Francis Fukuyan1a THE: ENI) OF HISTORY ANL) l�HE I�AST MAN Tai Lieu Chat Luong $24.95 As the tumultuous twentieth century shudders toward its close - with the collapse of commu nism leading to a transformation of world politics - Francis Fukuyama asks us to return with him to a question that has been asked by the great philosophers of centuries past: is there a direction to the history of mankind? And if it is directional, to what end is it moving? And where are we now in relation to that "end of history"? In this exciting and profound inquiry, which goes far beyond the issues raised in his world famous essay "The End of History?" in the summer 1989 National Interest, Fukuyama presents evidence to suggest that there are two powerful forces at work in human history He calls one "the logic of modem science" and the other "the struggle for recognition:' The first drives men to fulfill an ever-expanding horizon of desires through a rational economic process; the second, "the struggle for recognition:' is, in Fukuyama 's (and Hegel's) view, nothing less than the very "motor of history'.' It is Fukuyama's brilliantly argued theme that , over time , the economic logic of modem science together with the "struggle for recogni tion" lead to the eventual collapse of tyrannies, as we have witnessed on both the left and right These forces drive even culturally disparate societies toward establishing capitalist liberal democracies as the end state of the historical process The great question then becomes: can liberty and equality, both political and eco nomic - the state of affairs at the presumed "end of history" - produce a stable society in which man may be said to be , at last , com pletely satisfied? Or will the spiritual condition of this "last man" in history, deprived of outlets for his striving for mastery, inevitably lead him to plunge himself and the world back into the chaos and bloodshed of history? (Continued on backjlap) (Continuedfrom frontflap) Fukuyama's contemporary consideration of this ultimate question is both a fascinating education in the philosophy of history and a thought provoking inquiry into the deepest issues of human society and destiny FRANCIS FUKUYAMA is a former deputy director of the U.S State Department's Policy Planning Staff He is currently a resident consultant at the RAND Corporation in Wash ington, DC 1�1 THE FREE PRESS A Division of Macmillan, Inc NEW YORK © 1992 Macmillan, Inc (New York) jacket design© REM Studio, Inc author photo © Dan Bonis/Outline Praise for Francis Fukuyama's The End Of History and the Last Man "Bold, lucid, scandalously brilliant Until now the triumph of the West was merely a fact Fukuyama has given it a deep and highly original meaning:• -Charles Krauthammer "With one now-famous essay, Frank Fukuyama did what had hitherto seemed almost impossible: he made Washington think His subject was, and in this far more sweeping book is, the place of America, and the American idea, in the stream of history His conclusion is at once exhilarating and sobering We have won the struggle for the heart of humanity However, that will not necessarily be good for humanity's soul Fukuyama is in, and is worthy of, a