Regionalism in China Vietnam Relations Tai Lieu Chat Luong 200184cccoverv05b jpg Regionalism in China–Vietnam Relations This book analyses collaboration in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) It explor[.]
Tai Lieu Chat Luong Regionalism in China–Vietnam Relations This book analyses collaboration in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) It explores inter-state cooperation and the role of subnational units (provincial and local governments) and transnational actors (NGOs, firms) in building and maintaining the subregion It also considers the relationships between actors on the three levels, their influences within the structures of decision-making in the GMS, their policy pronouncements and roles in the GMS After exploring the historical background of cooperation in the GMS, the author discusses how far cooperation in the GMS has developed from the mere promotion of the national interest of individual states towards an institution as an independent actor able to influence relationships between its member states, instead of only being influenced by them Hensengerth scrutinizes the nature of GMS cooperation and the character and capabilities of the institution of the GMS, exemplified by the bilateral relations between China and Vietnam Here the study combines the analysis of subregionalism and institution-building in the GMS with an analysis of China–Vietnam relations by combining theoretical approaches to regional integration, in the form of the regime approach, with foreign policy analysis This book will appeal to academics within international relations, Southeast Asian regional and China or Vietnam country specialists Oliver Hensengerth is a fellow at Chatham House, London His research focuses on Chinese foreign and environmental policies, transboundary water cooperation, and regionalization and international politics in the Mekong subregion Routledge Contemporary Asia Series Taiwan and Post-Communist Europe Shopping for Allies Czeslaw Tubilewicz The Asia–Europe Meeting The Theory and Practice of Interregionalism Alfredo C Robles, Jr Islamic Legitimacy in a Plural Asia Edited by Anthony Reid and Michael Gilsenan Asian–European Relations Building Blocks for Global Governance? Edited by Jürgen Rüland, Gunter Schubert, Günter Schucher and Cornelia Storz Taiwan’s Environmental Struggle Toward a Green Silicon Island Jack F Williams and Ch’ang-yi David Chang Taiwan’s Relations with Mainland China A Tail Wagging Two Dogs Su Chi The Politics of Civic Space in Asia Building Urban Communities Edited by Amrita Daniere and Mike Douglass Trade and Contemporary Society Along the Silk Road An Ethno-History of Ladakh Jacqueline Fewkes Lessons from the Asian Financial Crisis Edited by Richard Carney 10 Kim Jong Il’s Leadership of North Korea Jae-Cheon Lim 11 Education as a Political Tool in Asia Edited by Marie Lall and Edward Vickers 12 Human Genetic Biobanks in Asia Politics of Trust and Scientific Advancement Edited by Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 13 East Asian Regionalism from a Legal Perspective Current features and a vision for the future Edited by Tamio Nakamura 14 Dissent and Cultural Resistance in Asia’s Cities Edited by Melissa Butcher and Selvaraj Velayutham 15 Preventing Corruption in Asia Institutional Design and Policy Capacity Edited by Ting Gong and Stephen Ma 16 Expansion of Trade and FDI in Asia Strategic and Policy challenges Edited by Julien Chaisse and Philippe Gugler 17 Business Innovation in Asia Knowledge and technology networks from Japan Dennis McNamara 18 Regional Minorities and Development in Asia Edited by Huhua Cao and Elizabeth Morrell 19 Regionalism in China–Vietnam Relations Institution-building in the Greater Mekong Subregion