, Kiryu, Japan S C JONG ( 1 ) , Mycology Department, American Type Culture Col­ lection, Rockville, Maryland 20852 D S K I M ( ) , Department of Apphed Mycology and Mushrooms, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, OflBce of Rural Development, Suweon, Japan M KOMATSU ( 4 ) , The Tottori Mycological Institute, Japan Kinoko Research Centre Foundation, Tottori, Japan R H KURTZMAN, JR ( ) , Western Regional Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California 94710 CARLENE A RAPER (83, ) , The Biological Laboratories, Harvard Uni­ versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ANNE SANDS ( ) , Division of Environmental Studies, University of California, Davis, California 95616 ALEXANDER H SMITH ( ) , University of Michigan Herbarium, North University Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 K SZUDYGA ( 5 ) , Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland K TOKIMOTO ( 4 ) , The Tottori Mycological Institute, Japan Kinoko Research Centre Foundation, Tottori, Japan Y TOMINAGA ( ) , Genetics Institute, Hiroshima Agricultural College, Higashi Hiroshima City, 724, Japan H TONOMURA ( ) , Mori Mushroom Research Institute, Kiryu, Japan C C Tu ( ) , Department of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Agricultural Re­ search Institute, Taipei, Taiwan P J C VEDDER ( 7 ) , Director Mushroom Growers Training Centre, Westerholstraat 2, 5961 B J Horst ( L ) , Holland F ZADRAZIL ( ) , Institut fόr Bodenbiologie, FAL, Bundesallee 50, 3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany Fore wore It is an honor and a pleasure for me to write the Foreword for "The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms." Increasing interest in the cultivation of mushrooms- has been amply demonstrated by the succession of international congresses on the science and cultivation of edible mushrooms, that have attracted more and more participants Since 1950 these congresses have been organized every three years All but one were held in Western Europe; the 1962 congress was held in the United States At these congresses most attention has focused on the continuing re­ search on the growth and cultivation of Agaricus bisporus ("cultivated mushroom," "champignon de couche," "champignon de Paris"), cultiva­ tion (on beds or couches of composted horse manure) of which began in the vicinity of Paris about 1650 The early organizers of the congresses were almost exclusively involved with this species However, it was gradually discovered that Agaricus was not the only edible higher fungus being grown commercially At the International Mushroom Congress held in Amsterdam in 1965, Dr K Mori of Japan showed his film on the cultivation of several species of edible fungi in eastern Asia, which "opened the eyes" of the western world The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and of Stropharia rugosoannulata started independently in Eastern Europe shortly after this congress Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake = T caligatum) is the most popular fungus in Japan; it has challenged Japanese researchers and growers for many years A symposium was held in 1964 in Kyoto to discuss modes of cultivating this fungus However, even at present it still has to be col­ lected in the woods and has not been cultivated artificially The famous "truffle du Pιrigord" (Tuber mehnosporum) of France and other truffle species from the countries around the Mediterranean are also highly valued fungi International congresses on the cultivation xvii xviii Foreword of truffles were organized in 1968 in Italy and in 1971 in France, and successful cultivation of these mycorrhizal fungi has been initiated It was fortunate that the Ninth International Congress (1974) could be held in eastern Asia (partly in Japan and partly in the Republic of China) Field excursions enabled the participants to observe commercial cultivation of various fungi During the East Asian gathering the name of the international congresses was changed to "International Congress on the Cultivation of Edible Fungi." Mutual discussions among the participants of this 9th Congress re­ sulted in Dr S T Changes securing the cooperation of prominent re­ searchers and practical workers on mushrooms and other edible fungi to write about their special fields of interest Their contributions comprise this comprehensive volume Books in the Japanese language by Tottori and Sakari Hisamune on the cultivation of Lentinus, Flammulina, Volvariella, Pholiota, Pleurotus, Agaricus, and Ganoderma are basically manuals for cultivating, their language making them accessible to only a limited circle of readers This volume, edited by Dr Chang and Dr W A Hayes, should reach a much wider audience with a much greater variety of interests The fungi dealt with in this book, which are presently under cultivation or may be cultivated in the future, can tentatively be divided into the following groups, according to their occurrence in nature Fungi that grow on fresh or almost fresh plant residues: Lentinus, Pleurotus, Flammulina, Auricularia, Pholiota, Tremella, Agrocybe, Ganoderma, Coprinus Fungi that grow on only little composted material: Volvariella, Stropharia, Coprinus Fungi that