© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Tai Lieu Chat Luong © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Kurt W Bauer, PE, RLS, AICP Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20110725 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0893-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Scope of the Book xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi Introduction Definition of Terminology Introduction .3 Definition of the Term City The City as an Economic Entity .4 Exchange Manufacturing .5 Extraction .5 Government Education and Religion Recreation and Health Quantitative Measures of Economic Functions .6 Employment Structure Industrial Structure Economic Base .7 The City as a Social Organism Population Characteristics Institutional Structure Value System Social Stratification Power Structure .9 Ecological Patterning 10 The City as a Legal Entity 10 Cities 11 Villages 11 Towns 12 Counties 12 Special Purpose Districts 12 The City as a Physical Plant 13 Some Practical Definitions 13 Places 13 Census-Designated Places 13 Incorporated Places 14 Urban Places 14 v © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Contents Urbanized Areas 14 Metropolitan Areas 14 Census Tracts 15 Concepts Represented by the Census Definitions 15 Planning 17 Core Functions 18 Classification of Planning 19 Limitations of Planning 20 City Planning 20 City Planning as a Team Effort 22 Criteria for Good City Planning 22 Need for City Planning 23 Value of City Planning 27 Further Reading 29 The Historical Context of Urban Planning in the United States 31 Introduction 31 European New Towns 31 City of London 32 Spanish Colonial New Towns 33 French Colonial New Towns 35 English Colonial New Towns 35 Contributions of Colonial Planning 40 Planning of the National Capital 40 Decline of Public Planning 42 Railway Towns 45 Textile Towns 45 Other Industrial Era New Towns 47 Renaissance of Public Planning 47 The Columbian Fair 47 The City Beautiful Movement 49 The City Efficient Movement 51 The Greenbelt Towns 52 Other New Towns 56 Conclusion 56 Further Reading 57 Compilation of Essential Data—A Brief Overview 59 Map Requirements for City Planning 61 Introduction 61 Basic Definitions and Concepts 62 Spherical Coordinate System 63 Map Projections 65 Survey Control 69 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents vii National Geodetic Survey Control System 70 U.S Public Land Survey System 71 Map Requirements for City Planning 74 Survey Control for City Planning and Engineering 76 State Plane Coordinate Computations .80 Use in Creation of Land Information Systems 83 Aerial Photography 83 Further Reading 86 Population Data and Forecasts 87 Introduction 87 Estimating Current Population Levels 88 Projecting and Forecasting Future Population Levels 89 Techniques 89 Cohort-Survival Method 90 Cohort-Change Method 93 Mathematical and Graphical Methods 93 Composite Diagram Method 95 Ratio Method 96 Holding Capacity Method 97 Employment Relationship Method 99 Symptomatic Data Method 99 Area Considerations 99 Accuracy 100 Concluding Comments on Population Projection and Forecast 101 Other Population Characteristics 104 Age Composition 104 Dependency Ratio 104 Marital Status 105 Family 105 Households 105 Components of Population Change 106 Spatial Distribution 106 Labor Force Participation Rates 106 Further Reading 107 Economic Data and Forecasts 109 Introduction 109 Economic Base 110 Structure of the Urban Economy 111 Projection and Forecast Techniques 113 Economic Base Analysis 113 Dominant-Subdominant Industry Analysis 113 Industrial Cluster Analysis 114 Mathematical Model–Input-Output Method 115 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Contents Example Application 115 Personal Income 118 Property Tax Base 118 Concluding Comments on Employment Projections and Forecasts 118 Further Reading 119 Land Use and Supporting Infrastructure Data 121 Introduction 121 Maps for Land Use Studies 122 Land Use Survey 123 Analysis and Presentation of Data 126 Example Land Use Map and Summary Table 127 Use in Forecasting Space Requirements 130 Industrial Land 130 Wholesale Land 131 Commercial Land 131 Governmental