Tai Lieu Chat Luong Vietnam and the South China Sea Studies of the escalating tensions and competing claims in the South China Sea overwhelmingly focus on China and its increasingly assertive approach, while the position of the other claimants is overlooked This book focuses on the attitude of Vietnam towards the South China Sea dispute It examines the position from a historical perspective, shows how Vietnam’s position is affected by its wish to maintain good relations with China on a range of issues, and outlines how Vietnam has occasionally made overtures to both the United States and Japan in order to bolster its position, and considered the possibility, so far resisted, of taking China to formal arbitration under the auspices of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The book concludes by assessing the future prospects for Vietnam’s position in the dispute Do Thanh Hai is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for East Sea Studies, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam He has a PhD from the Australian National University, where he was a Prime Minister’s Australian Asia Endeavour Awardee Routledge Security in Asia Pacific Series Series Editors Leszek Buszynski Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University and William Tow Australian National University Security issues have become more prominent in the Asia Pacific region because of the presence of global players, rising great powers, and confident middle powers, which intersect in complicated ways This series puts forward important new work on key security issues in the region It embraces the roles of the major actors, their defense policies and postures and their security interaction over the key issues of the region It includes coverage of the United States, China, Japan, Russia, the Koreas, as well as the middle powers of ASEAN and South Asia It also covers issues relating to environmental and economic security as well as transnational actors and regional groupings For a full list of titles in this series, please visit https://www.routledge.com/RoutledgeSecurity-in-Asia-Pacific-Series/book-series/SE899 26 India’s Ocean The story of India’s bid for regional leadership David Brewster 27 Defence Planning and Uncertainty Preparing for the next Asia-Pacific war Stephan Frühling 28 The South China Sea Maritime Dispute Political, legal, and regional perspectives Edited by Leszek Buszynski and Christopher B Roberts 29 South Asia’s Nuclear Security Bhumitra Chakma 30 The New US Strategy towards Asia Adapting to the American pivot Edited by William T Tow and Douglas Stuart 31 Vietnam and the South China Sea Politics, Security and Legality Do Thanh Hai Vietnam and the South China Sea Politics, Security and Legality Do Thanh Hai First published 2017 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Do Thanh Hai The right of Do Thanh Hai to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-92997-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-68078-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC To Dad, Mum, and Trang Contents List of figures Acknowledgements Abbreviations viii ix x Introduction 1 Under the shadow of the Dragon Vietnam’s claims in the South China Sea 28 Befriending the Dragon, 1986–1995 66 ASEANising the South China Sea issue, 1995–2002 95 Shaping the regional balance of influence, 2003–2007 124 Riding on nationalism, 2007–2009 151 Internationalising the South China Sea issue, 2009–2011 171 Navigating big power politics, 2011–2015 197 Conclusion 219 Bibliography Index 229 256 Figures 2.1 2.2 The claims in the South China Sea Toan tap Thien nam Chi lo thu (Handbook of the South’s Road Map), 1630–1635 2.3 A page about Hoang Sa Archipelago in Dai Nam thuc luc Chinh bien (Chronicle of Greater