grow on well or very well composted material: Agaricus Fungi that grow on soil and humus: Lepiota, Lepista, Morchella, Gyromitra Mycorrhizal fungi: Boletes, Cantharellus, Amanita, Tuber, Matsu­ take, Morchella, Lactarius The coverage in each chapter varies in depth; for example, more ex­ tensive research has been done on Agaricus bisporus and Lentinus edodes than on various other fungi Gradually more and more will be known about the biology of other fungi It is my sincere hope that this book will lead to new ideas and stimulate further research January, 1976 P J Bels President of Society International Commission on Mushroom Science Horst, Limburg, Holland Preface The word mushroom may mean different things in diflFerent books and countries In this book edible mushrooms refer to both epigeous and hypogeous fruiting bodies of macroscopic fungi that are already commercially cultivated or grown in half-culture processes or potentially implanted under controlled conditions Mushrooms are occasionally de­ scribed as all kinds of fungi (Thallophyta) that lack chlorophyll; but in this book we deal only with those mushrooms that are edible, i.e., usable as food and in some manner grown commercially Two motivating forces have been responsible for the compilation of this book The first is academic, which we believe is common to any attempt of this kind It is our zealous desire to combine the knowledge of the biological nature of edible mushrooms with established methods of practical application (cultivation) In so doing, the information on the subject of edible mushrooms made available by many biologists and researchers during recent years has been organized and summarized in a manner readily understandable, and hence accessible, to any scientist or layman This work is the product of the collaborative eflForts of a group of the most knowledgeable men in their respective fields, consisting of 33 fungal specialists representing scholars from 11 diflFerent countries The second motivating force, more commanding than the one just considered, stems from the fact that edible mushrooms are rich in pro­ teins, and thus constitute a valuable source of supplementary food (ac­ cording to current statistics, worldwide mushroom production annually is of the order of 700,000 to 900,000 metric tons) In fact, mushrooms have played an important role in the diet of many people for thousands of years That mushrooms can serve as food is not, itself, of major importance However, the way in which edible mushrooms can be grown greatly enhances their importance As this book shows, a great variety of cheap (some almost worthless) materials, e.g., agricultural wastes, industrial XX Preface wastes, and family wastes, can be successfully used as media for growing the various edible mushrooms It is reahzed also that these cultivation methods, which have already proved practical, may be just a beginning More efficient and far cheaper means are certainly within the realm of realization as more and more people become interested in mushroom research With this rapidly expanding human population (at the current rate of 2.1%, representing a rise of about 75 million people per year, or 200,000 daily), the possibility of using edible mushrooms to assist in alleviating the worldwide food shortage should obviously be vigorously explored This book emphasizes both the academic (biology) and the applied (cultivation) aspects of edible mushrooms The reason for this is simple In practically every science there are always these two aspects to con­ sider—it is like the two faces of a coin, inseparable and yet distinct Knowledge of one is bound to enhance that of the other The two are invariably complementary to one another, and only by combining the existing knowledge of both in the same treatise, as is done in this book, can we hope to integrate the science of edible mushrooms to the fullest extent, hopefully for the mutual benefit of the researchers, on the one hand, and the growers, on the other This book, therefore, aims to bring these two groups into closer touch with one another than ever before It is an indisputable fact that a gap still exists beween the academic fungal researchers and the commercial mushroom growers It is our hope to integrate the knowledge of researchers and the advanced techniques of the growers so that both will be mutually benefited We are convinced that researchers should know the problems faced by growers and that the growers, in turn, should understand some of the basic biological facts about the mushrooms which they cultivate In this connection, one might add a significant point Growers should bear in mind that climatic con­ ditions as well as economic situations vary from one locale to another in various parts of the world, thus creating differences in availability of materials for media, methods for producing these media, and possibly the use of manual labor/machines, etc These variables are always present in contrast to the "biology*' of any given species of mushroom, which is more or less the same all over the world This book is intended for anyone who is interested in edible mush­ rooms: the experienced mushroom specialist, seasoned commercial grow­ ers, biology students, or