Fundamentals of ecotoxicology the science of pollution

Tai Lieu Chat Luong FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOTOXICOLOGY The Science of Pollution FOURTH EDITION FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOTOXICOLOGY The Science of Pollution FOURTH EDITION Michael C Newman CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20140320 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8232-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Peg, Ben, and Ian I pretend not to teach, but to inquire … Locke (1690) Contents List of Vignettes xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix Author xxi Guest Authors xxiii Chapter Introduction 1.1 Historic Need for Ecotoxicology 1.2 Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise 1.3 Ecotoxicology 22 1.4 Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science 23 1.4.1 Introduction 23 1.4.2 Science, Technology, and Practice 25 1.4.2.1 Scientific Goal 26 1.4.2.2 Technological Goal 28 1.4.2.3 Practical Goal 29 1.5 Summary 30 Suggested Readings 31 Chapter Major Classes of Contaminants 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Major Classes of Contaminants 34 2.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants 34 2.2.1.1 Metals and Metalloids 35 2.2.1.2 Organometallic Compounds 39 2.2.1.3 Inorganic Gases .40 2.2.1.4 Anionic Contaminants Including Nutrients 40 2.2.2 Organic Contaminants 43 2.2.2.1 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Chlorofluorocarbons 43 2.2.2.2 Organochlorine Alkenes 44 2.2.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 45 2.2.2.4 Polyhalogenated Benzenes, Phenols, and Biphenyls .46 2.2.2.5 Polychlorinated Naphthalenes 47 2.2.2.6 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans 48 2.2.2.7 Pesticides 48 2.2.2.8 Herbicides 70 2.2.2.9 Oxygen-Demanding Compounds 71 2.2.2.10 Other Important Compounds 71 2.2.2.11 Additional Emerging Organic Contaminants of Concern 79 2.2.3 Radiations 83 2.2.3.1 Expressing Radioactivity 85 2.2.3.2 Radionuclides 86 2.2.3.3 Ultraviolet Radiation 88 2.2.3.4 Infrared Radiation 89 vii viii Contents 2.2.4 Genetic Contaminants 89 2.2.5 Nanomaterials 90 2.2.6 Thermal Pollution 92 2.3 Summary 94 2.4 Background Chemistry Concepts and Definitions .94 Suggested Readings 98 Chapter Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination, and Accumulation 99 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 Uptake 101 3.2.1 Introduction 101 3.2.2 Reaction Order 104 3.3 Biotransformation and Detoxification 105 3.3.1 General 105 3.3.2 Metals and Metalloids 105 3.3.3 Organic Compounds 108 3.4 Elimination 109 3.4.1 Elimination Mechanisms 109 3.4.2 Modeling Elimination 112 3.5 Accumulation 117 3.6 Summary 126 Suggested Readings 126 Chapter Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.1.1 General 129 4.1.2 Bioavailability 130 4.2 Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability 133 4.2.1 Inorganic Contaminants 133 4.2.1.1 Bioavailability from Water 133 4.2.2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases 138 4.2.3 Organic Contaminants 146 4.2.3.1 Bioavailability from Water 146 4.2.3.2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases 149 4.3 Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation 150 4.3.1 Temperature-Influenced Processes 150 4.3.2 Allometry 151 4.3.3 Other Factors 154 4.4 Summary 155 Suggested Readings 155 Chapter Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer 157 5.1 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Oikos, 115, 413–426, 2006 Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOTOXICOLOGY The Science of Pollution FOURTH EDITION “This is the ideal A comprehensive and up-to-date book on how chemicals affect organisms and ecosystems By including 30 vignettes, the author has succeeded in bringing independent state-of-the-science perspectives from a variety of experts … It is a ‘must have’ text on the shelves of students and practitioners of ecotoxicology.” —Don Mackay, Trent University, Ontario, Canada An integrated analysis exploring current and relevant concepts, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology: The Science of Pollution, Fourth Edition extends the dialogue further from the previous editions and beyond conventional ecosystems It explores landscape, regional, and biospheric topics, communicating core concepts with subjects ranging from molecular to global issues It addresses the increasing growth and complexity of ecotoxicological problems, contains additional vignettes, and employs input from a variety of experts in the field Divided into 14 chapters, the book begins with an overall history of the field It details the essential features of the key contaminants of concern today, including their sources It examines bioaccumulation, the effects of contaminants at increasing levels of ecological organization, and the regulatory aspects of the field addressing the technical issues of risk assessment The author includes appendices illustrating important environmental laws and regulations and compiles key terms not already identified by section headings in the glossary He also provides suggested readings at the end of each chapter and presents study questions at the end of the book Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology: The Science of Pollution, Fourth Edition contains a broad overview of ecotoxicology, and provides a basic understanding of the field Designed as a textbook for use in introductory graduate or upperlevel undergraduate courses in ecotoxicology, applied ecology, environmental pollution, and environmental science, it can also be used as a general reference for practicing environmental toxicologists K18926 ISBN: 978-1-4665-8229-3 90000 781466 582293