grand tradition He takes up where de Tocqueville left off, wondering whether liberal democratic culture raises humanity only from its barbarism to banality, and whether banality breeds instability, atavism and other old sorrows of historY:' -George F Will "Fukuyama provides a fascinating historical and philosophical setting for the twenty-first century His discussion of the idea of thymos may prove to be even more important than his theory of the end of history:' -Tom Wolfe "A bold and brilliant work Very, very impressive:' -Irving Kristol "Fukuyama tells us where we were, where we are, and most important, speculates about where we will likely be-with clarity and an astonishing sweep of reflection and imag ination His command of political philosophy and political facts takes us beyond the daily newspapers to a grasp of the meaning of our situation:' -Allan Bloom "For me, [Fukuyama's thought] is an attempt to arm Western political thought with new fundamental theoretical arguments to reinforce its practical actions Moreover, it is not an unsuccessful attempt " -Eduard Shevardnadze ISBN 0-02-910975-2 90000> 780029 09755 THE END OF HISTORY AND THE LAST MAN THE END OF HISTORY AND THE LAST MAN Francis Fukuyama A THE FREE PRESS Division of Macmillan, Inc NEW YORK Maxwell Macmillan Canada TORONTO Maxwell Macmillan International NEW YORK OXFORD SINGAPORE SIDNEY Copyright © 1992 by Francis Fukuyama All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher The Free Press A Division of Macmillan, Inc 866 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y 10022 Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Inc 1200 Eglinton Avenue East Suite 200 Don Mills, Ontario M3C 3N1 Macmillan, Inc is part of the Maxwell Communication Group of Companies Printed in the United States of America printing number 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fukuyama, Francis The end of history and the last man I Francis Fukuyama p em Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-02-910975-2 I History-Philosophy D16.8.F85 901 dc20 World politics-1945- I Title 1992 91-29677 CIP To Julia and David 404 Ba'ath parties, 6, 236 Bacon, Francis, 56, 57, 72, 35 Baigan, Ishida, 22 Balance of power, 24 7-250 Baltic states, 27-28, 5, 273 Bangladesh, 27 Basques, 269 Battle of J ena, significance of, 64, 67 Beast with red cheeks, 62, 70-1 80, 88 "Bee and the Communist Ideal, The" ( Nuikin) , 23 Belief, 309-3 Bell, Daniel, Bellah, Robert, 227 , 229 Belorussia, 35 Beria, Lavrenty, 32, 40 Berlin Wall, 27, 78, 263, 280 Biology, Bipolarity, 248, 255, 262 Black market (Soviet), 32 Black underclass, 293-294 Bogomolov, Oleg, 29 Bolshevik party, 43 Bolshevik Revolution, 24, 25, 66, 304-305 Bombing, Bonfire of the Vanities, The (Wolfe), 329 Botswana, 35 Bourgeois, 45 , 60, 80, 85, 88, 89, 4, 323, 329 Brazil, 14, 20, 42, 04- 05, 1 2, 23 Brezhnev, Leonid, 8, 0, 32, 76 Brezhneva, Galina, Bryce, Lord, 42 Buddhism, 6-2 , 227 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 69 Bulgaria, 27, 36, 1 Bureaucracy, 65, 89 as characteristic of modern societies, 77-78 INDEX Burma, 14, 85 Bush, George, 8, 328 Bushido ethic, 227 Caetano, Marcello, 3, 18 Calvinism, 226, 227, 229 