Vietnam: main chapter), 1847 2.4a, 2.4b A petition on Hoang Sa submitted to Emperor Thieu Tri, 1847 2.5 Dai Nam Thong nhat Toan (complete map of Unified Dai Nam), 1838 2.6 Hoang Sa va Truong Sa in an enlarged portion of Dai Nam Nhat thong Toan do, 1854–1875 2.7 A geographical Imeri Anamitic (Map of the Annam Empire), 1838 2.8 The Paracels and Spratlys 2.9 Baselines of Vietnam, 1982 2.10 Exploration activities in the South China Sea 2.11 Map of Trilateral Joint Seismic Survey Area between China, Philippines and Vietnam, 2005–2008 2.12 The delimitation line and joint fishing zone in the Gulf of Tonkin, 2004 2.13 China’s nine-dash line map attached to its notes verbales of 2009 29 30 32 34 36 37 38 39 53 54 55 56 57 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Leszek Buszynski for his inspirational supervision and mentorship He encouraged and guided me through considerable confusion, frustration, and anxiety during my doctoral research and preparation for this book I am also intellectually indebted to many scholars who have inspired and supported me since my research idea took shape Among them are Dang Dinh Quy, Christopher Roberts, Tran Truong Thuy, Carlyle A Thayer, Nguyen Hong Thao, Nguyen Vu Tung, Tran Viet Thai, Nguyen Hung Son, Hoang Anh Tuan, and Nguyen Thi Lan Anh A note of thanks is due to Stephan Frühling, Benjamin Schreer, and Ron Huisken, who were my academic advisers at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre at the Australian National University, for their valued assistance and critical feedback Many thanks go to Ha Anh Tuan, Le Hong Hiep, Kalman Robertson, Scott Bentley, Nguyen Binh Duong, and other friends for their willingness to offer a hand whenever I was in need I am very thankful to my parents, Do Hai Van and Ngo Thi Chuc, and my parents-in-law, Duong Van Ket and Nguyen Thi Dinh, for their unconditional love and support I owe my deepest gratitude to my wife, Duong Thu Trang, for her dedication to and faith in me Last but not least, it is important to acknowledge that this study was made possible with the support of the Prime Minister’s Australia Asia Endeavour Award, as provided by the Australian government 248 Bibliography Tønnesson, S., “Sino-Vietnamese Rapprochement and the South China Sea Irritant,” Security Dialogue 34, no 1, 2003, 55–70 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ASEAN+10 109; ASEAN Community 177; ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus) 183, 185–6, 191; ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 209; ASEAN Informal Summit 114; ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organisation (AIPO) 114; ASEAN Summit 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 125, 129, 177, 185; ASEAN Way 109; China 108, 111–12, 125, 128–9, 178–80; China, Joint Working Group 178–80; Code of conduct (COC) 7–8, 95, 100, 108, 110–18, 124–6, 143, 156, 179–81, 185, 190, 222–3; Declaration on the South China Sea (1992) 83, 87, 100, 108, 110, 113, 115; Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) 72, 102, 110, 116, 129, 183; US, Summit 185 Bac Hai Flotilla 31 Bach Ho (White Tiger) oil field 96 Bach Long Vi Island, Vietnam 76, 103 Binh Minh 02 (Vietnamese survey ship) 187–8, 201 Bower, Earnest (US scholar) 202 British Petroleum (BP) 139, 140, 142, 152 Brunei 3, 60, 110, 113, 181, 213 Bui Thanh Son (Vietnamese diplomat) 125 Buszynski, Leszek (Australian academic) 81, 100, 110 Cambodia 9, 14–15, 40, 43, 48, 50, 52, 55, 59, 66–9, 70–1, 77, 89, 105, 108, 113, 134, 206, 220–1 Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam 29, 66–7, 84, 100, 164, 182–4, 210 Carlson, Allen (scholar) 103 Carr, Edward (British author) 10, 11 Center for Strategic and International Studies (US) 204 CGG Veritas (French oil firm) 140 Champa Kingdom 28 Chem Widhya (Cambodian diplomat) 117 Chevreud (French warship) 42 Chevron (US oil firm) 140, 141, 152 Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang leader) 42 Chi Lang (South Vietnamese warship) 44 China: Act on Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (1998) 173; Assertiveness 1, 4, 7–9, 73, 78, 85–6, 95, 97, 114, 124, 138–9, 143, 155–7, 172, 174–5, 181–2, 189, 197–200, 206, 209, 212, 222–4; charm offensive 7, 102, 124, 129, 174; Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 50, 70, 132, 140, 188, 198; core interests 178, 181, 185; Declaration on Territorial Sea (1958) 173; expansionism 4, 21, 47, 68, 81, 182, 221; first Paracel expedition 40–1; fishery administration 137, 174–5, 177, 179, 188; Law on the Territorial Waters and Contiguous Zone (1992) 79, 87; maritime surveillance 153, 175, Index 187; New Security Concept (1997) 100–1, 222; Paracel baseline system 98; Paracel battle (1974) 46–7; peaceful development 2, 130–2, 155, 171, 198; People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLA-N) 175, 197; ratification of UNCLOS (1996) 82, 98; reactive assertiveness 198; Spratly skirmish (1988) 49–51; State Council 99, 132 China Aluminium Company (Chalco) 153 China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) 95, 128, 141, 153, 201 Clinton, Hillary (US Secretary of State) 180–3, 198, 211, 225 Cloma, Thomas and Filemon (Filipino entrepreneurs) 43–4 Cohen, William (US Secretary of Defense) 105, 112 Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 171, 184 Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) 22, 47, 48, 67, 68, 69, 71, 80, 81, 88, 89, 101, 102, 105, 108, 130, 136, 153, 155, 160, 187, 189, 208, 213, 214, 223; Central Committee 22, 70, 79, 80, 81, 105, 106, 130, 136, 208, 214, 223; External Relations Commission 70; Party Congress 22, 70, 97, 106, 130, 132, 214, 223, 225; Politburo 20, 22, 68, 70, 71, 88, 89, 97, 105, 106, 130, 153, 207, 209, 210 Conoco Inc 96 ConocoPhilips (US oil firm) 140 Convention on the Delimitation of the Frontier between China and Tonkin (1887) 40 Covington & Burling (US law firm) 97 Crestone (US energy corporation) 79, 80, 82, 85, 88, 95, 206 Dai Hung (Big Bear) oil field 96 Da Nang, Vietnam 23–9, 44, 66, 99, 177 Dang Dinh Quy (Vietnamese scholar) 197 Dao Duy Tung (Vietnamese politician) 88 Dao Huy Ngoc (Vietnamese diplomat and academic) 83 Dao Viet Trung (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 141 D’Argenlieu, Georges Thierry (French captain) 42 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC) 7, 107, 113, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128, 132, 156, 257 177–9, 181, 186–9, 190–1, 197, 206, 222–3, 225 Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) 5, 18, 42–8 Deng Xiaoping (Chinese leader) 48, 175 Discovery 08 (Chinese ship) 101 Do Ba (Vietnamese author) 30 Doi Moi 23, 24, 67, 87, 137 Do Muoi (Vietnamese leader) 70, 75, 76, 80, 88, 101, 102, 105, 106, 130, 223 Dosch, Jörn (scholar) 87 Doumer, Paul (Governor General of Indochinese Union) 40 Dyer, Geoff (American scholar) East Asian Community 135 East Asian Summit (EAS) 134, 135, 183, 186, 225 East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) 135 East China Sea 187, 201–5 Elliot, David (American author) 22, 134 ExxonMobil (US oil firm) 140, 142, 152, 157 Fallon, William J (US admiral) 135 First Indochina War 42, 43 France 2, 18, 39, 40, 42–3, 58–9, 80, 140, 211 Geneva Accords (1954) 43–7 Gia Long (Vietnamese Emperor) 31, 33, 40 Global Times (Chinese online newspaper) 188 Goh, Evelyn (Singaporean academic) 13, 133 Gourou, Pierre (French author) 28 Green, Michael 134 Gromyko, Andrei (Soviet Union diplomat) 42 Gulf of Thailand 55, 58–9, 77–8, 103 Gulf of Tonkin 66, 79, 102, 117, 118, 156, 172, 188, 197, 201, 203–4, 220–2; cooperative oil and gas