and Institutional Land 132 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities 132 Residential Land and Neighborhood Facilities 132 Utilities 133 Community Facilities 135 Further Reading 136 Natural Resource Base Inventories 137 Introduction 137 Climate 138 Air Quality 138 Physiography 139 Geology 139 Mineral Resources 140 Soils 140 Standard Soil Survey 141 Mapping 142 Soils Data Interpretations 142 Surface Water Resources 143 Quantitative Aspects 144 Qualitative Aspects 146 Groundwater Resources 148 Woodlands 149 Wetlands 150 Areas Having Scenic, Historic, Scientific, and Recreational Value 153 Environmental Corridors 154 Further Reading 156 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents ix 10 Institutional Structure for City Planning and the Comprehensive Plan 157 Introduction 157 The Plan Commission 158 The Comprehensive Plan 159 Importance 159 Scope and Content 160 Plan Report 163 Staff Organization 166 11 Objectives, Principles, and Standards 169 Introduction 169 Basic Concepts and Definitions 170 Objectives 171 Principles and Standards 172 Overriding Considerations 172 Application in Alternative Plan Evaluation 173 Further Reading 183 12 Land Use Planning 185 Introduction 185 Determinants of the Land Use Pattern 186 Economic Determinants 186 Monocentric Model 187 Sector Model 189 External Expansion Model 189 Polycentric Model 190 Concluding Comments on Conceptual Models 190 Social Determinants 191 Physical Determinants 192 The Public Interest as a Land Use Determinant 192 Steps in Land Use Plan Preparation 193 Delineate Planning Area 193 Assemble Needed Basic Data, Including 193 Delineate Existing and Potential Planning Districts 194 Estimate Future Land Requirements 194 Intuitive Judgment 194 Land Use Accounting 194 Example Application of Land Use Accounting Method 197 Application of Adopted Standards 199 Design Land Use Plan 199 Simulation and Design Models 201 Example of Land Use Plan 201 Further Reading 203 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC x Contents 13 Neighborhood Unit Concept 205 Introduction 205 Essential Features 205 Size and Density Considerations 208 Comments on the Concept 210 Example of an Actual Neighborhood Unit Development Plan 211 14 Principles of Good Land Subdivision Design 215 Introduction 215 The Context of Land Subdivision Design 216 Principles of Good Design 218 Provision for External Features of Communitywide Concern 219 Proper Relationship to the Existing and Proposed Surrounding Land Uses 219 Proper Relationship to the Natural Resource Base 219 Proper Design of Internal Features and Details 220 Street System 220 Stormwater Management 223 Lot Layout 227 Creation of an Integrated Design 229 Subdivision Design Patterns 229 Site Analysis 235 Utility Service 236 Historical Patterns of Development and Lot Yield Efficiencies 236 Common Issues of Concern 237 Private Streets 237 Half Streets 239 Stub End Streets 240 Access Control Restrictions 240 Cul-de-Sac Streets 241 Other Design Considerations 243 Further Reading 244 15 Street Patterns and Transportation Planning 245 Introduction 245 Purposes of the Street System 245 Types of Street Patterns 246 Rectangular Grid Pattern 246 Curvilinear Pattern 247 Circumferential and Radial Pattern 247 Focal Point and Radial Pattern 248 Organic Pattern 248 Functional Classification of Streets 248 Arterials 249 Collectors 251 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 479 Index District map, zoning, 325–328 Dominant-subdominant industry analysis, 113–114 E Ecological pattering, 10 Economic base, 7, 110–111 Economic base analysis, 113 Economic data, 109–120 application sample, 115–117 economic base, 110–111 employment projections, 118–119 forecast techniques, 113–115 dominant-subdominant industry analysis, 113–114 economic base analysis, 113 industrial cluster analysis, 114–115 mathematical model-inputoutput method, population forecasting, 115 personal income, 118 property tax base, 118 urban economy, structure of, 111–113 Economic determinants, land use planning, 186–191 external expansion model, 189–190 monocentric model, 187–189 polycentric model, 190 sector model, 189 Economic entity, city as, 4–6 education and