DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH

Today, mechanical engineering takes an important role in variety of fields. The advent of machines is gradually replacing and advancing the production activities of human in every sections. In the time when the tourism industry is growing, the development of industrial machinery is necessary and essential. To clean the beach and attract more tourists, the government had enforced polices about environment and create campaigns to clean the beach coast. Local people and teenagers are main forces in environmental protections. However, this solution needs a lot of manpower and time, so another solution has been set out to reduce the amount of labor and time to clean up garbage on the coasts, replace human power, mechanize the cleanup of coastal garbage. The advent of the garbage removal machine makes it easy for operators to use, the machine is stable, durable, high productivity, low cost to be able to produce a lot domestically, avoiding the situation of importing highpriced machines from abroad. In addition, the targets of machine design tend to clean and protect the environment.

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL FACULTY MACHINE DESGIN - oOo - CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH Instructor: Than Trong Khanh Dat Student’s name: Nguyen Minh Long Student’s ID: 1852536 Class: ME4387 Ho Chi Minh City, May 12th, 2023 HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING FACULTY CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc Lập – Tự Do – Hạnh Phúc No: /ĐHBKDeparment: MACHINE DESIGN CAPSTONE PROJECT GOALS FULL NAME: NGUYỄN MINH LONG STUDENT ID:1852536 MAJOR: Mechanical engineering (OISP) CLASS: CC19CK11 Title of thesis: DESIGN OF GARBAGE COLLECTOR ON THE BEACH (Thiết Kế Máy Gom Rác Bờ Biển) Objectives: - Learn about the process of garbage collection on the sandy shore and the solar energy system - Suggest and choose the optimal method for machine design - Doing calculations to design mechanism of waste collection and remove unwanted materials from beach - Doing calculations to design the solar energy system - Making suggestions, and notes for operation – repair – maintenance process - Estimated drawings: 07, include: + drawing A0, about: General drawing + drawing A0, about: Drawing of options diagram + drawing A0, about: Drawing of principle and kinematic diagram + drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of vibrating screener + drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of screening frame + drawing A0, about: Assembly drawing of pulling unit + drawing A0, about: Drawing of motor starter cuircuit Date of making assignment: 30 / 01 / 2023 Date of finishing assignment: 12 / 05 / 2023 Full name of instructor: Thân Trọng Khánh Đạt Guidelines contents: 100% Contents and requirements of CP are approved by Department 30th January, 2023 VICE - PRESIDENT MAIN INSTRUCTOR (Sign and write full name) (Sign and write full name) Bùi Trọng Hiếu PART FOR FACULTY, DEPARTMENT Approved by: Unit: Defensive date: Final score: Storage location: Thân Trọng Khánh Đạt PREFACE Our country is on the path of industrialization and modernization, following the socialist orientation in which industry plays a very important role Machine systems are becoming more popular and gradually replacing human labor As a student in the Mechanical Engineering Department, I can realize the importance of the knowledge that I have received from my teachers I would like to sincerely thank the assistance of lecturers in the department of mechanical engineering, and especially thanks to the instruction of Mr Than Trong Khanh Dat, who accepted to instruct and helped me a lot in this stage Throughout the process of learning, all of the advice I have received has not just helped me improve and advance my specialist knowledge but also provided opportunities for me to think and accumulate experiences for my future job In addition, I would like to thank all of the lecturers at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology who are ready to impart knowledge and support me throughout the whole period I have studied here Moreover, I also want to send special thanks to my family and my friends, who are always side by side to support me and even motivate me to overcome the difficulties These motivations pushed me and made me try harder to finish the thesis Honestly, I cannot complete my project without these motivations Finally, I wish all of the teachers good health and that they will always be the pioneers who guide the next generations on the path of study and research at this university Once again, thank you very much! Ho Chi Minh city, 12/05/2023 Student: Nguyen Minh Long i SUMMARY OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT Today, mechanical engineering takes an important role in variety of fields The advent of machines is gradually replacing and advancing the production activities of human in every sections In the time when the tourism industry is growing, the development of industrial machinery is necessary and essential To clean the beach and attract more tourists, the government had enforced polices about environment and create campaigns to clean the beach coast Local people and teenagers are main forces in environmental protections However, this solution needs a lot of manpower and time, so another solution has been set out to reduce the amount of labor and time to clean up garbage on the coasts, replace human power, mechanize the cleanup of coastal garbage The advent of the garbage removal machine makes it easy for operators to use, the machine is stable, durable, high productivity, low cost to be able to produce a lot domestically, avoiding the situation of importing high-priced machines from abroad In addition, the targets of machine design tend to clean and protect the environment There are two main modules for the machine: Module 1: Getting the mixture and moving to the screener Module 2: Conduct the process of screening materials and then return sand to the nature The contents of the capstone project include: Chapter 1: Overview of the machine Chapter 2: Analyze options and choose possible design Chapter 3: Calculate and design screening system Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine Chapter 6: Conclusion and future development ii CONTENTS PREFACE i SUMMARY OF THE CAPSTONE PROJECT ii CONTENTS iii TABLE OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE MACHINE 1.1 Introduction .1 1.1.1 Vietnamese geographical 1.1.2 The development of tourism industry and results 1.1.3 Problem solving 1.2 Available machines in the market 1.2.1 Domestic 1.2.2 Foreign 1.3 Technical requirements of cleaning beach machine .7 CHAPTER 2: ANALYZE OPTIONS AND CHOOSE POSSIBLE DESIGN 2.1 Sorting waste on the beach .8 2.2.1 Dumping waste under the sea 2.2.2 Dumping waste on the sand 2.2.3 Sorting waste for recycling 2.2 Methods for garbage collection 2.3 Block diagram 2.3.1 Screening method 2.3.2 Raking method 2.4 Standard of sand that has been separated from waste 10 2.5 Analyze the design methods 10 2.5.1 Design part: sand digging 10 2.5.2 Design system: receiver, screener and move waste to the recycle bin 14 2.5.3 Design movement module for the machine 20 2.6 Choosing the option 22 iii CHAPTER 3: CALCULATE AND DESIGN SCREENING SYSTEM 23 3.1 Calculate the working surface of screener 23 3.1.1 Parameters for grains of sand 24 3.1.2 Influential factors in the screening process 24 3.1.3 The efficiency in the screening process 26 3.1.4 Dimension of mesh and velocity of objects on the screener 27 3.2 Design the screening system 29 3.2.1 Choose the type of screener 29 3.2.2 Determine the number of revolution n 30 3.2.3 Determine the weight and velocity of mixture moved on the screener 32 3.2.4 Determine the power of screener 33 3.2.5 Specifications of screener 34 3.3 Design the charging system for electric motor .35 3.3.1 Solar charge controller 36 3.3.2 Inverter 36 3.3.3 Electrical box 37 3.3.4 Solar frame 39 3.3.5 Calculate and choose the solar panel 40 3.3.6 Design the energy storage system 43 3.4 Calculate the transmission system 45 3.4.1 Calculate and design the chain system 45 3.4.2 Checking the allowable safety factor and checking the number of chain bumps in a second 47 3.4.3 Calculate the applying force on shaft 47 3.4.4 Determine the parameters for the chain transmission 47 3.4.5 Calculate and check the bearings 48 CHAPTER 4: CALCULATE AND CHOOSE THE MOVING MECHANISM 50 4.1 Factors effect on drag force in the process of operating machine 50 4.2 Calculating the force effect on the process of transferring materials 50 4.3 Choose the tyres 51 iv CHAPTER 5: OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE THE MACHINE 55 5.1 Install the machine 55 5.2 Machine test run 55 5.3 Repair the machine 56 5.4 Maintain the machine 58 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 61 6.1 Conclusion 61 6.2 Future development 61 REFERENCE 62 v TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Vietnamese coast Figure 1.2 Nha Trang beach Figure 1.3 Tourists on Co To islands Figure 1.4 Raw sewage on Vung Tau beach Figure 1.5 H.Barber Beach Sand Screener – Surf Rake 400 in Nha Trang and Da Nang Figure 1.6 Production model Figure 1.7 Charrington Product (model 3000) Figure 1.8.Beach Tech Product (model 5500) .6 Figure 1.9 Ondina version Figure 1.10 Cavalluccio version Figure 1.11.Scorpion version Figure 1.Method of utilizing screener Figure 