exploration 152–3; delimitation agreement 7, 103–7; fishery agreement 137; Franco-China agreement (1887) 40, 55; historic waters 58; joint patrol 189; negotiation 47, 59–60, 73–6, 82, 89, 101–2; oil rig incidents 80–1, 99, 138 Haiyang Shiyou 981 (HYSY 981) 5, 8, 198, 202, 207, 208, 210, 212 Hamzah, B A (Malaysian academic) 84 Hayton, Bill (British author, reporter) 46 258 Index Heng Samrin (Cambodian politician) 69 Hill, Christopher (US Assistant Secretary of State) 141 historic waters 58, 59, 60, 181, 220 Hoang Anh Tuan (Vietnamese academic) 87 Hoang Sa see Paracels Hoang Sa Flotilla 31–3 Hoang Trung Hai (Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister) 141 Ho Xuan Son (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 189, 190 Hoyts, Mark Albert (American scholar) 49 Hue Court 40 Hu Jintao (Chinese leader) 101, 102, 165, 178, 187, 198 Hun Sen (Cambodian Prime Minister) 69 Huong Giang (South Vietnamese warship) 44 Hussein Onn (Malaysian Prime Minister) 49 India 8, 86, 89, 200, 226; East Asia Summit 135; oil exploration 80, 136; Vietnam, strategic partnership 133, 211, 223 Indochina 5, 24, 40–3, 153, 220 Indochinese Union 39, 40 Indonesia 3, 60, 69, 77, 88, 98, 126, 129, 140, 162, 165, 173, 181; China assertiveness 184; Code of conduct 111; East Asia Summit 135; Vietnam, continental shelf delimitation 103, 105, 172; Vietnam, strategic partnership 211 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 58, 82, 126, 154, 206 Kissinger, Henry (US diplomat) 46 Krautheimer, J (Governor of Cochin China) 41 Ky Hoa (South Vietnamese warship) 44 Laos 3, 40, 43, 68, 77, 134, 213 Le Cong Phung (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 104 Le Duan (Vietnamese politician) 22, 48 Le Duc Anh (Vietnamese Minister of Defense and State President) 15, 17, 18, 51, 73, 88, 106, 130, 223 Le Hong Anh (Vietnamese politician) 203 Le Kha Phieu (Vietnamese leader) 17, 102, 105, 106, 130, 222, 223 Le Quy Don (Vietnamese author) 31 Le Tonkinois (French warship) 42 Liang Guanglie (Chinese Defense Minister) 185–8 Li Chun (Chinese naval commander) 40 Li Keqiang (Chinese Prime Minister) 202 Limits in the Sea (report) 207 Li Peng (Chinese Prime Minister) 69, 70, 79, 81, 99, 102 Lou Gan (Chinese State Councillor) 99 Ly Son Island, Vietnam 29, 33 Japan 2, 8, 19, 21, 42, 69, 72, 89, 109, 112, 128, 133, 135, 139, 140, 154, 183–4, 186–7, 201, 210–13, 223, 226 Jiang Yu (Chinese spokesperson) 188 Jiang Zemin (Chinese leader) 70, 73, 74, 79, 101, 102, 105, 106 joint development 75, 78, 81–2, 97, 100, 112, 114, 127–8, 140, 156, 176, 190, 206 Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking (JMSU) 7, 128 Jules Brevié (Governor General of French Indochina) 41 Malaysia 3, 58, 60, 77, 86, 105, 110–12, 181, 213, 220; China 134–5, 140, 165, 201–2; code of conduct 113, 125; dispute over Ligitan and Sipadan 126; Spratly occupation 49; Vietnam, joint development 78, 81; Vietnam, joint submission on continental shelf 171–2; Vietnam, strategic partnership 211 Malicieuse (French warship) 40 Mao Zedong (Chinese leader) 46 Marina Neptuna (Russian oil firm) 140 Marr, David (Australian academic) 16 Maryan, N E (US entrepreneur) 97 Michalak, Michael (US diplomat) 141 Minh Menh (Vietnamese Emperor) 31, 33 Mischief Reef 7, 83–5, 89, 95, 100–1, 108–10, 113, 116, 125, 204–5, 222 Mobil Oil (US oil firm) 21, 82–8, 95–6, 101 Myanmar 58, 129, 134 Kang, David (American academic) 12 KANTAN-03 (oil rig) 99, 100, 101, 114, 118, 138 Kaplan, Robert (American scholar) Kerry, John (US Secretary of State) 210 Khmer Rouge 14, 48, 67, 69, 70 nationalism 2–4, 8, 47, 99, 151, 160–6, 188–9, 197–8, 212–13 National Liberation Front (NLF) 43–6 Natuna Islands 60, 103, 115, 184 Negroponte, John (US Deputy Secretary of State) 142 Index Nguyen Ba Thuoc (South Vietnamese civilian