Cambodia, 79, 27, 275, 293 Canada, 264 Capitalism, 44, 90-9 , 98, 99, 02, 03, 06, 08, 1 4, 20, 204, 226-230, 290, 292, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (Schumpeter), 23 Capital punishment, 26 Carthage, 248 Caste system, 228 Catholicism, 9, 22 Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 1 Centrally planned economic systems, 90, , 93-96, 98, 07 Ceylon, 23 Chad, 275 Chamorro, Violetta, 14 Charismatic authority, 1 Charter 77, 66 Charter of the United Nations, 282 Checks and balances, 88 Chemical and biological weapons, 278 Chemistry, Chernenko, Konstantin, Chernobyl, 1 Chiang Ching-kuo, Chile, 4, , 42, 04, 1 2, 23 Chinese Revolution, 1 , 66, 27 Christian Democracy, 284 Christianity, 56 grounds for human equality, 96- 97, 30 Hegel and, 6, 30 as slave ideology, 62, 961 98, 205, 26 , 30 INDEX Churbanov, Yury, 32 Churchill, Winston, CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 8, 28 Citizenship, 202, 3�2 Civil rights, 42-43, 203-204, 237 Civil society, 33, 9, 22 , 222 Civil war American, , 75-1 76, 26 , 330 English, 27 Spanish, 79 Class conflict, 65, 1 8-1 Classical liberal trade theory, 00 CNN (Cable News Network) , Cold War, 7, 0, 46, 27, 233, 246, 248, 252, 262, 264, 272, 282, 283 Collectivization , 30 Collor de Mello, Fernando, 42 Colombia, Colonialism, 9 , 258, 267, 338 Communications technology, Communism, 7, 45 ; see also Authoritarianism; Communist parties; Totalitarianism belief in permanence of, 8, 10 Havel on, 66-1 69 legitimacy of, 0- 1 as slave ideology, 205 Soviet-style, 9-1 worldwide collapse of, , 2, 25-38, 77-1 79, 264, 280, 293, 296 Communist Manifesto ( Marx and Engels), 65 Communist parties Chinese, 34 Filipino, 1 Portuguese, 8, 47 South African, 405 Soviet, 26, 27 Spanish, 19 Community, 242, 304, 322-327 Compassion, rise of, 26 Comte, Auguste, 68 Condorcet, Marquis de, 57, 62 Conflict resolution, 1 7-1 Confucianism, 7, 325 Congress of Vienna, 267, 33 Conservatives, in Soviet Union, 40-4 Constitution of the United States, 25, 53 , 84, 87 , 200, 204, 296 Consumer electronics indus try, 84 Consumerism, 4, 63, 83-85, 26, 69, 230, 242 Contradictions, , 64, 65 , 36, 37, 39 Cortes, Hernando, 259 Cosmopolitanism, 26 Costa Rica, 23, 7-2 "Cotton mafia," 32 Craft guilds, 232 Crimean War, 75 Critique of Pure Reason ( Kant), 151 Croatia, 272, 273 Cuba, 0, 14, 25, Cultural relativism, 340 Cultural Revolution, 79, 95 , 96 Culture preconditions for democracy, 5, 9-222 relationship to thymos, work attitudes and, 224-225, 230-234 Cunhal, A lvaro, Custine, Marquis de, 25 Cyprus, 20 Czechoslovakia democratic transition in, 36, 12 - 406 Czechoslovakia (cont ) fall of communist govern ment, 27, 77-1 78 nationalism in, 273 Darwin, Charles, 299 Debray, Regis, 320 Declaration of Independence, 34, 53 , 58, 86, 96, 200, 204, 296 Decline of the West (Spengler), 68 Defensive modernization, 74-76 de Gaulle, Charles, 332 de Klerk, F W , 5, , I l l Democracy, 34- ; see also Liberal democracy; Liberal Ism definition of, 43 Plato and Aristotle on, 55-56 preconditions for, , 9222 self-government, Weber on, 220 Democracy in America (Toc queville ), 26 Democratic politics, 7-3 Deng Xiaoping, 3 , 34, , 96, 98, 34, 79 Dependencia ("dependency") the ory, 99- 03 , 08 Descartes, Rene, 56, 72, 35 Desire, 63, 76, , 46- 47 , 63-1 65, 72 , 77, 821 86, 89, 204, 206, 207, 225, 289, 337, 338 De Soto, Hernando, 42, 05 Despotism, 55, Detente, 25 Deterrence, 87 Deutscher, Isaac, 90 Dictatorship, 4, , 5- 6, 39, 40, 1 3-1 5, 1 9, 20, 127 Didion, Joan, INDEX Dignity, 67 , 68, 73, 74, 76, 80, 96-1 98, 20 , 204206, 4, 237, 295-298 Division of labor: see Organization of labor Djilas, Milovan, 293 Doyle, Michael, 263 Dresden, Durkheim, Emile, 68, East Asia, ; see also specific countries economic development of, , 45, 00-1 03 , 07, 23, 223, 238 East Germany, 25 democratic transition in, 27, 34, 36, 1 2, 78-1 79, 302 standard of living in, 33 Eastern Europe, 0, ; see also specific countries collapse of communism in, 26, 27, 34-36, 77, 264, 280 economic development in, , 44, 96, 1 nationalism in, 268, 270, 272275 standards of legitimacy and, 258 Economic development, 76-79, 84, 85, 09 Chinese, 33, 36, , 96, 02, 277 dependency theory and, 99101 East Asian, , 45, 00-1 03 , 07, 34, 2 , 238 Eastern European, , 44, 96, 12 government policies and, 223-224 Hinduism and, 228-229 Latin American, 1-42, 44, 03- 06, 223 INDEX liberal democracy and, 091 7, 22- 25 , 205-206 pricing, 93-94 Protestantism and, 226-227 Soviet, 28-29, , 75-76, 90 Spanish, 1 Economic liberalism, 44-45, 90, 03, 05, 07, 08, 229, 23 , 233, 234 Economic planning, 02-1 03 Education, 89, 1 0, 1 , 205 effect on political attitudes, 1 6-1 and last man, 306-307 liberal democracy and, 1 6, 22 Egypt, 74, 236, 260 Ellison, Ralph, 76 El Salvador, 79 Encyclopaedia Britannica, End of history, 56, 58, 64-67, 36-1 39, 44, 207, 288, 289, 0-3 1 , 320 Engels, Friedrich, , English Civil War, 27 Enlightenment, 57 Entrepreneurship, 5-3 Environmental catastrophe, Environmentalism, 83, 84, 86, 1 4-1 , 298 Equality, 42, , 56, 64, 66, 95-1 97, 99, 205-206, 3, 7, 9, 222, 289295, 298-299, 30 1-304, 323, 333 Erotic love, 76 Estonia, 37, 273 Ethiopia, 24, 35 , 27 Ethnic conflict, 1 8-1 Ethnocentrism, , 69, 96 European Community, 67, 1 0, 203, 264, 270, 283, 1 European Monetary Union, 283 Evil, 5, 6, 28-1 30, 407 Extended family, breakdown of, 89 Fackenheim, Emile, Falangist party, 23 Falklands/Malvinas War, 14, 20 Fame, love of, 62 Family, 89, 324 Fascism, 7, 6- , 45 , 28, 29, 236, 25 , 270, 333 Federalist papers ( Hamilton, Madison, and Jay), 861 87, 203 Feminism, 62, 37-1 38, Ferguson, Adam, 85 Feudalism, Figueiredo, J oao, 20 Finland, 37 First man, 39, 46-1 49, 521 , 288 Fisher, H A L., Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de, 57, 62, 64, 72 Foreign policy, 8, 245-252, France, 275 centralizing tradition in, 8219 democratic transition in, 2 evenements of 968, 330 nationalism in, 27 , 272 Franco, Francisco, 13, 8- Francoism, Franco-Prussian War, 29 Franklin, Benjamin, 326 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 33 Freedom, , 58, 60, 64, 65, 32 Christianity and, 96-1 98 Hegel on, 48- 52 work as kind of, 94, 95 French Canadians, , 273 French Revolution, 4, 9, 25, 42, 64, 66, 67 , 34, 37, ' 99' 408 INDEX Freud, Sigmund, 299 Fundamentalist Islam, 46, 83, 7, 235-237, 243 Fussell, Paul, Galileo, 56 Gambia, 35 Gandhi, Mahatma, 22 