religion, exchange, extraction, government, manufacturing, recreation and health, Economic functions, quantitative measures, 6–10 city as social organism, 7–8 ecological pattering, 10 economic base, employment structure, industrial structure, institutional structure, population characteristics, power structure, 9–10 social stratification, value system, 8–9 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Employment projections and forecasts, 118–119 Employment relationship method, population forecasting, 99 Employment structure, Engineering, survey control for, 76–80 English colonial new towns, 35–39 European new towns, 31–32 Exceptions, zoning, 342 External expansion model, 189–190 F Facility inventory, 260 Final plat submission, 298–302 Financial analysis, capital improvement programming, 366–367 Floodland zoning, 329–332 Focal point/radial street pattern, 248 Forecasting population, 87–108 accuracy, 100–101 area issues, 99–100 current population level estimation, 88 future population level estimation, 89–104 cohort-change method, 93 cohort-survival method, 90–92 composite diagram method, 95–96 employment relationship method, 99 graphical methods, 93–95 holding capacity method, 97–99 mathematical methods, 93–95 ratio method, 96–97 symptomatic data method, 99 labor force participation rates, 106–107 population change, 106 population characteristics, 104–105 age composition, 104 dependency ratio, 104–105 family, 105 households, 105 marital status, 105 spatial distribution, 106 Forecasts, economic, 109–120 application sample, 115–117 480 dominant-subdominant industry analysis, 113–114 economic base, 110–111 economic base analysis, 113 employment projections and forecasts, 118–119 industrial cluster analysis, 114–115 mathematical model-inputoutput method, population forecasting, 115 personal income, 118 property tax base, 118 techniques, 113–115 urban economy, structure of, 111–113 Format of official map, 356–358 French colonial new towns, 35 Functional street classification, 248–251 Functions of official map, 346–347 Future land requirements, 194–199 accounting method, land use, application of, 197–199 adopted standards, 199 intuitive judgment, 194 land use accounting, 194–197 Future population level estimation, 89–104 cohort-change method, 93 cohort-survival method, 90–92 composite diagram method, 95–96 employment relationship method, 99 graphical methods, 93–95 holding capacity method, 97–99 mathematical methods, 93–95 ratio method, 96–97 symptomatic data method, 99 Future population levels, forecasting, 89–104 G Geology, 139–140 Governmental land, space requirement forecasting, 132 Graphical methods, population forecasting, 93–95 Green belt towns, 52–55 Groundwater resources, 148–149 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Index H Half streets, 239–240 Highway system design, 268 Historical patterns of subdivision design, 236–237 History of official map, 344–345 History of urban planning, 31–58 city of London, 32–33 contributions of colonial planning, 40 decline in public planning, 42–47 other new towns, 47 railway towns, 45 textile towns, 45–47 English colonial new towns, 35–39 European new towns, 31–32 French colonial new towns, 35 planning of national capital, 40–42 renaissance of public planning, 47–56 city beautiful movement, 49–51 city efficient movement, 51–52 Columbian fair, 47–49 green belt towns, 52–55 other new towns, 56 Spanish colonial new towns, 33–35 History of zoning, 320–323 Holding capacity method, population forecasting, 97–99 Households, 105 I Incorporated places, 14 Industrial cluster analysis, 114–115 Industrial land, space requirement forecasting, 131 Industrial structure, Information for plats, local subdivision control ordinance, 302–307 dedication/fees in lieu of dedication for park/school sites, 305–306 design considerations, 303–304 floodplains, 303 off-site improvements, 304–305 oversized streets and utilities, 304 protective covenants, 307 required improvements, 304 steep slopes, 302–303 Index surveying requirements, 306 topography, 302–303 wetlands, 303 Infrastructure data, 121–136 community facilities, 134–136 land use survey, 123–133 analysis/presentation of data, 126–127 