simply the layman Our principal hope for this book is that it will encourage and stimulate further research on all aspects of edible mushrooms, with special attention directed toward discovering new edible species and improving both the quality and yield of existing ones This should eventually lead to their Author Index Raju, N B., , , 4 , , Ramakrishnan, K., 602 Ramakrishnan, T S., 574,602 Raniasany, K.,556 Ramsbottom, J., 152,163,167, 607,624 Randle,E., 335 Randle, P E.,216,226,228,236,237, 270, 272,296 Rangaswami, G., 525, 548,556 Rao, M.N., 163,167 Rao, S.N., 206,217 Raper, C Α., 82, 98, 99, 100, 101, 110,116, 369, 486,496, 581, 583,602 Raper, J R., 36,40,42,50, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100,101, 105,107,116,243,249, 367, 368,369, 448,458, 483,486, 495,496, 502, 503, 506, 507, 516, 518,602 Raper, K B., 120,134 Raris, F., 700, 724 Raris, T., 700, 724 Rasmussen, C., 224,237 Rasmussen, C K., 206,212,217 Rast,D., 195, 204,217 Raudaskoski, M., 42,50 Rea, C., 630,643 Read, Q.H.,296 Read, R.T., 217 Read, W.G.,216 Read, W.H., 237 Rebiere, J., 652, 666, 672, 674,681 Reijnders, A F M., 498,518 Reilly,H.C., 183,184 Remy, J., 647,681, 715,724 Renard, Y., 297 Renosto, F., 150, 162,166,167 Renoux Blondeau, H.,297 Rettger,L F., 529,556 Reynold, P Ε., 400,407 Reynolds, D., 576,602 Riber Rasmussen, C., 240,249 Richard, C., 171,184 Rinaldi, Α., 700, 724 Ringler, R L.,183 Ritter, M., 234,236, 287,294 Robards, A W., 73,81 Robbims,F.M., 165 Robbins, W J., 171,184 Robbins, W.L., 171,184 Robert, J.C., 706, 723 Robinow, C.T., 37,45,50 805 Robinson, R F., 145,165 Rogers, D P., 614,624 Rogers, M Α., 404,405,407,413,421 Rokujo,T., 178,184 Roland,] F., 174,184 Roldan, Ε F., 574,601 Romagnesi, Η., 30,33, 498,518 Rosbach, Ν., 184 Rosenthal, D., 185 Ross, I.D., 402,407 Roughan,] Α., 167 Routien,] Β., 211,217 Roxon,] Ε., 525,556 Ruelius, Η W., 174,184 Rypacek, V., 427, 433, 436, 437,443 Rysavá, ]., 522, 523, 526, 535, 545,556 Sage, Η.]., 179,184 Saito, Ύ., 183,457 Saitoh, T., 177,184 Saksena, H.K., 37,50 Salem, A R., 402,407 Saltet, R.H., 145,153,167 Samarawira,!., 576,602 San Antonio, ] P., 121,134, 217,336,448, 458, 574,600,602 Sanders, Α G., 182 Sands, W.M., 574,602 Sanford, G.B 42,50 Sano, T., 187 Sansome, E., 37,50 Santoro, T., 171,184 Sappin-Trouffy, M., 102,116 Sarazin, Α., 43,44,50, 99,116, 211,215, 252,297 Sasaki, Τ., 446,456 Sasaki, Y., 185 Sasek, v., 184 Sass,] Ε.,44,51, 99,116 Sato, C., 185 Sato, N., 185 Savidge, M.,234,37 Sawada, K., 143, 149,167, 446,458, 608, 610,624, 630,634 Schánél, L., 522, 526, 530, 533, 553,555, 556 Scheffers,W Α., 248 Scheiber, Ε., 172,181 806 Schillings, R Τ., 174 J84 Schisler, L C , 151,166, 195,212,213, 217, 221,223,236,237, 271,272, 297,298,336 Schliemann, J., 498,519, 523, 530,557, 560,571,701,724 Schneidereit, Μ., 523, 524, 529, 534, 535, 536,542,557,724 Schroeder, Μ.,336 Schultz,? G.,601 Schulz, Κ Η., 499,518, 522,556 Schuster, Η., 145, 149,167 Schwandt, J.W., 517 Scurti,J.C., 407 Seeger, R., 179,185 Seelkopt,C., 145,149,167 Seki,H., 183,457 Semerdzieva, M.,184 Sengbusch, R von., 436,442, 536,555, 556 Seth, L.N., 574,602 Sevilla-Santos, P., 171,173,185 Shaffer, R L., 8,14,33, 576,662 Shandilya, Τ R., 231,236 Shanmugam, N.,602 Shannon,! E., 122,134 Sharon, N., 179,185 Shatla,M.N., 37,51 Shi,G.Y.,183 Shibata, S., 174,185 Shibukawa,N., 185 Shida,H.,496 Shiga, I.,458 Shiio, T., 420,421 Shimizu,Z., 446,449,454 Shin, Κ C., 350,352,353,362,363 Shivrina,A.N., 170, 171,185 Shoji, Α., 476,490,491,496 Shultz,P G.,134 Sigel, E M., 197,217, 240,249 Simmons, D.M., 26,33 Sinclair, J B , 37,51 Sinden, J W., 99,116, 195,197,205,207, 209,212,217, 223, 224,235,237, 240,249, 271,272,297,298, 306,336 Singer, F., 476,477,496 Singer, R., , , , , 3 , , 120,134, 143, 167, 252,298, 446,459, 462,468, 473,497,518, 523,556, 572, 574, 576, 578,602, 607,624, 666,681, 700,724 Author Index Singh, N.S., 168 Singleton, J.R., 43,51 Skinner, J.T., 145,167 Skoropad,W P., 42,50 Skrinivasan, K S.,554 Slack, C.1.,217 Smichen, G., 415,420,421 Smith, A H., 3, , , , , 2 , , , , 127,179,185, 481,496,498,518 Smitíi,A.U., 127,130,134 Smith, F Β., 237 Smith, F Ε v., 211,217 Smith,] F.,202,217, 222,37 Smith, W Η.,407 Smodachova, R., 522, 526,555 Snetsinger, R., 336, 574,601 Snider, P J., 40,51, 507,518 Soest, G L A.,334 Sojdel,E.M., 183 Somers,C.E., 37,38,51 Somers, G F., 166 Song, S F., 45,51,601 Sparrow, F K.,33 Srinivasan, K S.,168 Srivastava, H C., 168, 522,526,554 Stahl, U., 483,494 Stamberg,]., 115 Stanék, Μ., 202, 217, 298, 522, 523, 526, 535,545,556, 560,571 Stanffer, J F., 197,217, 243,250 Stanley-Evans, D Β.,316 Stárka,!., 526,556 Stearns, Τ W., 215 Steenbock, Η., 167 Stephens, R.L., 215 Stevens,] Α., 183,184 Stewart, G R., 400,402,408 Stirpe, F., 184 Stock, e.G., 183,184 Stocks, D L., 481,496 Stoller, B B., 197,201,217, 228,237, 243, 245,246,249,250,298 Stone, O Μ., 212,213,216,217,336 Storey, I F., 205,217 Su, C Η., 104,105,106,108,116 Su, υ Ύ., 574,602 Sugihara, Τ F., 143,157,166, 197,216, 217 Sugimori,T., 143,149,167, 450,459 Sugiura, W., 456 Suguira, K., 184 Author Index Sumi, M., 151,152,167,446,459 Summer, J L , 151,167 Sundukova, E.V., 184 Sussman, A S.,33 Suzuki, A.,421,495,58 Suzuki, F., 176,177,185 Suzuki, S., 185 Swoager, W C , 