Oliver Hensengerth Regionalism in China–Vietnam Relations Institution-building in the Greater Mekong Subregion Oliver Hensengerth First published 2010 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2010 Oliver Hensengerth All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hensengerth, Oliver Regionalism in China–Vietnam relations : institution-building in the greater Mekong subregion / Oliver Hensengerth p cm – (Routledge contemporary Asia series; 19) Includes bibliographical references China–Foreign relations–Vietnam Vietnam–Foreign relations–China Regionalism–Mekong River Region I Title JQ1499.A38R435 2009 338.959–dc22 ISBN 0-203-87238-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-55143-9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-87238-X (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55143-4 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-87238-3 (ebk) Contents List of Illustrations Abbreviations viii ix Introduction Explaining subregional cooperation: events, concepts and the Mekong basin 6 Water cooperation, security and international regimes: an analytical framework for the GMS 30 History of Mekong cooperation: from exclusion to inclusion via the China–Vietnam dichotomy 47 Mekong basin cooperation: current development and institutional arrangements 75 The GMS and foreign policy: The China–Vietnam dimension and border cooperation 98 Conclusion: China’s and Vietnam’s foreign policies and subregionalism in the Greater Mekong Subregion 142 Appendix Notes Bibliography Index 152 178 187 209 List of Illustrations Figures 5.1 GMS institutional arrangements 81 Tables 2.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 Growth areas in Northeast and Southeast Asia Geopolitics and Mekong Basin development Principle actors in the GMS Members and observers of the GMS Working Group on Environment 5.3 Institutional arrangements in the Mekong Basin 6.1 Guangxi’s major import–export markets (in 2002) 6.2 Guangxi’s major small border trade import–export products 17 72 86 87 93 136 136 Maps 1.1 The Greater Mekong Subregion 6.1 The China–Vietnam border in 1988 xii 128 Abbreviations ACMECS Ayeyawadi–Chao Phraya–Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy ADB Asian Development Bank AEM-MITI/METI Working Group on Economic Cooperation AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AKP Agence Kampuchea Presse APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN-MB ASEAN–Mekong Basin Development Cooperation ASEM Asia Europe Meeting BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BIMP-EAGA Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines– East ASEAN Growth Area CAFTA China-ASEAN Free Trade Area CCP Chinese Communist Party CEO Chief Executive Officer COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific DRV Democratic Republic of Vietnam EAC East Asian Community EAEC East Asian Economic Caucus EAEG East Asian Economic Group ECAFE United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ESCAP (see UNESCAP) EU European Union FCDI Forum for Comprehensive Development in Indochina FDI Foreign Direct Investment FTA Free Trade Area GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GMS-BF GMS Business Forum GT Growth Triangle 198 Bibliography May, B (1994) Die Uruguay-Runde: Verhandlungsmarathon verhindert trilateralen Handelskrieg, Schriften des Forschungsinstituts der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik: Arbeitspapiere zur Internationalen Politik, No 86, Bonn Mekong River Commission (2001) MRC Hydropower Development Strategy, MRC Water Resources and Hydrology Programme Phnom Penh: Mekong River Commission ——(2004) Mekong River Commission to increase technical cooperation with China and Myanmar, Press Release, MRC No 14/04, 