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) , 283 Gellner, Ernest, 268, 269 Genocide, 4, 6, 28 Germany, 6, 23 , 29, 280, 336 appeal of fascism in, 6- nationalism in, , 267, 27 , 272 National Socialism in, 6, 7, 6, 48, 28, 29, 220, 333 unification of, 258, 337 World War I and, , 33 1-332, 335 Glasnost', 30, Global cataclysm, 83, 86-87, 27 Global communications, Global culture, 26 Global division of labor, , 92 Global warming, 87 Glory, as form of recognition, 62, 83, 84 Gneisenau, August, 75 God's Presence in History (Facken heim ), Goebbels, Joseph, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 26, 29, 40, 47 coup against ( 99 ), 28 glasnost' and perestroika and , , 75 "new thinking" and, 263 Great Britain, 44, 256-258 Great Illusion, The ( Angell) , Great Leap Forward, 79, 95 Great Terror, 30 Greece, 3, 9-20, 55, 1 0, 256 Green movement, 86, 307 Group of Seven, 283 Group recognition, in Asia, 23 -232, 238-242 , 325 Guomindang party, Guyana, Hamilton, Alexander, 53, 62, 86, 87, 203 Handicapped, 294-295 Hapsburg Empir�, 267, 269 Havel, Vaclav, 33, 66-1 69, , 76, 77, , 82, 196, 258 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 39, 59-69, 75, 83, , 35, 43-1 56, 591 , 65, 76, 82, 85, , 94-200, 203, 204, 208, 6, 223, 224, 288, 296, 300-302, 1 , 322 , 329-330, 337 Heidegger, Martin, 333 Heller, Mikhail, 24 Hinduism, economic development and, 228-229 Hippie movement, 83 Hiroshima, 6, 87 Historicism, 62-64, 83, History directionality of, 1-8 , 89, 26, 27 theories of, 4, 55-57, 68-70 History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides ), 245 Hitler, Adolf, 6, 5- 7, 23, 27, 90, 249 Hobbes, Thomas, 45-1 50, 53-1 62, 64, 85 , 86, 88, 89, 93, 97-200, 14, 255, 288 Holocaust, 6, 7, 28-1 30 Homophobia, 296 INDEX Honecker, Erich, 94, 3, 78- 79 Hong Kong, 07, 278 economic development of, 1 , 02 Human nature, , 63-64, 8, 145-1 52 Human needs, 83, 2- 3 Hume, David, 85 Humiliation, 68 Hungary, 26, 93, 273 democratic transition in, 26, 36, 1 Huntington, Samuel, 1 , Hussein, Saddam, 6, 90 Hu Yaobang, 34, 79 Hyksos dynasty, 260 Ibanez, Carlos, 06 Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View, An ( Kant), 57-59, 28 Ideology, 45-46, 62, 95-1 98, 205 Immigration, 277-2 78 Imperialism, 82 , 83, 245 , 255, 256, 259, 260, 262, 265267, 279 Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin), 99 Import substitution, 00, 1 , 04, 220 Impressment, 26 India, 44, 23 , 22 , 228-2 29 Indignation, 65 , 72 , 76 Individual freedom, 42 Individualism, 240, 295 Industrialization, 76, 84 , 89-9 , 96, 268-270; see also Eco nomic development Industrial policies, 24- 25 Industrial Revolution, 6, 34 Inequality, 289-295 Infant mortality rate, 1 409 Interest groups, 1 , 72 International relations, 245264, 279-283 International trade, 92, 99- 00 Introduction to the Reading of He gel ( Kojeve) , 92 , 287 Iran, 7, 44, 76, 1 , , 27 , 37 Iranian revolution ( 978-79 ), 236 6, 46, 76, 1 , 27 , , Iraq, 249, 262, 264, 277, 282 Ishihara, Shintaro, 243 Islam, 45-46, 260 Islamic fundamentalism, 46, 83, , 235-2 , 243 Isothymia, 82 , 87 , 90, 292 , 294, 295 , 4, 332, 334, 337 Israel, 236, 264 Italy, 15 Japan, , 1 , 07 , 86, 9- 320, 336 American occupation of, 20 