121,135 Szent-Györgyi, Α., 424,443 Szigeti, Α., 165 Szudyga, Κ., 560,571 Taguchi, Η.,459 Takahashi, Μ.,421 Takahashi, Ζ., 347,360,363,456,494,495, 526,555 Takashima, Κ., 178,185 Takemam, Τ., 101, 102,105,106, 107,113, 116,117, 401,408, 412,414,415, 421, 447,448,458,459, 476,479, 483,486,488,493,496, 514, 518 Takenawa, Τ., 184 Takeyama, S., 181,185,456 Talon, J L , 295 Tanaka, K., 73,80,574,600,602 Tanaka, R., 104,117, 463,473,448,459 Tensho, Α., 184 Terakawa, Η., 108,117,150,165, 501,503, 519 Teramoto, S.,458,459 Teratani, Α., 493 Terekawa, Η., 183 Theophraste, 644, 646,681 Thielke, C., 37,45,51, 61,70, 71, 76,81 Thiers,H.D., 13,191,22,34 Thiery,] P., 59, 66,74,81 Thoman, M.,407 Thomas, B., 152,167 Thomas, K.M., 574,602 Thomas, R.L., 336 Thompson, A ]., 224,237 Thut,P D., 179,185 Till, O., 269,298,556 Tindalo, v., 700, 724 Tokimoto, K., 105,117, 448,449,450,451, 452,456,459 Tokita, F., 178,185 Tokuda, S., 174,177,178,183,185 807 Tokuhisa,S., 456 Tom, L., 508,519 Tominaga, Y., 687,691, 695,697 Toole, E.R., 499,519 Toren, Α., 245,250 Torev, Α., 198,217, 437,443 Toth, Ε., 522, 536,545,555,556 Toth, L., 555 Tournefort, 646,681 Tracey,M v., 402,408 Treschow, C., 197,203, 217,221,237 Trigg, P., 179,185 Trochain, ] L , 680 Trocme,S., 288,295 Trzcinski,T., 724 Tsao, G., 554 Tschierpe, H ] , 196,204, 205, 207,210, 217, 240,250, 271, 272,298, 321, 335,336, 530,556 Tsukitane,Y., 184 Tsunoda,A., 176,184,185 Tsusué, Y Μ., 413,421, 492,496 Tu, C C., 589,602, 610,614, 617,625 Tubaki, K.,495, 633,643 Tucker, C.M., 211,217 Tucker, D.,182 Tulasne, L R., 646,681 Tung, T.C., 183 Turner, Ε Μ., 223,237 Turpin,] F., 646,681 Tyler, V.E.,]r., 25,34 Tzeng, D.S., 590,603 u Uehara, N., 182,183 Ullrich, R.C., 111,117 Uno, ¡.,402,403,405,408 Urayama, T., 200,217 Ushiyama, R., , , , 4 , 4 , Uzonyi,A L., 245,249 Vaandrager, M H., 603, 706, 724 Vafina,M.G., 184 Valley, G., 529,556 Valserres,]., 641,681 van Waveren, E.K., 7,34 808 Author Index van Zaayen, Α., 371,376 Vandendries, R., 106,107,117, 483,486, 495 Vasiljeva, A.N., 525,556 Vasilkov,? B., 524,556 Vedder, P J C , 252, 279,298, 303,334, 335,392, 532,556 Vessey,E.,522, 545,556 Véznik, Z., 555,556 Vintila,E., 427,443 Visscher,H.R., 574,603 Vittadini, C , 646,681 Vogel, E., 523, 536,555 Vogel, F.S., 172,174,177,185 Vogel, P.S M.D., 61,69,81 Volz, P Α., 526,557 von Netzer, U., 413,420,518 von Sengbusch, R., 229,237, 240,249, 296,298 Vondracek, M.,i84 Wilkins,W.H., 171,186 Willam, Α., 710, 724 Willam-Engels, L., 724 Willeke,L., 170,186 Williamson,]., 185 Willstaedt,H., 152,168 Wilson, C L., 43,51 Winter, A G., 170,186 Winton, A.C., 143,168 Winton, K.B., 143,168 Wissig, E., 518 Witkop,B., 179,181 Wlodarczyk,Z., 166 Worgan,J.T., 526,557 Wu,C.C., 616,625 Wu, L C , 39,44,46,48,50, 197,198,217, 610,614,624 Wu,H.L., 183 Wuest, P J., 234,237, 358,363 Wyatt,I.J., 234,237 w Wade, L., 572, 575,589, 590,603 Wagner, P P., 51 Wakito,S., 412,421 Waksman, S Α., 222,237,298 Walker, L Β., 18,29,34 Wang, Η Η., 201,217 Wang, S.S., 517 Ward, E W B , 37,51 Wardle, K.S., 221, 223,237 Warren, G.H., 182 Watanabe,H., 457 Watanabe,Y., 183 Watt,B.K., 143,146,157,168 Watters, E.D., 167 Weaver, R F., 174,185 Weiner, B Α., 184 Weir, Ε., 165 Weiss, F Α., 121,135 Wessels, J G H., 42,51, 61,81 Whelden,R.M., 630,643 Whitehouse, H L K., 94, 109,117, 448, 459 Wickerham,L.J., 120,135 Wiedmann, R., 179,185 Wikén,T.O., 248 Wilken, Τ., 186 Yamaguchi, M.,408 Yamamoto, I.,496 Yamamura, Y., 176,186,187 Yamauti, K., 105,115, 447,458, 463,473 Yasumoto, K., 446,459 Yasumoto,T., 185 Yau, C K.,48, 98,111,114, 574, 576, 577, 582, 583,589, 590,601,603 Yoder,J.B., 237 Yong, Y C , 574, 575, 589, 590,601, 603 Yoshida, Α., 167 Yoshida, K., 184 Yoshida, T., 450, 452,453,459 Yoshioka, P., 174,187 Yoshioka, Y., 174,187 Yvoire (Boron d'), 709,724 Zachariah,K., 69,80 Zadrazil, F., 436,443, 498,499, 511,519, 522, 523, 524,526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, Author Index 537,538, 542, 543, 544,555, 560, 571, 700, 701, 724 Zakia, B., 143, 149,157, Í68 Zattler, E., 106, i i Zattler, F., 414,421 809 Zavodi, I., 350,362 Zennyozi, A.,473 Zoberi, M H., 405,408, 574,603 Zobrist, P.,2i7 Zsinka, Α., i65 Subject Index B Abies mariesii, 684 Acacia confusa, 608, 611,618, 635 Acer palmatum, 619 Actinodaphne pedicellata, 635 Adiantun pedatum, 692 Aesculus tubinata, 490 Agaricus abruptibulbus, 123 Agaricus albidus, 194 Agaricus arvensis, 123,720 Agaricus avellaneus, 194 AgaHcus bisporus, 20,23,26, 29,36,37, 39,44,45,47,53,54,55,56,57,60, 61, 63, 65,66,67, 69, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78,95,99,100,101, 111, 121,122, 123,138,139,145,146,147,150, 152,154,160,162,163,172,174, 176,177,192,193,194,198,201, 202,203,205,207,209,213,214, 215,220,223,236,239,241, 242, 243, 248,252, 276,337,339,340, 345,346,347,360,365,366,368, 371,372,374,375,377,378,379, 380,381, 382,383,384, 386,388, 389,390,391,399,425,441,446, 461,491,499,530, 574, 582, 583, 591, 592, 597, 636, 639, 641, 658, 704, 716,729 Agaricus bitorquis, 23, 27, 28, 45, 97, 100, 101,110,123,365,366,367,368, 369,371,372,373,374,375,377, 378,379,380,383,384,385,386, 387,388,389,390,391, 724 Agaricus breitscheideri, 139,155 Agaricus campestris, 26,45, 70,138,139, 144,175,179,579,720 810 Agaricus edodes, 31 Agaricus