commercial land, 131–132 communications, 132 governmental and institutional land, 132 industrial land, 131 land use map, 127–130 residential land and neighborhood facilities, 133 space requirement forecasting, 130–133 summary table, 127–130 transportation, 132 utilities, 132 wholesale land, 131 maps for land use studies, 122 utilities, 133–134 Institutional land, space requirement forecasting, 132 Institutional structures, 157–168 comprehensive plan, 157–166 content, 160–162 importance, 159–160 plan report, 163–166 scope, 160–162 plan commission, 158–159 staff organization, 166–168 Integrated design, 229 Intergovernmental cooperation, official map, 353–354 J Jurisdiction classification of streets, 268–272 L Labor force participation rates, 106–107 Land access streets, 251 Land information systems, creation of, 83 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 481 Land subdivision control ordinance regulation sample, 371–436 adoption, 435 certified survey map, 399–404 construction, 421–424 definitions, 426–434 design standards, 404–406 fees, 424–426 final plat, 396–399 land division procedures, 382–390 preliminary plat, 390–396 required improvements, 416–421 Land subdivision control ordinance regulations, effective date, 435 Land use, 121–136 community facilities, 134–136 land use survey, 123–133 analysis/presentation of data, 126–127 commercial land, 131–132 communications, 132 governmental and institutional land, 132 industrial land, 131 land use map, 127–130 residential land and neighborhood facilities, 132 space requirement forecasting, 130–133 summary table, 127–130 transportation, 132 utilities, 132 wholesale land, 131 maps for land use studies, 122 utilities, 133–134 Land use map, 127–130 Land use planning, 185–204 economic determinants external expansion model, 189–190 monocentric model, 187–189 polycentric model, 190 sector model, 189 pattern of land use, 186–193 economic determinants, 186–191 physical determinants, 192 public interest as land use determinant, 192–193 social determinants, 191–192 482 preparation, 193–201 accounting method, land use, application of, 197–199 adopted standards, 199 data, 193 design, 199–201 design models, 201 existing, potential planning districts, 194 future land requirements, 194–199 intuitive judgment, 194 land use accounting, 194–197 planning area, 193 simulation, 201 sample, 201–203 Land use survey, 123–133 analysis/presentation of data, 126–127 land use map, 127–130 space requirement forecasting, 130–133 commercial land, 131–132 communications, 132 governmental and institutional land, 132 industrial land, 131 residential land and neighborhood facilities, 133 transportation, 132 utilities, 132 wholesale land, 131 summary table, 127–130 Legal entity, city as, 10–13 cities, 11 counties, 12 special purpose districts, 12–13 towns, 12 villages, 11–12 Legal issues, official map, 350–354 Legality of official map, 351 Limitations of planning, 20 List of projects, capital improvement programming, 366 Local subdivision control ordinance, 295–307 plat review/approval procedures, 296–302 final plat submission, 298–302 pre-application conference, 297 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Index preliminary plat submission, 297–298 required information for plats, 302–307 dedication/fees in lieu of dedication for park/school sites, 305–306 design, 303–304 floodplains, 303 off-site improvements, 304–305 oversized streets and utilities, 304 protective covenants, 307 required improvements, 304 steep slopes, 302–303 surveying requirements, 306 topography, 302–303 wetlands, 303 Lot layout, subdivision, 227–229 M Map, official, 343–360 administration, 352 administrative issues, 350–354 appeals, 352–353 comprehensive plan, relationship to, 347–348 definitions, 345–346 effectiveness, 348–350 engineering, 354–356 base mapping, 354–355 facility design, 355–356 format, 356–358 functions, 346–347 history of, 344–345 intergovernmental cooperation, 353–354 legal issues, 350–354 legality, 351 map format, 356–358 Map requirements, 61–86 aerial photography, 83–86 city planning, 74–76 definitions, 62–69 land information systems, creation of, 83 map projections, 65–69 national geodetic survey