democratization of, 1 group identity in, 1-2 , 238-24 invasion of Manchuria, 249 Meiji, 74-75, 1 , 23 , 236 nationalism in, 23 trade disputes with, 233 work ethic in , 227-2 28, 230 Jay, John, 86 Jefferson, Thomas, 53 , 59, 326 Jews, Jodo Shinshu, 2 , 229 Jones, R V., 225 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 47 Judaism, Junkers, 1 9, 410 INDEX Kant, Immanuel, 7-60, 70, 76, 26, 35 , 38 , 44, , 60, 63 , 252, 262, 28 1283, 296, 297, 302 Kapital, Das ( Marx), 68, 1- 32 Karamanlis, Constantine, Katyn murders, 78 Kazakhstan, 269 Kennan, George, 246, 256 Kes e y, Ken, 24 Khmer Rouge, 79, 27, 293 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 7, 83 Khrushchev, Nikita, 26, 28, 32, 40 King, Martin Luther, 96-1 97 , 237 Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 8-9 Kissinger, Henry, 8, 68, 246, 249-252, 256, 280 Kojeve, Alexandre, 65-67, 39, 43 , 44, 47 ' 50 , 92 , 93 , 203, 206-207, 287289, 29 , 0-3 2, 9320, 29, 339 Kommunist, 263 Korean War, 263 Krenz, Egon, 78 Kulaks, Kurds, 273 Kuwait, 262, 277, 282 Langer, William, 267 Last man, 300, 30 , 305-308, 2, 336 Late development, 00, 07 Latin America, 0, 6; see also specific countries democratic transitions in, 31 4, 9-2 , 1 , , 2, 220, 277 dependencia theory in, 99 economic development in, 142, 44, 03-1 06, 223 social structure in, League of Nations, 249, 25 , 28 , 282 Lebanon , 236 Lee Kuan Yew, 34, 24 , 243 Legitimacy concepts of, 257-259, 279 crisis of, 5-1 definition of, 5- Leisure, 225 Lenin, V 1., 30, 43, , 99, 304, 305 Leninism, 8, , 30, 33, 40, 93, 98, 99, Le Pen, 272 Leviathan ( Hobbes) , 49, 53 , 57 Lewis, C S., 88 Liberal democracy, , 7, 8, 1 , 7; see also Democracy; Lib eralism ; Recognition, desire for alternatives to, 235-244 challenges to, 287-299 civil society, 9, 22 , 222 conflict resolution and, 1 71 19 economic development and, 09-1 7, 22-1 25 , 205-206 education and, 1 6, 2 equality and, 289-293 ethnic and national groups and, 1 9-1 growth of, 7-48, 50-5 lack of confidence in, legitimacy of, nationalism and, 5-2 preexisting tradition of, 9, 22 religion and, 6-2 theoretical origins of, 53161 transition to, 3- 4, 8-2 , 26, 27, 34, 36, 45-48, 47, , 1 2, , 24, 78-1 79, INDEX 1 , 2 , 9-222, 243, 277, 302 war and, 262, 264 worldwide, 49-50 Liberal Democratic party (Japan) , 240 Liberal internationalism, 25 , 28 Liberalism ; see also Democracy; Liberal democracy democracy and, 42-44 economic, 44-45, 90, 03 , 05 , 07, 08, 229, 23 , 233, 234 Islam as challenge to, 45-46 original source of, 144- 45 political, 42-43, 45, 90, 09, 233, 260 universal and homogeneous state and , 20 1-202, 204, 206 Liberal revolution, 48 Liberty, 42, , 64, 66, 95 , 99, 205, , 9, 292, 293, 295 Libya, 27 5, 283 Lifetime employment, 23 1-232 Lincoln, Abraham, , 751 76, 326 Li Peng, 34, 40 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 09 Lithuania, 37, , 273, Locke, John, 84, 45- 47, 50, 53 , 58- , 2, 85 , 86, 88, 89, 92, 941 96, 99, 200, 203, 204, 4, 288 Lopez Rodo, Laureano, 1 Lordship and bondage, 14 , 55 , 92-1 98, 200-20 , 205, 207, 14, 245, 300 Louis XIII, King of France, 74 Lycurgus, 41 Machiavelli, Niccol6, 57, 88, 62 , 84-1 86, 90, 246, 248 Mackenzie, Robert, Madison, James, 