administrator) 44 Nguyen Binh Thanh (Vietnamese diplomat) 51 Nguyen Co Thach (Vietnamese Foreign Minister) 19, 20, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 221 Nguyen Duy Nien (Vietnamese Foreign Minister) 128 Nguyen Hong Thao (Vietnamese scholar) 61, 82, 103, 114, 116, 126, 171 Nguyen Manh Cam (Vietnamese Foreign Minister) 76, 80, 81, 85, 105, 106 Nguyen Minh Triet (Vietnamese State President) 142, 179, 188 Nguyen Phu Binh (Vietnamese diplomat) 127 Nguyen Phuong Nga (Vietnamese spokesperson) 184–8 Nguyen Phu Trong (Vietnamese leader) 139, 187, 189, 190, 210, 213, 214, 225, 226 Nguyen Tan Dung (Vietnamese Prime Minister) 142, 177, 178, 182, 188, 203, 207 Nguyen Thien Nhan (Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister) 190 Nguyen Van Bang (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 132 Nguyen Van Linh (Vietnamese leader) 15, 18, 69, 70, 79 Nicholas, David (British entrepreneur) 139 nine-dash line 57, 98, 153–9, 162, 172–7, 181–4, 190–9, 200–7, 224 Nippon Energy (Japanese oil firm) 140 Nishizawa Yoshiji (Japanese entrepreneur) 40 Nixon, Richard (US President) 46 Nong Duc Manh (Vietnamese leader) 106, 114, 130, 136, 142, 152, 223 North Vietnam see Democratic Republic of Vietnam Obama, Barrack (US President) 198, 202, 210 One Belt One Road (OBOR) 213 Palawan Island, Philippines 29, 45 Panetta, Leon (US Secretary of Defense) 210 Paracels (Hoang Sa) 3, 6, 8, 21, 23, 28–9, 31, 40, 47, 48–9, 50–1, 59, 60, 72, 74, 76, 82, 84, 98–9, 101, 110, 118, 154, 156–7, 159, 161–2, 165, 172, 184, 200, 202, 204, 206–7, 219, 222, 225–6; Amphitrite Group (Nhom An Vinh) 43, 45; Cam Tuyen 44; Crescent Group (Nhom Luoi Liem) 43, 45–6; 259 Drummond Island (Dao Duy Mong) 46; Duncan Island (Dao Quang Hoa) 46; Lincoln Island 43; Money Island (Dao Quang Anh) 46; Pattle Island 41–3; Robert Island (Dao Huu Nhat) 46; Woody Island 42–3, 45–6, 82, 165 Paris Peace Accords (1972) 46, 71 peaceful evolution 15, 17, 72, 89, 131, 133 Pearl Energy (UK oil firm) 140 PetroVietnam 77, 88, 98, 100, 128, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 152, 172, 188 Pham Huu Nhat (Vietnamese mandarin) 33, 46 Pham Quang Vinh (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 212 Pham Van Dong (Vietnamese leader) 49 Pham Van Giao (South Vietnamese politician) 43 Pham Van Tra (Vietnamese Defense Minister) 131 Phan Van Khai (Vietnamese Prime Minister) 101, 102, 106, 114, 125, 128, 130, 135 Philippine National Oil Company 128 Philippines 3, 8, 29, 49, 60, 95, 101, 109, 129, 134, 140, 143, 173, 185, 188, 211, 215, 220, 222–3; ASEAN Regional Forum 181; Baseline law 174; Blockage Second Thomas Shoal 201–2; China, banana ban 212; China, joint seismic survey 7, 127; Cloma’s visit to Spratly Islands 43–4; code of conduct 110–16; Kalaya’an 44–5; Legal proceeding against China 8, 205–8; Mischief Reef incident 83–4, 89, 108–9, 110, 222; Reed Bank 187; Scarborough Shoal standoff (2012) 200; Tripartite seismic survey undertaking (2005) 128, 152; US, rotation agreement 183; US, Visiting Forces Agreement 100, 116; Vietnam, code of conduct 77–8 Philippines-US Visiting Force Agreement (VFA) 100, 112, 116 Phung Quang Thanh (Vietnamese Defense Minister) 135, 178, 188, 210 Ping-Pong diplomacy 47 Poling, Gregory (US scholar) 202 Pol Pot (Cambodian leader) 48, 70 Pratas Island 40 Prescott, Victor (Australian academic) 56 Prueher, Joseph (US admiral) 99, 100 260 Index Qian Qichen (Chinese Foreign Minister) 73, 79 Quang Ngai, Vietnam 32–3, 174 Quang Trung (Vietnamese Emperor) 17 Red River Delta, Vietnam 28 Reed Bank (Bai Co Rong) 187 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) 213 Republic of Vietnam 5, 21, 43, 48, 58 Rong (Dragon) oil field 96 Rosario, Albert Del (Philippine Foreign Minister) 206 Ross, Robert (American academic) 12 San Francisco