2 Method of utilizing rake Figure Rods connect with wheel-shaped 10 Figure In the shape of propeller 11 Figure In the shape of screw 11 Figure In the shape of rake 12 Figure In the shape of a steel brush with a high level of elasticity and rigidity 13 Figure Conveyor system connects to elastic steel feathers 14 Figure Using a conveyor to link with bucket loader and move waste to the screener 15 Figure 10 Using the screener mechanism to split sand and garbage 16 Figure 2.11 Use meshing conveyor to split sand from garbage .17 Figure 12: Using a conveyor to link with rakes 19 Figure 2.13 Using tractor for machine 20 Figure 2.14 Using pushing vehicle for machine 20 Figure 2.15 Pulling the working unit directly 21 Figure 2.16 Pushing the working unit directly 22 Figure Knitting mesh 23 Figure Perforated mesh 23 Figure 3 Illustration of material that can pass through the holes 25 Figure Force diagram when the object moves up 30 Figure Simulation for mixture in the process of moving up screener .32 Figure 6: Screening frame 35 Figure 7: Screening mesh 35 Figure 8: Solar system diagram .36 Figure 9: Solar charge controller 36 Figure 10: Solar inverter 37 Figure 11: Three-phase circuit breaker 38 vi Figure 12: Mechanical buttons 38 Figure 13: Signal light 38 Figure 14: Three phase socket .39 Figure 15: Solar frame in practical terms 40 Figure 16: Solar frame in drawings .40 Figure 17: Structure of solar panel 41 Figure 18: Mono panel (left) and Poly panel (right) 41 Figure 19: Types of Lithium batteries 43 Figure 20: Lead-acid battery 43 Figure 1: Mud tyres 51 Figure 2: Sand tyres .52 Figure 3: All-terrain tyres 52 Figure 4: Cross-ply tyres 53 Figure 5: Wheel of tractor 53 Figure 6: Crawler 53 Figure 7: Meaning of parameters on wheel 54 Figure 1: Final design 60 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Chosen options 22 Table Table of friction angle for sandy soil (according to USCS) 31 Table Motor SGA (Company CMG, Australia) 34 Table 3 Technical table 34 Table 4: The difference between Mono panel and Poly panel 42 Table 5: Comparison between Lithium battery and Lead-acid battery 44 Table 6: Parameters for chain transmission 48 Table 1: Technical specification of wheel .54 Table 1: Technical specification of wheel .54 Table 1:Machine malfunctions and reasons 57 Table 2: Maintenance schedule for machine 58 viii Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism CHAPTER 4: CALCULATE AND CHOOSE THE MOVING MECHANISM 4.1 Factors effect on drag force in the process of operating machine When the machine is moving on the sand, there are some factors may effects on the movement and even the process of transferring mixture from working surface to the scoop blade such as: - Humidity High level of humidity - saturated Medium level of humidity 18-30%, the figure for mixture of sand and trash may easily stick on rotavator This makes the load of rotavator heavier Low level of humidity, the sand is dry, easy to shovel  Therefore, proper humidity is necessary - Solution: Drainage holes on the scoop blade to decrease the level of wet for mixture - Structure of filtering materials Sand: permeable to water but also poorly retains water Clay: more than 20% is soil, as well as other components, difficult to absorb water but holds water well, high stickiness, so it is more difficult to dig than sand 4.2 Calculating the force effect on the process of transferring materials - The drag force of sand is calculated by the formula (4.1) FD = k h ∙ B ∙ h = 9518.992(N) By which: FD : drag force of sand k h : the coefficient of drag force B = ∙ = 28 (cm): the width of excavator bucket (there are distinct excavator buckets) h: thickness of chip sand (cm) - The friction force of sand is calculated by the formula (4.2) FF = f ∙ (Gcosα − Pa sinα) G ∙ n2 ∙ r FF = 0.4 tanφ ∙ ( ∙ sinα − G ∙ cosα ) = 891.03 (N) 900 By which: 𝑓 = (0.3 − 0.4) ∙ tanφ : coefficient of friction G is the total weight of mixtures on the screener Pa (N): inertial force of object caused by inertial a From the table 3.1, I choose friction angle = 500 with 𝑓 = (0.3 ÷ 0.4) - The total force of sand acting on the scoop blade: Ftotal = FD + FF = 10410.02 (N) 50 Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism 4.3 Choose the tires Weight of the machine W = 375 (kg) A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines As the working surface of the machine is not only dry sand terrain, but also wet and rough areas which are totally different with normal road’s surface, so the installed wheels must be terrain wheel Terrain tires are used for traction on all kinds of surfaces, including on and off-road They combine the open-tread design of off-road tires with the good handling of street tires This design improves the traction