53, 62 , 86, 87, 95 , 96, 203, 290 Mafia, 79, 80 "Mafias" (Soviet), 32-33 Mahmud I I , 74 Malan, D F., 1 Malaysia, 1 Malenkov, Georgy, 40 Manchuria, 249 Mandela, Nelson, Mao Ze dong, 33, 34, 79, 95, 96, 79 Marcos, Ferdinand, 1 Market-oriented authoritarian ism, 23 , 24 Marx, Karl, , 64-69, 78, 79, , , 99, 1- 33 , 35 , 36, 47, 48, 223, 29 , 300-30 Marxism, 65 , 44, 204, 205 , 230 Marxism-Leninism, 10, 30, 33, 40, 93, 98, 99, Master and slave relationship, 147, 52 , 55-1 56, 591 60 , 82 , 92-1 98, 20020 , 205, 207 , 4, 7, 245 , 259, 26 , 300, 308309 Matriarchal societies, Mauritius, 35 Megalothymia, 82-1 85 , 187, 89, 90, 20 , 207 , 14, 259, 263, 266, 295 , 30 , 304, 4-3 , 320-32 , 328, 329, 332-338 Meiji Japan, 74-75, 1 , 23 , 236 Meissner, Reinhold, 330 Menem, Carlos, 42, 06 Mennonites, 85 412 INDEX Mercantilism, 03-1 05 , 08 Metternich, Prince, 249, 25 Mexico, 42, 44, 06, 1 Middle-class societies, 1 5-1 6, 29 , 293 Migranian, Andranik, 20- Military government, , 9-20, 39 Military service, 325 Miller, George, 82 Milosevic, Slobodan, Mr Smith Goes to Washington ( movie) , 240 Modernization theory, 68-69, 33 , 204 Modern natural science, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80-83, 86, 88-9 , 08, 09, 26, 27, 35, 44, , 204, 297 Modrow, Hans, 78 Mohammed Ali, 74 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 32 Monarchism, 45 Monarchy, 74, 200, 8-2 9, 279 Hobbes on, 54, 57-1 58 Montesquieu, Baron de La Brede et de, 85 Morales Bermudez, Francisco, 20 Moralism in foreign policy, 24 9250, 280 Morality, 305-306 Moravians, 273 Morgenthau , H ans, 246, 24 7, 249-25 , 256 Morozov, Pavel, 24 Mountain climbing, Movimento das Forcas Armadas ( MFA) , Mozambique, Mueller, John, 264 Multinational corporations, 991 02 Multipolar system, 248, 255 Myrdal, Gunnar, 229 Naipaul, V S., 228-229 Namibia, 35 Napoleon I, Emperor, 4, 74, 75, 249 Napoleonic Code, 75 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 236 National character, 224 Nationalism, , 207, 266-275 Czechoslovakian, 273 Eastern European, 268, 270, 272-275 evolution of, 27 1-272 as form of recognition, 20 , 4, 266, 270 French, 27 , 272 German, 5, 267, 27 , 272 industrialization and, 268-270 Japanese, 23 liberal democracy and, 5216 origins of, 268-270 pan-Arab, 236, 274 Polish, , 273 Russian, 36, 37, 268-270, 272, 275 secular, 236 Third World, 274-275 National Socialism, 6, 7, 6, 48, 28, 29, 220, 333 NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 252, 263, 264, 283 Nature concept of, 38 human, , 63-64, 38, 451 52 Needs, human, 83, 32- 33 Neo-colonialism, 99 Newton, Sir Isaac, 72, 149 New Zealand, I l l Nicaragua, 0, 4, INDEX Nicias, Niebuhr, Reinhold, 246, 249, 250, 256 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 55, 09, 62, , 88-1 90, 96, 207, 1 , 3, 14, 297, 300-30 , 304-3 6, 332-335 North Korea, economic development of, 02 Nuclear weapons, 6, 82 , 87, 28, 252, 262, 278, 336 Nuikin, Andrey, 23 OECD (Organization for Eco nomic Cooperation and De velopment), 283 Oil, 47, 1 2, 236, 262, 277 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Kesey), 24 OPEC oil embargo, 47 Optimism of nineteenth cen tury, 4, 70 Opus Dei movement, Organization o f labor, 76-79, 08 Orthodox Judaism, Ossetians, 273 Other Path, The (De Soto), 05 Ottoman Empire, 4, 236, 267, 269 Pakistan, 23, 275 Pan-Arab nationalism, 236, 274 Paraguay, Parsons, Talcott, 1 3, 1 Pascal, Blaise, 56, 309, Patriarchal societies, Peloponnesian War, 248 People's Republic of China, 0, 40 collapse of totalitarianism in, 33-34, 38, 77' 79 Cultural Revolution in, 79, 95, 96 413 de-collectivization of agricul ture in, 26 economic development in, 33, 36, , 96, 02, 277 Great Leap Forward in, 79, 95 student pro-democracy dem onstrations in, 26, 34, 36, 79, Perestroika, 28, 29, , 36, 75, 78, 22 Periclean Athens, 48 Peron, Isabella, 20 Peron, J uan, 06 Peronist movement, 23 Perpetual Peace ( Kant), 28 Perry, Matthew, 74 Persian Gulf War, 263, Personality cult, 305 Peru, 14, 20, 45, 1 8, 20, Pessimism of twentieth century, 3-1 2, 68-70, 245 Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, 75 Petrakov, Nikolay, 29 Phenomenology of Mind, The ( He gel) , 143, 46, 95 Philip II, King of Spain, 74 Philippines, 14, 45, 79, 1 81 20, 23 Philosophy of Right, The ( Hegel), 99, 208 Pilgrims, 328 Pinochet, Augusto, 14, , 42, 23 Pizarro, Francisco, 259 Plato, 5, 55, 27, 62-1 65, 68, 69, 83, 84, 89, 334, 337 Plutarch, 323 Poland, 27, 35, democratic transition in, 36, 1 2, 78 infant mortality rate in, 1 nationalism in, 5, 273 14 Political liberalism, 42-43, 45 , 90, 09, 233, 260 Political rights, 43 Politics (Aristotle), 55 Popular sovereignty, 42, Portugal, 04, 23 democratic transition in, , 8, , , 1 economic development in, 10 Post-historical world, 276-277 Post-industrial society, , 92, 77 Post-totalitarianism , 33, 38, 40, 68 Poverty, 74, 76, 228 , 229, 292 "Power of the Powerless, The" ( Havel), 66-1 69 Power politics, 246-265, 279283 Prebisch, Raul, , 99- 00 Predestination, 227 Prestige, 47, 48, 50, , 55, 57, 59- , 92 , 93 , 98 Pricing, 93-94 Pride, 55 , 56, 62 , 63 , 65 Primitive societies, 7-1 48 Private property, 94- 95, 200 Progress, concept of, 57, 60 Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 57 Proletariat, 65 Protectionism, 220 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 226 Protestantism , economic development and, 226-227 Psychology, Puritans, 328 Quebec, , 273 INDEX Racism, 1-1 72, 76 Rangel, Carlos, 42 Rashidov, Sharaf, 32 Reagan, Ronald, 44, 75, 280 Realism (realpolitik), 246-265, 279-283 Reason, 58, 63, 64, 72, 77, 85, 89, 204, 206, 207, 225, 337 Recognition, desire for, 35, 44, 47, 50, 52-1 63, 65, 66, 70- , 288, 289 group, 23 1-232 isothymia, 82, 87, 90, 292, 294, 295, 14, 332, 334, 337 megalothymia, 82-1 85, 87, 89, 90, 20 , 207, 4, 259, 263, 266, 295, 30 , 304, 14-3 , 320-32 , 328, 329, 332-338 nationalism and, 20 , 266, 270 relationship to rights, 202203 thymos: see Thymos universal, 30 1-305 , 335 universal and homogeneous state and, 20 1-202, 204, 206 war and, 255, 256, 259 Relativism, 306-307, 332, 338 Religion, 202, 207 community and, 325-327 economic behavior and, 226228 as form of recognition, 14, 259, 27 Hegel on, 62, 96-1 98, liberal democracy and, 6217 wars of, 1 , 259, 260, 27 Religious rights, 43 INDEX Remarque, Erich Maria, Renaissance, 56 Republic (Plato), , 55, 621 65 , 68, 69, , 83 , 96 Revel, Jean-Fran