edulis, 699, 704 Agaricus macrocarpus, 475 Agaricus mirrillii, 139 Agaricus ostreatus, 31 Agaricus perfuscus, 139 Agaricus placomyces, 175 Agaricus rodmani, 27,28 Agaricus silvicola, 123 Agaricus subfunereus, 692 Agaricus subperonatus, 123 Agaricus sylvicola, 53, 54,55, 57,58,62, 63,65,66,67,69, 72, 73, 76, 78, 720 Agaricus velutipes, 32 Agaricus volvaceus, 30 Agrocybe aegerita, 702, 720 Agrocybe aeigata, 483, 538 Air filtration, 327 Albizfia julibris sin, 491 Aleurites cordata, 635 Aleuritesfordii, 618 Alniphyllum fortunei, 636 Alnus formosana, 634 Alnus japoniea, 619 Alternaria solani, 39 Amanita caesarea, 528, 702, 710, 711, 719, 720 Amanita phalloides, 179 Amanita rubescens, 702, 719, 720 Amanita vaginata, 703, 720 Amanitin, 179 Amino Acid Score, 158, 160, 164 Amitosis, 38 Anastomosis, 40 Antamide, 179 Antibacterial effects, 171 Antibiotic activities, 171 A 811 Subject Index Antifungal effects, 172 Antiprotozoal effects, 173 Antitumor effects, 173, 446 Aphelenchoides composticola, 209 Ardisia cornudentata, 635 Ardisia sieboldii, 636 Argentophile, 59 Armillaria caligata, 174 Armillaria edodes, 446 Armillaria mellea, 38, 122,140,175, 703, 708 Ascoholus stercorarius, 69 Ascomycetes, Asexual cycle, 102, 103, 107, 109, 110 Aspergillus flavus, 131 Auricularia auricula, 95, 96, 97,102,103, 104,123,174,606, 608, 610, 611, 612,613, 614,616,642, 729, 791 Auricularia cornea, 610,612, 614, 616 Auricularia delicata, 608,610, 612,613, 614,616 Auricularia emini, 610, 616 Auricularia fuscosuccinea, 608, 610,612, 615,616 Auricularia mesenterica, 610, 612, 613, 616 Auricularia ornate, 616 Auricularia peltata, 610, 612, 615, 616 Auricularia polytricha, 39,95,97,104, 123,140,155,177,606, 608, 610, 612,613,614,616, 729, 791 Auricularia rosea, 608 Auricularia tenuis, 610, 616 Β Bacterial blotch, 287 Bag system, 310 Basidiocarp, 6, Basidiomycetes, 5, 6, 84 Basidiospore, 476, 693 formation, 95,448,481 germination, 195,481 Basidium, 21 Bed log, 455,463,637,640 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia, 635 Betula japónica, 619 Bifactorial system, 89 Biological cycle, 650, 655, 656 Biological Value (BV), 158,159 Biomass, 202 Bipdaφatterm, 89, 99 Bipolar pattern, 91 Boletus aereus, 702, 718, 721 Boletus hadius, 703, 721 Boletus edulis, 9,140,145,147,160,174, 175, 702, 710, 711, 716, 718, 721 Boletus frostii, 175 Boletus granulatus, 718 Boletus luteus, 664, 703, 718, 721 Boletus pinícola, 707,718, 721 Boletus satanás, 664 Boletus scaber, 147,160, 718 Boletus subtomentosus, 703 Boletus var regius, 721 Boletus versipellis, 46,147,160 Bombax ceiba, 618 Brachybasidiole, 21 Bradysia brunnipes, 208 Breeding, 100,110, 113, 239, 368, 373, 414,415,499,514,582 Broussonetia papyrifera, 606, 618 Brussonetia papyrifera, 635 Buffered environment, 260 Bulk pasteurization, 311 Buller phenomenon, 506 Burnt out, 671,672 Calvatia caelata, 175 Calvatia craniformis, 124 Calvatia cyathiformis, 124 Calvatia gigantea, 170,174,175 Canning, 744 Cantharelluscibarius, 124, 140,147,160, 702,718, 721 Cantharellus subalbidus, Carpinus japónica, 463 Carpinus laxiflora, 463,491 Carpinus tschonoskii, 463,491 Casing, 229,271,273,317,341,354,383 Castanea crenata, 463,491, 635 Castanea mollisima, 635 Castanopsis carlesii, 635 Castanopsis cuspidata, 463,491 Castanopsis formosana, 635 Castanopsis hystrix, 635 Castanopsis var Shieboldii, 463 Caulocystidia, 21 812 Cave, 254,255,256, 258,264 Caves culture, 252, 257 Cedrus libanotica, 684 Cell autonomy, 79 Cell component, 59 Cell wall, 59, 79 Celtisformosana, 636 Celtis sinensis, 491, 619,636 Celtis sinensis var japónica, 493 Ceratostomellafimbriata, 45 Chaetomium olivaceum, 214,282 Chamaecryparts obtusa, 416,417 Cheilocystidia, 21, 29,33 Chemical score, 158 Chlamydospore, 84, 109, 581 Chlorophyllum esculintum, 175 Chlorophyllum molybditer, 175 Chromosome, 448 Chrysocystidia, 22 Chrysosporium luteum, 214 Cilium,631,632 Citrus maxima, 636 Citrus tankan, 611 Citrus unshu, 611 Clamp connection, 18,40, 98, 447,448, 484,485, 502 Clavaria botrytis, 140 Clitocybe geotropa, 719 Clitocybe illudens, 173 Clitocybe mellea, 720 Clitocybe multiceps, 140 Clitocybe nebularis, 719 Clitopilus prunulus, 702, 720 C : Ν ratio, 200, 222, 352, 669, 674 Coenococcum graniforme, 664 Collybia albuminosa, 140,155 Collybia fusipes, 703, 720 Collybia maculata, 43 Collybia nameko, 476 Collybium velutipes, 32,39, 95,106,477, 704, 720 Compact system, 310 Competitors, 207, 208, 213 Complementation, 100 Compost, 222,316,396, 594 formulations, 226, 227, 340, 351 nitrogen content, 225, 226 nutrient, 222 nutrient, supplementation, 223, 225, 271 Subject Index pasteurization, 227, 228 preparation, 223, 265, 350 water content, 227 Composting, 228, 285, 352 Coniophora laxa, 431 Constricted nucleus, 37 Coprinus atramentarius, 45, 140, 394 Coprinus cinereus, 394, 395, 403 Coprinus comatus, 124,140, 172, 293, 702, 706,707, 719, 720 Coprinus congregatus, 404 Coprinus disseminatus, 431 Coprinus domestieus, 96,97,110, 214, 393, 394, 395, 396,398, 399,401, 403,406 Coprinus funariarum, 394 Coprinus lagopides, 394, 395 Coprinus lagopus, 40,44,394,395,401, 402,403,404,405,481 Coprinus macrorhizus, 394, 401, 402,403, 404,405,492,514 Coprinus micaceus, 124,175,431 Coprinus plagiosporus, 394 Coprinus