of the tires on off-road surfaces and even providing more load carrying capacity These are usually more aggressive tires made for heavier trucks and more off-road use However, these tires are noisier than regular all-season tires due to the tread design Mechanical friction, wind and rolling resistance, and tread patterns all influence the economy Rolling resistance could be eliminated with stiffer sidewalls and almost no tread, but the latter would also eliminate the traction There are variety of terrain tires such as: - Mud-tires The large tread blocks, which are divided by broad and deep grooves actually stops the mud from entering and sticking to the tread These tires are suitable for humid area and wet sand, even dry sand These tires are generally not recommended for on-road use due to their bare design alongside they tend to create a lot of noise and vibration at highway speeds Figure 1: Mud tires [15] 51 Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism - Sand tires The sand tires or sand paddle tires are primarily employed in off-road vehicles and are purposely designed for use in dry sand They are patterned in a different way compared to normal ties and consist of large rubber paddles sequentially arranged and placed on a smooth rubber core Such tires usually comprise of smaller tread blocks, which are divided by numerous narrow grooves called sipes Figure 2: Sand tires [15] - All-terrain tires The all-terrain tires are mostly found on Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) and other fourwheel drive vehicles Practically, these tires are not meant to provide good grip on loose surfaces like sand, and can easily get choked in mud They also have abundant sipes to counter wet weather conditions One of the plus points with all-terrain tires is that they can be driven on paved roads, however, at the same time they are noisy and are unable to resist on high speed cornering and braking especially on the highways Figure 3: All-terrain tires [15] 52 Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism - Cross-ply tires Cross ply tires, also known as bias tires, have reinforcing plies put together in erect position on the plain surface of the tire, which provides perfect rigidity to the sidewalls These types of tires find it hard to be mounted on single piece rims because of their hard sidewalls and hence are fitted to somewhat narrow split rims Figure 4: Cross-ply tires [15] In addition, there are also other tires that can be applied on the rough terrain such as wheels of tractor or crawler Figure 5: Wheel of tractor Figure 6: Crawler 53 Chapter 4: Calculate and choose the moving mechanism Here, I choose mud tires as they suitable for the beach in Viet Nam, easy for find and also manufacture GOODYEAR 185/75 R16 104/102R Supplier name GOODYEAR Rim diameter (inch) 16 Addendum diameter (mm) 551 Profile (%) 75 Tire width (mm) 185 Load index (kg) 900 Allowable maximum velocity (km/h) 170 Table 1: Technical specification of wheel - Meaning of parameters on wheel Figure 7: Meaning of parameters on wheel [16] Some of characters such as “S” is the code that users have to check and figure out the exact values throughout standard tables 54 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine CHAPTER 5: OPERATE AND MAINTENANCE THE MACHINE 5.1 Install the machine In the process of installing the machine, the worker should spend time checking the machine before operating The given list below is important to follow as they can ensure that the machine can be worked efficiently: - Checking the quality and the tolerance of installing parts - The modules can be assembled temporarily to get marks and then taro on the frame - Lubricate the bearings, rotating joints - Assemble correctly the basement plate of motor with machine frame to ensure the stability in the process of working - Carefully check the concentricity of shafts to make sure the links between modules can be worked properly - When connect the tractor with the machine, the worker must ensure the stable connection between the machine and tractor 5.2 Machine test run - A test run without load is required to check the noise level and oscillation level caused by the chain drive, the increase of temperature of bearings, and ensure all bolt joints not have any problems - Checking the modules such as rotavator and screener whether it has received signals from the motor - The main energy for operating the machine is electricity - Checking underneath of the machine whether it still have any workers in the dangerous section of machine before running the start button - When the machine run without materials, run the button start to check the stability of the screener If there are any problems, the workers must