Conference 42, 44 Santos (Australian oil firm) 140 Scarborough Shoal 95, 153, 198, 200, 206, 208, 212, 214 Scher, Robert (US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense) 182 Schweller, Randall (scholar) 12, 14 Scot Marciel (US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State) 182 SEATO (Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation) 86, 88 Second Indochina War 5, 43 Second Thomas Shoal 198, 201 seismic survey 44, 128, 143, 152, 187, 223 Senkaku Island (Diaoyu Island) 201, 212 Shangri-La Dialogue 183, 188 Siazon, Domingo (Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs) 110 Singapore 69, 86, 88, 110, 129, 181, 183, 186 Sino-French War (1884–1885) 40 Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty 129 South Vietnam see Republic of Vietnam Soviet Union 9, 14–15, 21, 24, 42–3, 46, 51–2, 66–7, 69, 71, 89, 109, 164, 219, 220 Spratlys 6, 8, 9, 14, 21–9, 31–9, 40–9, 50–2, 59, 60–6, 68–9, 72, 76, 78–9, 81–4, 86, 89, 96, 101, 111–15, 117, 126–9, 154–7, 159, 161, 165–6, 184, 199, 200, 204–7, 210, 214, 219, 220–1, 225–6; Amboyna Cay (Dao An Bang) 41, 47, 49; Ardasier Reef (Da Kieu Ngua) 49; Ban Than Reef 126; Barque Canada Reef (Da Thuyen Chai) 49, 50; Collins Reef (Da Co Lin) 50; Commodore Reef (Da Cong Do) 49; Cuarteron Reef (Da Chau Vien) 51, 205; Da Lac Reef (Da Lac) 79; Erika Reef 101, 116; Fiery Cross Reef (Da Chu Thap) 50–1, 165, 204–5; Gaven Reef (Da Gaven) 51, 204–5; Hughes Reef (Da Tu Nghia) 51, 204; Investigator Reef 101, 116; Itu Aba (Dao Ba Binh) 41–2, 44, 49, 60; James Shoal 174, 201; Johnson South Reef (Da Gac Ma) 50, 204; Lamkian Cay (Da Lan Can) 49; Lansdowne Reef (Da Le Dao) 50; Les Deux Iles 41; Loaita (DaoLoai Ta) 41, 45; Mariveles Reef (Da Ky Van) 49; Nam Yit (Dao Nam Yet) 44, 47; Nanshan (Dao Vinh Vien) 45; Northeast Cay (Song Tu Dong) 45; Sandy Cay (Dao Son Ca) 47; Sin Cowe Island (Dao Sinh Ton) 47; Southwest Cay (Song Tu Tay) 44, 47; Spratly Island (Dao Truong Sa) 42–3, 47–8, 51, 79; Subi Reef (Da Xu Bi) 51, 204–5; Swallow Reef (Da Hoa Lau) 49; Thitu (Dao Thi Tu) 41, 44–5; Three-Head Rock (Da Ba Dau) 79, 87 Storey, Ian (scholar) 140 Sun Guoxiang (Chinese diplomat) 176 Taiwan 3, 41–2, 49, 60, 77, 126, 154, 165, 175, 178, 200 Thailand 3, 58, 67, 75, 77, 88, 103, 105, 110–12, 115, 134–5, 172, 177, 211 Thanh Long (Blue Dragon) 82–3, 88, 96–8, 115, 206 Thayer, Carlyle (Australia academic) 3, 74, 85, 86, 133, 182, 207 Thompson, Randall (US entrepreneur) 97 Ton Nu Thi Ninh (Vietnamese politician) 135 Torode, Greg (reporter) 140 Tran Binh (spokesperson of the Provisional Revolutionary Government in South Vietnam) 46 Tran Dinh Hoan (Vietnamese politician) 105 Tran Duc Luong (Vietnamese State President) 102 Tran Khanh Du (South Vietnamese warship) 46 Tran Quang Co (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 19, 20, 21, 22, 67, 88 Transocean (US oil firm) 140, 141 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 183, 198, 210, 213–15 Tran Truong Thuy (Vietnamese scholar) 176 Index Tran Van Huu (South Vietnamese Prime Minister) 43 Treaty of French Protectorate (1884) 39 Truong Sa see Spratlys Tu Chinh (Vanguard Bank) 79, 80–3, 95, 97–8, 105, 115, 206, 221 Tuy Dong (South Vietnamese warship) 44 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 52, 55, 56, 58–60, 75–6, 79, 81–3, 88, 95–9, 115, 116, 124, 137–8, 140, 166, 172–3, 175, 185, 190, 199–200, 205–7, 220–2, 224–6 United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 8, 46, 89, 137, 209 United States (US) 2–5, 8, 12, 13, 18–21, 70, 72, 84, 87, 97, 100, 112, 116, 130–4, 136, 140–1, 143, 154, 164, 171, 174, 176, 182, 184–5, 209–13, 221, 223, 225–7; ADMM Plus 186; ASEAN Regional Forum 180; big power rivalry 197–200; countries of particular concern (CPC) 133; Impeccable incident 176; pivot 183, 198; rebalancing 