radiatus, 37,394, 395,403 Coprinus sphaerosporus, 394, 395 Coprinus stercorarius, 294,404 Cordycepin, 179 Cordyceps militans, 129 Coriolus versicolor, 173,468 Cornus controversa, 491 Cortinellus berkeleyanus, 446 Cortinellus edodes, 446 Cortinellus shiitake, 144,172,446, 692 Corylus avellana, 655 Cotton waste compost, 594 Craterellus cornucopioides, 718 Crude protein, 144 Cryogenic freezing, 121 Cryoprotective agent, 127, 130 Cryoprotective effect, 127 Cryptocarya konishii, 635 Cryptoderma citrinum, 468 Cryptomeria japónica, 416,417,491 Cyathus stercorius, 492 Cyclobalanopsis acuta, 463 Cyclobalanopsis gilva, 635 Cyclobalanopsis glauca, 463, 635 Cyclobalanopsis longinux, 635 Cystidia, 21, 23,478 813 Subject Index D F Dactijliutn dendroides, 211, 273, 282, 357 Dedikaryotization, 102, 414, 486 3-Deoxyadenosine, 179 Developing new strains, 240 Dicttjophora indusiata, 170 Diehliomyces microspora, 214, 386 Diffused nucleus, 37 Digestibility, 144 Dikaryon, 84, 88 Dikaryotization, 486, 502 Di-mon-mating, 507 Discomycetes, Diseases, 431, 468, 510, 597, 642 Diseases control, 232, 279, 328, 357, 358, 389 Ditylenchus myceliophagus, 209, 234 Dolipore, 42, , , , Double-stranded ribonucleic acid, 176 Drosero rotundifolia, 692 Dry freezing, 747 Drying, 469, 622, 744 "Dual pattern," behavior, 47 Fagus crenata, 417, 478,479,490,491, 619 Fagus hayatae, 635 Fagus japoniea, 478 Fagus silvática, 427,438,440,442 Fairy ring, 692, 694, 696 False truffle, 386 Farm design, 235 Favolus arcularus, 492 Ficus carica, 611 Ficus retusa, 518,611 Ficus stipulosa, 618 Field mushroom, 143 Firmiana simplex, 636 Flammulina velutipes, 23,32, 95,97,106, 107,110,124,140,141,155,171, 174,177,178, 347,410,411,413, 414,416,420,464,475,476,477, 492, 538, 729, 784, 788 Flammutoxin, 174, 178 Fluff picture, 437,438 Flushing, 207, 276, 380 Fomes fomentarius, 111 Freeze drying, 120, 121 Freezing, 742 Fruit body, 4, 542, 693, 696 formation, 55, 205, 568, 706 Fruiting, 274,419,429,449,455,491 Fuligo séptica, 432,435 Fungicides, 330, 358 Fuscarium oxysporum, 39 Fusicoccum quercinum, 468 Ectosphere, 37 Edibility, 25 Elaeagnus pungenus, 619 Elaeocarpus desipiens, 635 Endochromidia, 74 Endocystidia, 22 Endocytosis, 80 Endoplasmic reticulum, 61, 73, 74, 75 Endosphere, 37 Engelhardtia roxhurghiana, 635 Enterobacter aerogenes, 235 Equivalent humidity, 658 Eritadenine, 177 Eryngium campestre, 524 Essential Amino Acid Index (EAA Index), 153,159,160,164 Eugenia cumini, 636 Eugenia javanica, 636 Euphorbia royleana, 525 Evodia lepta, 636 Evodia meliaefolia, 636 Express preparation of substrate, 229 Ganoderma applanatum, 173 Gardenia jasminodes, 618 Genetics of sexuality, 366 Gill, 16,17 Gleichenia glauca, 692 Gloecystidia, 22 Glycogen, 57, 64, 67, 76 Gymnocarpy, 74 Gymnopus velutipes, 32 Gyromitra esculenta, 719 Gyrophora esculenta, 141,155 814 Subject Index Η Hallucinogenic mushrooms, 179 Hebeloma cylitidrosporum, 715 Helianthus tuberosus, 710 Helomyza tuberivora, 664,675 Helvella esculenta, 147,160,162 Hemicompatible, 90,103, 507 Heterokaryon, 84 HeterothaUism, 88, 89,94,105,106,108, 112 Hieracium pilosella, 663 Hirneola affinis, 141 Homokaryon, 98, 374 Homokaryotic fruiting, 483 Homothalhsm, 88, 95,99,112 Humicola fuscoatra, 664 Hyaloplasm, 71 Hyaloplasmic zone, 448 Hydnum repandum, 147,160, 702, 718 Hygrophorus camarophyllus, 16 Hygrophorus pratensis, 16 Hymenium, 5, 7,16, 20 Hymenophore, 14 Hypholoma candolleanum, 141 Hypogeous mushroom, 649 Hypolipidemic activity, 177 Hypomyces auranteus, 211 Hypomyces rosellus, 211 I "Illegitimate" mating, 507 Incompatibility factor, 92,108,112,447, 503 Incompatibility type, 108, 367 Indoor fermentatiom, 266 Inoculation, 418, 638, 693 Interferon inducer, 176 Interstock matings, 516 Intrastock matings, 516 Irpexflavus, 173 Isozyme patterns, 585 Ixotrichodermium, 10, 13,33 J Juniperus communis, 663 Juniperus oxycedrus, 663 Κ Karyogamy, 86 Karyolymph, 37 Kuehneromyces mutabilis, 124,424,425, 426,427,429,431,432,434,435, 436,437,438,439,440,441,442 Kuehneromyces nameko, 476,477 Lacearía laccata, 213 Lactarius deliciosus, 141, 703, 710, 719, 720 Lactarius hatsudake, 141,155 Lactarius lactifluus, 719 Lactarius piperatus, 703 Lactarius sanguifluus, 702, 719, 720 Lactarius trivialis, II Lamprocystidium, 22 Laportea pterostigma, 618 Laserpitium latifolium, 524 Laying, 466,620,639 Lentinan, 174 Lentinus edodes, , , , , , , , 95,97,104,105, 111, 124,141,144, 147,155,156,160,162,172,174, 175,176,177,178,180,347,445, 446,447,448,449,451,452,453, 454,455,461,475,491,492, 538, 607, 620, 636, 645, 729, 775 Lentinus exilis, 141,156 Lentinus lepideus, 124,173 Lentinus shiitake, 144 Lentinus squarrosus, 141 Lentinus trigrinus, 124 Leodes cinnamomea, 664 Lepiota morgani, 175 Lepiota procera, 124,141,147,160, 708, 717,719, 720 Lepiotes procera, 702 Lepiotes rhacodes, 702, 708, 720 Lepista nuda, 124, 707 Life cycle, , , , , , 1 , 2 , 6 , 447,479,480,687,688 Lignicolous, 173 Limlia uraiana, 635 Liquidambarformosana, 635 Liquid culture, 197 Subject Index 815 Liquid nitrogen, 120, 121,126,130, 131, 132 Liquid nitrogen vapor, 121,130 Lomasome, 73, 74 Lvonic neziki, 691 Lycoperdon lilacinum, 141,156 Lycoriella auripila, 208 Lycoriella solani, 208 Lyophilization, 120 Lyophyllum georgii, 702, 720 Μ Macaranga tenarius, 618, 634 Machilus kusanoi, 635 Machilus thunbergii, 491,493,635 Machilus zuihoensis, 635 Machinery, 308 Macrocystidia, 23 Maesa teñera, 636 Magnolia obovata, 491, 611 Mallotus paniculatus, 635 Mangifera indica, 634 Marasmius oreades, 124, 702, 706, 717, 720 Mating behavior, 506 Mating reaction, 447 Mating type, 501 Mechanical harvesting, 333 Megaselia nigra, 208 Meliosma myriantha, 491 Merulius tremellosus, 468 Mesosome, 73 Metachromatin, 74 Microfibrillae, 69 Mictoplasm, 76 Miscanthus sinensis, 691, 692 Mitochondria, 69, 70 Mitosis, 38 Mitrophora semilibera, 709 Mixed culture, 201 Mollotus japonicus, 491 Monokaryon, 87, 501 Monosporous culture, 112 Monosporous isolate, 501 Morchella angusteps, 124,147,160,162 Morchella cónica, 702 Morchella costata, 702, 717 Morchella crassipes, 147,160 Morchella deliciosa, 148,160 Morchella elata, 702 Morchella esculenta, 124,141,148,160, 702, 709 Morchella hortensis, 173, 302, 709 Morchella rotunda, 124, 702 Morchella vulgaris, 709, 712, 717, 719 MortiereUa alpina, 664 Morus alba, 635 Morus australis, 618,635 Multihyphal aggregation, 54, 56 Multikaryon, 87, 100 Mushroom composition, 139, 143 amino acid, 146, 147 ash, 140,141,142,143 carbohydrate, 140-143,151 energy value, 140 143 fat, 150 fiber, 140-143,151 minerals, 152-157 moisture, 140-144 protein, 140-145 vitamins, 152-157 Mushrooms, cultivated Chinese mushroom, 18, 574 common edible mushroom, 192 cultivated white mushroom, 460 edible straw mushroom, 572 French mushroom, 729 mykoholz, 424 nameko, 474 oyster mushroom, 522 paddy straw mushroom, 96 pine mushroom, 684 shiitake, 444 strophaire, 558, 729 truffle, 648, 729 white jelly fungus, 629 white jelly mushroom, 630 winter mushroom, 410 woody ear (Mu Erb), 606 Mushroom houses, 313, 339, 349, 350, 594 Mycena haematopus, 16 My cena megaspora, 20 Mycena rorida, 11 Mycogne perniciosa, 210,211, 273, 283, 357,597 Mycorrhiza, 615, 653, 686, 694 Mycorrhizal mushrooms, 653, 710 Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 710 Μ y CO vi rus, 176 816 Subject Index Mijrica rubra, 635 Myxocollybia velutipes, 32 Pests, 207, , , 597, 642 Pests c o n t r o l , 279, 328, 342, 357, 358 Peziza aurantia, 702 Ν Naematoloma fasciculare, 431 Naematoloma sublateritium, 124 Nakaiomyces nipponicus, 632 Nematolomaferii, 560 N e o h a p l o n t , 488 N e t w e i g h t , 753 Neurospora crassa, 37, 43 N e w d r a i n e d w e i g h t , 753 N u c l e a r behavior, 35, 36, 37 N u c l e a r d i s t r i b u t i o n , 47 N u c l e a r d i v i s i o n , 37 N u c l e a r m i g r a t i o n , , , , 102, 507 Nuclear movement, 40,43 N u c l e o c y t o p l a s m i c ratio, 71 N u c l e u s , 70 N u t r i t i o n a l index, 160,162, 164 N u t r i t i o n a l value, , , , O O b l i q u o l , 174 O i d i a , 102,107,414 Ofnphalotus olearius, 173 Oospora fimicola, 282 Oudemansiella mucida, 172 O u t d o o r c o m p o s t i n g , 352, 361 Oxyporus rutus, 571 P h a l l o i d i n , 179 Phallus indusiatus, 170 Phoebe formosana, 635 Pholiota adiopsa, 124,475,476,483 Pholiota aegerita, 703,705,706, 717 Pholiota aurea, 26 Pholiota aurivella, 124,483 Pholiota aurivera, 475 Pholiota destruens, 124 Pholiota glutinosa, 476,477 Pholiota glutinosa var Squamops, 476 Pholiota gumosa, 483 Pholiota lenta, 476 Pholiota luhirica, 475,476 Pholiota mutabilis, 148, 161, 703, 708, 717, 720 Pholiota nameko, 23,46, , 1 , 102, 111, 142, 156, 174, 347, 464, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 705, 729, 786 Pholiota polychroa, 481 Pholiota squarrosa, 124 Photomorphogenesis, 404 Pieris japónica, 691 P i l e o c y s t i d i a , 21 Pileus, 11,478 Pinus densiflora, , 684, 691 Pinus glehnii, 684 Pinus pinaster, 715 Pinus pumila, 684 Pinus taiwanensis, 684 Pinus thunbergii, , 684 Piptoporus betulina, 175 Piptoporus betulinus, 173 Plasmalemmasome, 64, , 72, 73, 79, 80 Plasmodium gallinaceum, 173 Panellus serotinus, 124 Paneolus subalteatus, 175 Papulaspora bysinna, 214, 282 Plasmogamy, 84, 86, 87 Plastic bag c u l t i v a t i o n , 622 P l e u r o c y s t i d i a , , 29, 33 Paracrystalline, 69 Parasol m u s h r o o m , 702 Parenthosome, , 74, 79 Pleurotus Pleurotus Pleurotus Pleurotus Pleurotus Pleurotus Pasania brevicaudata, 635 Pasania formosana, 635 Pasteurization, 220, 224, 227, , 236, 266, , , , 586, 595 Pathogens, 207, , , 468 Peak h e a t i n g , 269, 352, 595 Peridium, sp abalone, 525, 729, 787, 788 columbinus, 498 cornucopiae, 523, 524, 525, 546 cornucopioides, 704, 729 corticatus, 107 cystidisus, 96, 107, 111, 122, 125 Pleurotus eryngii, 96, 111, 524, 527, 530, , 532, 533, 534, 535, 546, 550, 5 , 5 , 705 Subject Index Pleurotus sp.florida, 523,525,527,527, 529,530, 531,532,533,535,543, 550,551,552, 553, 729, 787 Pleurotus limpidus, 142 Pleurotms opuntiae, 142 Pleurotus ostreatus, 11, 31,36,39, 96,97, 107,110, 111, 125,142,148,156, 161,174,347,424,425,435,464, 475,476,492,498,499,500, 501, 502, 507,508,509, 511,513,514, 516,522, 523, 526, 527, 529, 530, 536,539, 542, 543, 544,546, 547, 704,729,787,788,789,790 Pleurotus passeekerianus, 125 Pleurotus pulmonarius, 496 Pleurotus sajor-caju, 125, 525 Pleurotus salignus, 498 Pleurotus salmoneo stramineus, 525 Pleurotus sapidus, 125,498,523 Pleurotus spodoleucus, 174 Pleurotus velutipes, 32 Plicaria