control system, 70–71 483 Index spherical coordinate system, 63–65 state plane coordinate computations, 80–82 survey control, 69 survey control for city planning and engineering, 76–80 U.S public land survey system, 71–72 Maps for land use studies, 122 Marginal access streets, 251 Marital status, 105 Mathematical methods, population forecasting, 93–95 Mathematical model-input-output method, population forecasting, 115 Metropolitan areas, 14–15 Mineral resources, 140 Monocentric model, 187–189 N National capital, planning of, 40–42 National geodetic survey control system, 70–71 Natural resource base, subdivision relationship to, 219–220 Natural resource base inventories, 137–156 air quality, 138–139 climate, 138 geology, 139–140 groundwater resources, 148–149 mineral resources, 140 physiography, 139 soils, 140–143 mapping, 142 soils data interpretations, 142–143 standard soil survey, 141–143 surface water resources, 143–148 qualitative aspects, 146–148 quantitative aspects, 144–146 wetlands, 150–156 woodlands, 149–150 Need for city planning, 23–26 Neighborhood facilities, space requirement forecasting, 133 Neighborhood unit, 205–214 density, 208–210 essential features, 205–208 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC example, 211–214 size, 208–210 Non-conforming uses, 340–341 O Official map, 343–360 administration, 352 administrative issues, 350–354 appeals, 352–353 comprehensive plan, relationship to, 347–348 definitions, 345–346 effectiveness, 348–350 engineering, 354–356 base mapping, 354–355 facility design, 355–356 format, 356–358 functions, 346–347 history of, 344–345 intergovernmental cooperation, 353–354 legal issues, 350–354 legality, 351 map format, 356–358 Ordinance regulations, zoning, 334–338 board of appeals, 338 Organic pattern, 248 Overzoning, 339 P Pattern of land use, 186–193 economic determinants, 186–191 external expansion model, 189–190 monocentric model, 187–189 polycentric model, 190 sector model, 189 physical determinants, 192 public interest as land use determinant, 192–193 social determinants, 191–192 Personal income, 118 Photography, aerial, 83–86 Physical determinants, land use planning, 192 Physical plant, city as, 13–17 Physiography, 139 484 Plan commission, 158–159 Planning, 17–20 See also City planning classification of planning, 19 core functions, 18–19 land use, 185–204 accounting method, land use, application of, 197–199 adopted standards, 199 data, 193 design, 199–201 design models, 201 economic determinants, 186–191 existing, potential planning districts, 194 external expansion model, 189–190 future land requirements, 194–199 intuitive judgment, 194 land use accounting, 194–197 monocentric model, 187–189 pattern of land use, 186–193 physical determinants, 192 planning area, 193 polycentric model, 190 preparation, 193–201 public interest as land use determinant, 192–193 sample, 201–203 sector model, 189 simulation, 201 social determinants, 191–192 limitations of planning, 20 Planning area, 193 Plat review/approval procedures, 296–302 final plat submission, 298–302 local subdivision control ordinance, 296–302 final plat submission, 298–302 pre-application conference, 297 preliminary plat submission, 297–298 Plats, required information for, local subdivision control ordinance, 302–307 dedication/fees in lieu of dedication for park/school sites, 305–306 design, 303–304 floodplains, 303 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Index off-site improvements, 304–305 oversized streets and utilities, 304 protective covenants, 307 required improvements, 304 steep slopes, 302–303 surveying requirements, 306 topography, 302–303 wetlands, 303 Polycentric model, 190 Population, forecasting Population change, 106 Population characteristics, 8, 104–105 age composition, 104 dependency ratio, 104–105 family, 105 households, 105 marital status, 105 Population data, 87–108 accuracy, 100–101 area considerations, 99–100 current population level estimation, 88 future population level estimation, 89–104 cohort-change method, 93 cohort-survival method, 90–92 composite diagram method, 95–96 employment relationship method, 99 graphical methods, 93–95 holding capacity method, 97–99 mathematical