26 August Mekong Secretariat (1992a) Mekong 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Theories of International Institutions in the Age of Denationalization, InIIS-Arbeitspapier No 4–5/97, Institut für Interkulturelle und Internationale Studien (InIIS) University of Bremen Index AEM-MITI/METI Working Group on Economic Cooperation 93 Agenda for Peace 11 Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement Asian Cooperation Dialogue Asian Development Bank 22; and foundation of Greater Mekong Subregion 1, 70–1, 74, 78–80, 83; maintenance of Greater Mekong Subregion 10, 22, 24, 79, 109; cross-border cooperation 15, 115, 134, 137–9; subregional cooperation 22; public information 85; dams 106, 108–9; Japan 124 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3; and Kuching consensus 4, 81; new regionalism 8, 18; multi-track diplomacy 9, 11; international regimes 35; Vietnam 71, 120, 144 Association of Southeast Asia 33 Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3, 8–9, 10, 124, 151; and Cold War 6; Vietnam 12, 71, 89–90, 98–9, 101; subregional cooperation 20–1, 24, 83, 93–4, 133, 135, 140; China 25, 110, 117, 133, 135; international regimes 33; post-Cold War power distribution 45; ASEAN highway 90; ASEAN Regional Forum 3, 8–10, 101, 110, 118, 122; ASEAN way/soft regionalism 4, 8, 33, 35, 80–1, 85, 97, 111, 146; ASEAN+3 3, 25, 90, 100, 110, 118–19, 122; ASEAN-China Declaration on a Code of Conduct for the South China Sea 108, 110–11, 117, 118; ASEANMekong Basin Development Cooperation 89–90, 93, 95, 126; trans-ASEAN railway 90; Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 80, 98, 100, 110, 114, 119, 145 Ayeyawadi-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy 84, 91 BIMP-EAGA 22, 25, 31 Cambodia: Mekong Committee 1; Greater Mekong Subregion 2, 81, 89, 139; ASEAN Regional Forum 9; joins the Interim Mekong Committee 33, 70; relations with China and Vietnam 51, 53–8, 61, 63–5, 137; communist take-over 52–3; interests in Mekong cooperation 70–1, 83; affected by Chinese dams 102–3; affected by Vietnamese dams 103, 106–7; construction of dams 106; conflict with Thailand 84, 150; ASEAN 90; Japan 125; Chinese aid 125 Cambodia conflict: Mekong Committee 1, 41, 48–9, 53; ASEAN 8; post-Cold War cooperation 11–12; 45, 74; Vietnam 11–12, 64, 129 Carné, L de China: ethnic Chinese in Vietnam 55, 61; negotiations between Cambodia and Vietnam 54–5; new security concept and rapprochement with Southeast Asia 117–19, 123, 144, 146; omni-directional foreign policy 117, 144; peaceful evolution 67–9, 100, 144; ping pong diplomacy 51; Southto-North Water Transfer Project 42; Western Development Strategy 113, 115; three big obstacles 11; Three Revolutionary Currents 51, 53; Three 210 Index Worlds Theory 53; Tiananmen incident 62–3, 67, 117 China threat perception 7, 118 China-ASEAN Expo 88 China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3, 89, 115, 118, 126, 133, 135, 139 China-ASEAN trade and investment summit 137 China-ASEAN trade fair 137 Cold War: Mekong cooperation 1, 15, 30, 47–8, 71, 82, 84, 96–7, 142; and cross-border cooperation 138; in the Asia Pacific 6–12; and new regionalism 16, 18–19, 26, 126; and Chinese and Vietnamese foreign policies 33, 57, 66, 68, 77, 99, 101, 116–17, 120, 144–5, 150–1 COMECON 55, 56, 65 Committee governance 35, 45–6, 83, 93, 97, 139, 142, 148–51 Complex interdependence see International relations theory Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 9, 10, 118 Cultural Revolution 118 Dams: on Chinese rivers 25, 42–3, 89; Lancang Cascade 38–9, 70, 76, 95–6, 102, 105–8, 125, 147, 151; local protests against 27, 44, 89, 148; conflicts in China-Vietnam relations 38, 83, 102–5, 143, 146–7; conflicts in Cambodia-Vietnam relations 83, 103, 106–8; conflicts in Cambodia-China relations 103; conflicts in CambodiaThailand relations 106; investment in Laos 108–9; upstream-downstream conflicts 39, 41, 44–5, 70, 109, 148; and Mekong cooperation 52, 75, 103– 4, 125, 148, 151 Democratic Republic of Vietnam see North Vietnam doi moi 12, 27, 63, 65–6, 98, 144 East Asia Summits 100, 110, 117 East Asian Community 100–1 East Asian Economic Caucus 20, 100 East Asian Economic Group 20, 100 Emerald Triangle 94 European Union/Community 6, 7, 16, 19, 20, 29, 40, 98, 100, 109, 113, 145 Federation of Malaya Federation of Malaysia Five Power Defence Arrangements Forum for Comprehensive Development in Indochina 93, 94, 103, 115 Friendship Pass/Gate 50, 130, 135 Geneva Agreements 48, 57, 59, 73 Globalization see also Greater Mekong Subregion: and subregional cooperation 12–18 Golden Quadrangle see Quadripartite Economic Cooperation Gorbachev, M 11, 12, 62, 67, 98 Greater Mekong Subregion: and globalization 15, 28, 89, 97, 116, 126, 138, 147, 149; two plus principle 24, 80, 84, 97, 120; GMS Business Forum 10, 79, 88, 148; GMS Cross-Border Transport Agreement 83–4, 92, 112, 134, 147, 149; GMS economic corridors 82, 88, 114, 132–4, 139 Guangxi province: in GMS 2, 15, 85, 146; cross-border integration with Vietnam 27, 50, 88, 101, 112–14, 128– 39, 147; during Cold War and border war with Vietnam 59, 61, 63; smuggling 112 Gulf of Tonkin: conflict between China and Vietnam during Cold War 53, 61; smuggling 112; demarcation and fishing agreements 61–2, 119, 140, 145; economic cooperation between China and Vietnam 133; joint naval patrols 145 Gulf of Tonkin incident 51 Hegemonic stability theory see International regimes Human security see Security Hydropower see Dams IMS-GT 21, 24, 35 IMT-GT 22 Integrated Water Resources Management 75, 96 Integration theory see International relations theory Interim Mekong Committee: replaces Mekong Committee 1, 53; Revised Indicative Basin Plan 63, 69–70; Mekong Work Programme 70; conflicts with Thailand 70; Cambodia joins 11, 33, 64, 70; replaced by Mekong River Commission 1, 11, 70 Index International regimes 4, 30–8; and water conflicts 38–43; multi-level actors 43– 6, 35; and APEC 35; and ASEAN 33; and neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism 35–6; consensus definition 32, 33; in the GMS 82–5, 142, 146, 150; and rambo situation 39–40, 146, 148, 151; hegemonic stability theory 30, 31 International relations theory see also International regimes: complex interdependence 13, 36–7, 66, 85; integration theory 18; (neo)realism 4, 35–8, 53, 66; (neo)liberal institutionalism 4, 33, 35–8, 127; constructivism 35–8 Khmer Rouge 53, 54, 56, 63 Kuching Consensus see Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Lancang Cascade see Dams Lao Cai 127–39; cross-border integration 15, 27, 30, 113; border war 60–2; in GMS 65 Laos: in Mekong Committee 1, 48; in Interim Mekong Committee 53, 70, 71, 76; in QEC 1, 23, 30, 96, 114–15, 129, 131; in GMS 2, 78, 82, 89, 91–2, 115, 138, 139; in ASEAN 90; hydropower 75, 82, 106, 108; and China 25, 113, 115, 125, 135; during Cold War/relations with Vietnam 48– 9, 51, 52–3, 56, 61, 65 Maphilindo Mekong Committee: established 1, 31, 48, 140; activities 49, 51, 52; replaced by Interim Mekong Committee 1, 53; transboundary water agreements 41; Cambodia withdraws 53; renegotiations of rules 70; differences to Mekong River Commission 75, 105 Mekong Delta 38, 70, 102–3, 105–6, 135, 139, 143 Mekong Project see Mekong Committee Mekong River Commission 75–8, 93, 140, 148; replaces Interim Mekong Committee 1, 11, 70; and ASEAN 89; and Vietnam 107; and China 75–7, 96, 101, 105, 126–7, 148; and international regimes 30–1, 33–4, 38, 41, 77; differences to GMS 79, 94–5, 104–5, 126; differences to QEC 95–6 211 Mekong-Ganga Cooperation 94 Multi-track diplomacy 10; and international regimes 43–6; in the GMS 85–8, 97; track-one diplomacy 7–9, 10, 11; track-two diplomacy 9–10 Myanmar: communist insurgency 51, 73; in GMS 76, 89, 92; in QEC 93, 96, 114, 129, 131; dialogue with MRC 76, 77; cross-border integration 90–1, 93–4, 113, 115, 126, 129; Chinese influence 124–5 NAFTA 19, 20 NATO Neoliberal institutionalism see International relations theory Neorealism see International relations theory Non-aligned countries 6, 49, 59 Non-governmental organizations and non-state actors: and subregional cooperation 2–4, 79, 83, 85, 88, 97, 107, 109, 147–9; in international regimes 35–6, 43–6; and multi-track diplomacy 9–10, 44, 88, 97, 148–9; and foreign affairs 12–13, 15, 28 North Vietnam 8, 31, 48–51, 53, 57 Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue Nu River 25, 43, 89 Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Paracel Islands 53, 61, 101, 110 Paris Peace Agreements on Cambodia 1, 33, 64 Paris Peace Agreements on Vietnam 7, 52, 55, 57, 59 Pol Pot 53, 56 Quadripartite Economic Cooperation 1, 23, 93–6, 111–12, 114, 119, 131 Realism see International relations theory Red River 30, 77, 78, 135 Republic of Vietnam see South Vietnam Second World War 12, 18, 48, 124 Security: comprehensive security 66; non-traditional security 28, 44, 96, 121, 149; traditional security 2, 36–7, 41, 44, 50, 66, 107; human security 2, 66, 97, 109, 112, 139 Sesan River 45, 103, 106, 107 212 Index Shangri-La Dialogue SIJORI see also IMS-GT 20–1, 24, 89 Sino-Soviet Split 49 Sino-Vietnamese border 127–39; and globalization 139; becomes part of GMS 65; border war 53, 56, 57, 58– 62; clashes in the 1980s 62; demarcation 61–2, 145; incorporation in national policy frameworks 130; initial Vietnamese reaction to integration 131; integration 112; negotiations 61–2; normalization of relations 63, 64–5, 129; Sino-French border agreement 61; situation in the late 1980s 63; trade 50, 64; smuggling 111–12 Soft regionalism see Association of Southeast Asian Nations Songhua River 72, 89 South China Sea 101, 103, 106, 108, 110–11, 117–18, 121, 124, 140, 145–6 South Vietnam 1, 48–9, 53, 55, 59 Southeast Asian Treaty Organization 7, 140 Spratly Islands 53, 61, 101, 110, 145 Thailand: in Mekong Committee 1, 48, 52; in GMS 2, 78, 79, 82, 89; in Interim Mekong Committee 53, 70; in ASEAN 6, 8, 89; in QEC 23, 30, 93, 96, 114, 131; protests against Chinese dams 25; colonial cooperation with France on Mekong 47; conflict with Cambodia 48, 106, 150; during Indochina Wars 48, 56; relations with Vietnam 69–71; 101, 105–6, 113, 135; cross-border cooperation 90–4, 96, 115–16, 135, 138–9; water construction projects 52, 106, 108 Third Indochina War see Cambodia conflict Tonle Sap 103 Track-one diplomacy see Multi-track diplomacy Track-two diplomacy see Multi-track diplomacy United Nations Development Programme 10, 70, 74, 115 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 48, 79, 93 United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East 48, 49, 51 Vietnam: accession to COMECON 56; and the Sino-Soviet Split 50; competition with Thailand 113, 135; four paradigms in foreign policy 66; in Cambodia 11, 61–3, 65; multidirectional foreign policy 12, 65–7, 144; peaceful evolution 67–9, 100, 144; Soviet friendship treaty 53, 56; trade deficit with China 112 Westphalian state system 3, 15, 31, 147, 149; and China 15 World Trade Organisation 71, 119, 122, 127, 144; and Uruguay Round 20 Yunnan 127–39; in GMS 2, 15, 65, 78, 85, 88, 101; relations with MRC 77; in QEC 96; border integration 27, 39, 91, 112, 113–15, 145–7; in China’s development strategy 42, 89, 105, 107, 108; border war 59, 61, 62; Hekou 15, 30, 59, 61, 130–4; Simao 30, 96, 131