muralis, 703 Pluteus cervinus, 19, 22 Pluteus salicinus, 19 Poisonous properties, 25 Poliomyelitis, 175 Polyacetylenes, 172 Polyporus brumalis, 483,492 Polyporus ciliatus, 483 Polyporus formentarius, 111 Polyporus frondosus, 125 Polyporus sulphureus, 125,142 Pongamia pinnata, 618 Poongaoil pongamia, 618 Populus trémula, 427 Poria corticola, 174 Poria ohliqua, 174 Poria vaporaria, 468 Poricin, 174 Postmeiotic events, 46 Poxylon coccineum, 468 Primary homothallism, 93,98 Primordium formation, 198,200,412,491, 509, 690 Processing, 742 Prunus campanulata, 636 Prunus gray ana, 491 Prunus jamasabura, 491 Prunus mahaleh, 663 Prunus pérsica, 636 Prunus taiwaniana, 636 817 Psalliota arvensis, 148,161, 702, 704, 717, 719 Psalliota campestris, 138, 702, 704 Psalliota edulis, ΎΙ^ Psalliota hortensis, 26,27,193 Psalliota pratensis, 704 Psalliota rodmanni, 378 Psalliota suhedulis, 371 Psalliota sylvicola, 702,704 Pseudocystidia, 23 Pseudomonas cepacia, 235 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 235 Pseudomonas putida, 203, 235 Pseudomonas tolaasii, 211,235,357, 359, 387 Pterospermum acerifolium, 636 Pure culture, 196, 221 Pygmephorus mesembrinae, 209 Pygmephorus sellnicki, 209 Quercus acutissima, 454,463 Quercus apennina, 670 Quercus coccifera, 655, 670 Quercus ilex, 655, 670 Quercus mongólica var Grossoserrata, 463,478 Quercus pedunculata, 655,670 Quercus pubescens, 653, 655,670 Quercus serrata, 411,454,463 Quercus sessiflora, 655, 670 Quinoid, 174 R Raising, 467, 640 Reproductive phase, 205 Rhizoctonia solani, 42 Rhododendron reticulatum, 691 Rhodopaxillus nudus, 702,707, 717, 720 Rhodopaxillus saevus, 702, 708 Rhodophyllus byssisedus, 11 Rhopalomyces elegans, 210, 211 Rhus semialata, 634 Rhus succedanea, 634 Rhus sylvestris, 634 Rhus verniciflura, 619 Rhus verniciflus, 634 818 Ridge bed, 300 Russala cyanoxantha, 703,719,720 Russaladelica, 719 Russala emética, 175 Russala vesca, 148,161,719 Russala virescens, 702,715,719,720 Sambucus racemosa, 435 Sapium discolor, 635 Sapium sebiferum, 618,635 Sasa albomasginata, 691,692 Schizophyllum commune, 40,42,61,106, 431,448,502,581 Scleroderma aurantium, 664,710 Scopulanopsis fimicola, 214,597 Secondary homothallism, 94,99 Sexual behavior, 84 Sexual mechanism, 84,94 Sexual pattern, 84,90,94,367 Sexuality, 107,108 Shelf system, 300 Shorea negrosensis, 417 Single spore culture, 447 Sistotrema confiuens, 46 Somatic recombination, 516 Sophora japónica, 606 Sorbus torminalis, 708 Sparassis ramosus, 172 Spawn, 133,316,375,564 grain, 245 maintenance, 375 manure, 245 perlite, 246 preparation, 244,464 Spawn running, 265,270,398 Spawning, 265,270,341,353,382,398, 428 Spawning rate, 595 Spent compost, 288 Sphaerocyte, Spore, 23 gennination, 447,501 wall, 24 Sporeless varieties, 514 Sporendonema purpurescens, 214 Sporocyst, 79 Stereum prupureum, 431 Sterigmata, 20 Subject Index Stipe, 9,478 Stock culture, 120,121,122 Streptomyces thermovulgaris, 535 Stroma, 248 Stropharia elegans, 28 Stropharia ferrii, 28,560 Stropharia imaina, 560 Stropharia rugoso-annulata, 28,37,45, 96, 111,425,528,538,559,560,729 Stropharia semiglobata, 111 Subhymenium, 16 Substrate, 427 Synthetic compost, 340 Tarsonemus myceliophagus, 209 Termitomyces microcarpus, 142,148,161 Tetrapolar incompatibility, 400 Tetrapolar mating system, 447 Tetrapolar pattern, 92 Thielavia tericola, 597 Thielavia thermophile, 214 Three-phase-one system, 311 Tissue culture, 373 Tomentellaferruginea, 431 Tonoplast, 76 Tracheophyte, 79 Trama, 18,19 Trametes sanguines, 468 Trametes versicolor, 431,441 Tray system, 303, 304 Tremella fuciformis, 8,95, 111, 143,156, 629,630, 631,632,634, 636,637, 642, 724, 740 Tremella globaspora, 633 Tremellarubromaculata,45, 111 Trichoderma koningi, 211 Trichoderma nudum, 707 Trichoderma polysporum, 431 Trichoderma viride, 211,214 Trichodennium, 13 Tricholoma caligatum, 684 Tricholoma equestre, 702,719 Tricholoma georgii, 718 Tricholoma irinum, 718 Tricholoma matsutake, 174,684,685, 686, 688,702,710 Tricholoma panrolum, 718 Tricholoma ponderosum, 684 819 Subject Index Tricholoma saevm nudum, 718 Truffles, 5, 6, 96, 145,648,664 Tsuga diversifolia, 691 Tsuga heterophylla, 417 Tsuga seiboldii, 691 Tuber aestivum, 6, 125, 663, 665 Tuber bituminatum, 665 Tuber brumale, 6, 149, 161,650,663,665 Tuber maculatum, 125 Tuber magnatum, 96, 660, 663, 665, 675 Tuber melanosporum, 96, 143, 649, 658, 662,663,665,667,668,650,652, 653,655,674,677,678,679,710,729 Tubermesentericum,6 Tuber montanum, Tuber uncinatum, 6, 96, 658, 660, 665, 667,675 Tunnel process, 532 u Verpa bohemica, 149, 161 Verticillium agaricicotum, 210 Verticillium malthousii, 209, 210, 235, 273,283,375 Verticillium psalliotae, 210 Vinlses,212,213,380 Volvaria bresadolae, 576 Volvariella argentina, 30 Volvariella displasia, 143, 149, 156, 161, 576 Volvariella esculenta, 125, 143, 156,576 Volvariella media, 125 Volvariella volvacea, 23,30,36,37,38,39, 40,42,43,44,45,73,96,97,98,110, 111,125,143,146,157,174,176, 178,446,481,573,576,581,582, 583,584,587,588,589,591,592, 598,636,729,782 Volvatoxins, 147, 178 w Unifactorial system, 89 v Vaccinium oldhami, 691 Vegetative growth, 203 Veil, 24 Ventilation systems, 323, 325 A B C o g" J E F G H I Wood log, 618 z Zelkova serrata, 491,636 Zona, 609