methods, 93–95 ratio method, 96–97 symptomatic data method, 99 labor force participation rates, 106–107 population change, 106 population characteristics, 104–105 age composition, 104 dependency ratio, 104–105 family, 105 households, 105 marital status, 105 spatial distribution, 106 Power structure, 9–10 Pre-application conference, 297 Preliminary plat submission, 297–298 Preparation of land use plan, 193–201 data, 193 485 Index design, 199–201 design models, 201 existing, potential planning districts, 194 future land requirements, 194–199 accounting method, land use, application of, 197–199 adopted standards, 199 intuitive judgment, 194 land use accounting, 194–197 planning area, 193 simulation, 201 Presentation, 368–369 Principles, 172 Private streets, 237–239 Private utilities, 314–315 Projections, map, 65–69 Property tax base, 118 Public interest, as land use determinant, 192–193 Public regulation purpose of, 289–291 reasons for, 288–289 Purposes of street system, 245–246 Q Qualitative aspects of surface water resources, 146–148 Quantitative aspects of surface water resources, 144–146 Quantitative measures of economic functions, 6–10 city as social organism, 7–8 ecological pattering, 10 economic base, employment structure, industrial structure, institutional structure, population characteristics, power structure, 9–10 social stratification, value system, 8–9 R Radial street pattern, 247 Railway towns, 45 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Ratio method, population forecasting, 96–97 Rectangular grid pattern, 246–247 Renaissance of public planning, 47–56 city beautiful movement, 49–51 city efficient movement, 51–52 Columbian fair, 47–49 green belt towns, 52–55 other new towns, 56 Required information for plats, local subdivision control ordinance, 302–307 dedication/fees in lieu of dedication for park/school sites, 305–306 design, 303–304 floodplains, 303 off-site improvements, 304–305 oversized streets and utilities, 304 protective covenants, 307 required improvements, 304 steep slopes, 302–303 surveying requirements, 306 topography, 302–303 wetlands, 303 Residential land, space requirement forecasting, 132–133 Resource protection, zoning district boundary delineation, 329–333 floodland zoning, 329–332 wetland zoning, 332–333 Revision, capital improvement programming, 369–370 S Sample land subdivision control ordinance regulations, 371–436 adoption, 435 certified survey map, 399–404 construction, 421–424 definitions, 426–434 design standards, 404–406 effective date, 435 fees, 424–426 final plat, 396–399 land division procedures, 382–390 preliminary plat, 390–396 required improvements, 416–421 Sample land use plan, 201–203 486 Sample zoning ordinance regulations, 437–476 access issues, 455–458 amendments, 468–469 board of zoning appeals, 464–467 conditional uses, 448–455 definitions, 469–475 exceptions, 458–459 general provisions, 438–442 nonconforming uses, 462–464 parking, 455–458 signs, 460–462 traffic, 455–458 zoning districts, 442–443 Sector model, 189 Simulation, 201 Site analysis, subdivision design, 235 Size of neighborhood unit, 208–210 Social determinants, land use planning, 191–192 Social stratification, Soils, 140–143 mapping, 142 soils data interpretations, 142–143 standard soil survey, 141–143 Space requirement forecasting, 130–133 commercial land, 131–132 communications, 132 governmental and institutional land, 132 industrial land, 130 residential land and neighborhood facilities, 132–133 transportation, 132 utilities, 132 wholesale land, 131 Spanish colonial new towns, 33–35 Spatial distribution, 106 Spherical coordinate system, 63–65 Spot zoning, 340 Staff organization, 166–168 Standard soil survey, 141–143 Standards, 172, 264–267 State plane coordinate computations, 80–82 Stormwater management, 223–227 Street cross-sections, 252 Street name signs, 310–311 Street patterns, 245–280 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Index arterial capacity, 252–258 arterial system planning, 258–268 arterial street design, 268 facility inventory, 260 highway system design, 268 objectives, 264–267 standards, 264–267 travel surveys, 260–264 arterials, 249–250 circumferential pattern, 247 