stop the motor to adjust - At the second run of the machine, when the materials go on the screener, the workers have to check carefully to make sure the actual values are approximated or compatible with the computed values - When the machine is running, if there any strange noise sent out from the machine, the workers must stop the machine immediately to check the problem 55 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine 5.3 Repair the machine Throughout the process of working, there are some agent problems that the machine can have: - The shaft, wheel, bearings are subject to wear, corrosion, which requires repair to ensure the accuracy of the machine when it work - In case any shaft is bent, it can be straightened by either a cold or hot method - The straightening process itself generates residual deformation force, but the details are restored to their original properties - It is necessary to check and repair the shaft, shaft of screener, and meshing screener to ensure the quality of the product - The increase in noise, heat dissipation from the parts, and uneven motion are the extraordinary signs of rotating and sliding assemblies - Regularly check the tension of the chain, the speed of the motor to ensure the best productivity and quality - In addition, uneven motion may be due to misalignment between machine assemblies or internal parts of the machine No Machine malfunctions/Phenomena Reason Big noise - Poor lubrication inside the bearings, Extraordinary roar of machine rotating joints Strange sound from parts - Damaged transmission rods - Unproper installation - Strange object is stuck inside the machine or too much dust inside the joints - Problem with motor - Impact sound from chain drive as the distance between chain and sprocket is big - The big distance between rotating joints The machine is not run Strange object is stuck inside the The machine stops suddenly machine or too much dust inside the joints - Unproper installation between machine assemblies - Machine assemblies cannot receive signal from motor - The motor is run out of the battery - Damaged switches or wheel problems 56 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine - Damaged transmission rods - Unproper installation between The quality, the efficiency of filtered machine assemblies materials is low - Damaged bearings or shafts The screener works unproperly The shape is screener or meshing screener are deformed - The motor runs out of battery - Poor lubrication - Strange object is stuck inside the The level of heat from escaping is machine or too much dust inside the high joints - The impact of weather - Problem with motor - Run out working life - Strange object is stuck inside the Damaged, broken shaft machine or too much dust inside the Damaged other parts joints - Unproper installation - The concentricity of shafts is not proper - The motor runs exceed the allowable The level of vibration from machine is velocity high - Problem with chain drive - Unproper installation - The bolt joints are not secure - The battery is worn out - Problem with solar charge controller Charging system errors - Problem with socket - Damaged solar panel - Wrong power supply Table 1:Machine malfunctions and reasons 57 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine 5.4 Maintain the machine Time Daily Weekly Tasks Lubrication joints, pin, bearings Adjust the bearings Clean the screener or change the meshing screener Check all the bolts, washers, nuts Check the rotavator Check the motor Adjust the tension chain Check, adjust the operating process of machine Check, maintain solar system Check the quality of electrical wire Overhaul the machine Monthly Quarterly Yearly After After years years X X X X X X X X X X X Table 2: Maintenance schedule for machine 58 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine - Adjust the bearings: to ensure accuracy and durabilty During use, the bearings may undergo various impacts such as vibrations, collisions, loads, and other factors that can cause them to lose their accuracy over time When this happens, the components of the machine may not work properly, which can affect the stability and safety during use In addition, this job can increase their lifespan and reduce friction, which helps the machine run more smoothly and reduces the risk of damage to other components of the machine - Adjust the tension chain: when the chain is too loose, it can cause the chain to skip or slip, which can result in poor performance and even damage to the machine On the other hand, if the chain is too tight, it can cause excessive wear on the sprockets which can also result in damage to the machine Another point is that the increase the lifespan of the chain and other