183, 198–9, 213; South Vietnam 43; Vietnam, comprehensive partnership 210–11; Vietnam, normalisation 79, 80, 89, 98 U-shaped line see nine-dash line USS John McCain (US warship) 183 USS Vandergrift FFG 48 (US naval ship) 131 Van Don (South Vietnamese warship) 44 Van Kiep (South Vietnamese warship) 44 Venecia, Jose de (Philippine politician) 127 Vietnam: Nos policy 184, 199; alliance with the Soviet Union 66; baseline 54, 56, 58, 60; cable-cutting incident 188, 201; China, agreement on principles on settlement sea disputes (2001) 8, 189– 90, 200, 203, 225; China, agreement on the principles for the settlement of the territorial and border disputes (1993) 99; China, joint statement for comprehensive cooperation 102; China, Land border agreement 104, 107, 117; China, trade deficit 212; China fishery agreement 103–4; collective leadership 22, 24; comprehensive partnership 210–11, 220; comprehensive strategic partnership 133, 152, 211; conservative ideologues 1–7, 23–4, 70, 85, 106, 130, 226; Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) 261 109; Declaration on Baseline of the Territorial Waters of Vietnam (1982) 52; free trade agreements 213; Gulf of Tonkin delimitation agreement 7, 103; Indonesia, continental shelf delimitation agreement 103; Joining ASEAN 88; Joint Steering Committee with China 204; Land border agreement 104, 107, 117; Law of the Sea of Vietnam (2012) 172, 200–1; Malaysia, joint development 77, 78, 81; Malaysia, joint submission on continental shelf 171–2; Maritime Strategy toward 2020 136, 138–9; military modernisation 86, 152, 155, 165; Ministry of Foreign Affairs 50–1, 80, 107, 127, 158, 161, 187; Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 23; Ministry of Public Security 132, 158; Ministry of Trade and Industry 23; multilateralisation and diversification 88, 130; National Assembly of Vietnam 23, 68, 139, 155; National Coal-Mineral Industries Group (Vinacomin) 153; nationalist pragmatists 14–15, 21–2, 24, 87, 130, 166; normalisation with China 70–1; normalisation with US 89; peacekeeping operation (PKO) 209; Permanent Mission to the United Nations 80; Philippines Joint Marine Scientific Expedition 77; ratification of UNCLOS (1994) 75; red solution 69, 70; socialist solidarity 9, 15, 47, 109, 156, 171, 226; Spratly skirmish (1988) 9, 49–51, 89; Statement on Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf of Vietnam (1977) 52; strategic partnership 21, 129, 133, 142, 152, 211, 227; Strategy for the Defense of the Fatherland (2003) 130; Thailand, agreement on delimitation of the Gulf of Thailand 103; US agreement on military training with US 133; US arms sale ban 210; US Comprehensive Partnership 210; US Memorandum of Understanding on Defence Cooperation 209; US Political, Security and Defense Dialogue 182; Vietnamese People’s Army 66, 202; withdrawal from Cambodia 68 Vietnamnet 154, 160, 176 Vietsopetro 96 Viking II (Vietnamese survey ship) 188 262 Index Vo Nguyen Giap (Vietnamese general) 106, 153 Vo Van Kiet (Vietnamese Prime Minister) 85, 88, 96, 97, 98, 105, 106, 130 Vu Dung (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 139, 140, 141 Vu Khoan (Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister) 72, 99, 107, 132, 134 Vu Phi Hoang (Vietnamese author) 58 Vu Van Mao (Vietnamese entrepreneur) 100 Vuving, Alexander (US academic) 100, 131 Wain, Barry (reporter) 181 Walt, Stephen (American academic) 11, 12 Wang Yi (Chinese Vice Foreign Minister) 117 Wen Jiabao (Chinese Premier) 128, 132, 142 World Meteorological Organization 48 Wu Bangguo (Chinese politician) 127 Wurfel, David (scholar) 100 Yang Jiechi (Chinese Foreign Minister) 180–1 Yulin Naval Base 153, 165, 178 Zhou Enlai (Foreign Minister of the PRC) 42, 46, 47 Zone of Peace, Friendship, Freedom and Cooperation (ZoPFFC) 206