collectors, 251 curvilinear pattern, 247 design considerations, 251 focal point/radial pattern, 248 functional street classification, 248–251 jurisdiction classification of streets, 268–272 land access streets, 251 alleys, 251 marginal access streets, 251 level of service, 252–258 mass transit planning, 272–279 functional classification, 273–275 modes, 275–278 objectives, 278 standards, 278 transit system design, 278–279 organic pattern, 248 purposes of street system, 245–246 radial pattern, 247 rectangular grid pattern, 246–247 street cross-sections, 252 types of street patterns, 246–248 Street system, 220–223 Street trees, 311 Strip zoning, 340 Stub end streets, 240 Study design, need for, 284 Subdivision control, 285–318 final plat data, 293–294 historical background, 285–287 improvement guarantees, 316–317 improvements, 308–310 street improvements, 308–310 local land subdivision regulation, 294–295 plat approvals, 292–293 plat review/approval procedures 487 Index final plat submission, 298–302 pre-application conference, 297 preliminary plat submission, 297–298 public regulation purpose of, 289–291 reasons for, 288–289 recording of plats, 294 required information for plats dedication/fees in lieu of dedication for park/school sites, 305–306 design, 303–304 floodplains, 303 off-site improvements, 304–305 oversized streets and utilities, 304 protective covenants, 307 required improvements, 304 steep slopes, 302–303 surveying requirements, 306 topography, 302–303 wetlands, 303 sample local subdivision control ordinance, 295–307 plat review/approval procedures, 296–302 required information for plats, 302–307 statutory authority, 291–292 stormwater management, 312–314 drainage considerations, 312–313 infiltration facility, 313–314 storage, 313–314 street lamps, 310–315 grading, 312 landscaping, 311 private utilities, 314–315 public utilities, 314–315 street name signs, 310–311 street trees, 311 utility location standardization, 315–316 Subdivision design, 215–244 access control restrictions, 240–241 context, 216–218 cul-de-sac streets, 241–243 design principles, 218–229 external features of communitywide concern, provision for, 219 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC half streets, 239–240 historical patterns, 236–237 integrated design, 229 internal features/details design, 220–229 lot layout, 227–229 stormwater management, 223–227 street system, 220–223 natural resource base, relationship to, 219–220 private streets, 237–239 site analysis, 235 stub end streets, 240 subdivision design patterns, 229–235 surrounding land uses, relationship to, 219 utility service, 236 Summary table, 127–130 Surface water resources, 143–148 qualitative aspects, 146–148 quantitative aspects, 144–146 Surrounding land uses, subdivision relationship to, 219 Survey, land use, 123–133 analysis/presentation of data, 126–127 land use map, 127–130 summary table, 127–130 Survey control, map requirements, 69 Symptomatic data method, population forecasting, 99 T Textile towns, 45–47 Transit planning, 272–279 functional classification, 273–275 modes, 275–278 objectives, 278 standards, 278 transit system design, 278–279 Transportation, space requirement forecasting, 132 Transportation planning, 245–280 arterial capacity, 252–258 arterial system planning, 258–268 arterial street design, 268 facility inventory, 260 highway system design, 268 488 objectives, 264–267 standards, 264–267 travel surveys, 260–264 arterials, 249–250 circumferential pattern, 247 collectors, 251 curvilinear pattern, 247 design, 251 focal point/radial pattern, 248 functional street classification, 248–251 jurisdiction classification of streets, 268–272 land access streets, 251 alleys, 251 marginal access streets, 251 level of service, 252–258 mass transit planning, 272–279 functional classification, 273–275 modes, 275–278 objectives, 278 standards, 278 transit system design, 278–279 organic pattern, 248 purposes of street system, 245–246 radial pattern, 247 rectangular grid pattern, 246–247 street cross-sections, 252 types of street patterns, 246–248 Travel surveys, 260–264 U Underzoning, 339 United States, urban planning in, historical context, 31–58 Urban economy, structure