components, improve performance, and reduce the risk of damage or failure during operation - Check, adjust the operating process of machine: the working status of the machine after a year may change so it is important to check and adjust again the mechanism to ensure the machine works properly - Check, maintain solar system: a solar power system installed correctly should be maintained once every years However, with the solar panel, the cleaning should be done periodically every 3-6 months For solar panel systems installed in areas with high levels of dust, for example near construction sites, factories, densely populated areas, the cleaning interval may be shorter, around 3-4 months The process of maintain solar system includes: Check the solar frame Check the solar panel whether it has spot or scratch Clean the solar panel Check the electrical box The process of cleaning a solar panel typically involves the following steps: Turn off the system: Before starting the cleaning process, turn off the solar power system to prevent any risk of electric shock Rinse with water: Rinse the solar panel with clean water to remove any loose dirt or debris Use a hose or a bucket of water to this Prepare a cleaning solution: Mix a cleaning solution of mild soap or detergent with water Avoid using harsh chemicals that can damage the solar panel Clean the panel: Dip a soft-bristled brush or sponge in the cleaning solution, and gently scrub the solar panel surface Avoid using excessive force or pressure to prevent any damage to the panel Rinse with water: Rinse the solar panel thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue Dry the panel: Use a soft, clean cloth or a squeegee to dry the solar panel surface Avoid using abrasive materials that can scratch the panel surface 59 Chapter 5: Operate and maintenance the machine Turn the system back on: Once the solar panel is completely dry, turn the solar power system back on to resume normal operation It's also important to follow all safety precautions and guidelines to ensure safe and effective cleaning - Overhaul the machine: over time, machines experience wear and tear, which can cause their performance to deteriorate and eventually lead to breakdowns An overhaul involves a comprehensive inspection and repair of all the key components of a machine to ensure that it is operating at its optimum level Overhauling machinery helps to detect and repair any faults or issues before they lead to major breakdowns or damage to the machine It also helps to improve the overall efficiency and productivity of the machine, reducing the risk of downtime and production losses, even extending its lifespan Figure 1: Final design Source Solar energy Public grid 220VAC Power (kw) 11 Working time (hours) Charging time (hours) hours by solar energy 3.5 hours by network220VAC Dimension (mm) 2408 x 1116 x 1289 60 Chapter 6: Conclusion and future development CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Conclusion - After a period of research and learn about methods of cleaning beach sand, as well as refer to some machines on the market to complete the planning, calculation and design of the machine, but there are some shortcomings At present, there are not much available machine on the market, so the collection of data and information still limit - The goal of the machine tends to environmental protection, the power supply for the machine is purely clean, non-polluting energy Currently, through calculation and testing, the machine can ensure efficient operation and screening, and workers can operate easily and safely - However, the battery is still an issue with the machine The battery charge time is quite long, while the operating time is not much In addition, the machine cannot be automated because it still needs workers to operate 6.2 Future development - Increase garbage collection efficiency: Current coastal garbage collectors can usually only collect a certain amount of garbage per hour Improving garbage collection efficiency will save time and costs for coastal debris removal activities - Use more advanced technology: Technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (Deep learning) can be applied to a coastal garbage collector to help it detect and collect trash in a smarter way - Operation automation: Coastal garbage collectors can be developed to operate automatically, saving labors - Integrated monitoring system: Coastal garbage collectors can be equipped with monitoring systems to help manage and monitor its operation remotely - Optimizing machine structure, machine operating productivity - Design many other types of garbage collection mechanisms - Further design of underwater 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