of, 111–113 Urban planning, 74–76, 281–284 See also City planning aerial photography, 83–86 capital improvement programming, 361–370 classification of planning, 19 core functions, 18–19 criteria, 22–23 decline in public planning, 42–47 economic data/forecasts, 109–120 economic entity, city as, 5–6 history of, 31–58 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Index infrastructure data, 121–136 institutional structures, 157–168 land information systems, creation of, 83 land use, 121–136 land use planning, 185–204 legal entity, city as, 10–13 limitations of planning, 20 map projections, 65–69 map requirements, 61–86 national geodetic survey control system, 70–71 natural resource base inventories, 137–156 need for, 23–26 neighborhood unit, 205–214 objectives, 169–184 official map, 343–360 physical plant, city as, 13–17 population data/forecasts, 87–108 principles, 169–184 quantitative measures of economic functions, 6–10 city as social organism, 7–8 ecological pattering, 10 economic base, institutional structure, population characteristics, power structure, 9–10 social stratification, value system, 8–9 renaissance of public planning, 47–56 spherical coordinate system, 63–65 standards, 169–184 state plane coordinate computations, 80–82 street patterns, 245–280 subdivision control, 285–318 subdivision design, 215–244 survey control, 69 survey control for city planning and engineering, 76–80 as team effort, 22 transportation planning, 245–280 U.S public land survey system, 71–72 value of, 27–29 zoning, 319–342 Urbanized areas, 14 U.S public land survey system, 71–72 Index Utilities, 133–134 space requirement forecasting, 132 Utility location standardization, 315–316 Utility service, subdivision, 236 V Value of city planning, 27–29 Value system, 8–9 Variances, 341 W Wetland zoning, 332–333 Wetlands, 150–156 Wholesale land, space requirement forecasting, 131 Woodlands, 149–150 Z Zoning, 319–342 amendment to ordinance, 338–339 benefits of, 323–324 conditional uses, 342 contract zoning, 341 district map, 325–328 exceptions, 342 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 489 history of, 320–323 non-conforming uses, 340–341 ordinance regulations, 334–338 board of appeals, 338 overzoning, 339 resource protection, zoning district boundary delineation, 329–333 floodland zoning, 329–332 wetland zoning, 332–333 spot zoning, 340 strip zoning, 340 techniques, 324–325 underzoning, 339 variances, 341 Zoning ordinance regulation sample, 437–476 access issues, 455–458 amendments, 468–469 board of zoning appeals, 464–467 conditional uses, 448–455 definitions, 469–475 exceptions, 458–459 general provisions, 438–442 nonconforming uses, 462–464 parking, 455–458 signs, 460–462 traffic, 455–458 zoning districts, 442–443 Figure 8.1 This figure illustrates an existing land use map utilizing the color code given in Table 8.1 The attendant quantified data are given in Table 8.2 © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Figure 9.4 This figure illustrates an environmental corridor delineation The corridor encompasses about 17 percent of the total seven county region but contains almost all of the best remaining woodlands, wetlands, undeveloped floodlands, and prime wildlife habitat areas within the region The corridors also consist largely of lands poorly suited to urban development The corridors are intended to be incorporated in county and municipal comprehensive plans and preserved in essentially natural open uses through public purchase, zoning, and land subdivision control (Source: SEWRPC.) © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Figure 12.4 This figure illustrates an actual land use plan map Attendant quantitative land use data are provided in Table 12.2 (Source: SEWRPC.) © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Figure 15.6 This figure illustrates a combined functional and jurisdictional arterial street and highway system plan The plan recommends required design year capacities for each arterial segment, together with the type of improvement required—resurfacing or reconstruction, and the recommended jurisdiction (Source: SEWRPC.) © 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC