Ferroelectrics Material Aspects Part 9 doc

Lead Titanate-Based Nanocomposite:Fabrication, Characterization and Application and Energy Conversion Evaluation 269 Within this context, four square composite samples with 4.5 cm 2 were poled with suitable electric field and copper foil (1 mm thick) was glued for electrical contact as show in Figure 12. Table 3 shows the longitudinal d 33 piezoelectric coefficient for each one. To evaluate the power generated by these samples, they were pressed by the blue car continuosly as shown in Figure 13. The weight and the frequency of the blue car which will impact the composite samples can be controlled and fixed during the experiment. The output voltage provided by the piezoelectric composite can be measured with an oscilloscope. Fig. 13. System used to simulate the vehicle traffic or people walking. A track is project and constructed with two parts. A bottom steel base with electrical tape on its top, fixed to a press device plane. A top made of aluminum with the bottom with duct tape, and attached to external screws that make this part of mobile resource, since the composite is between bottoms and top part of the track it receives the impact of the track above it. The composites were used as transducer individually, in series and in parallel. Then they were connected directly (open circuit) to acquire the waveforms from the digital oscilloscope. Further, the composites were connected in circuit (closed circuit) with the oscilloscope at the entrance acquiring waveforms again. Finally, voltages were measured at the capacitors for every minute during 10 minutes. Acquisition board was used to get the electrical signal provided by the composite. This board consists of a retifier circuit AC/DC and a output capacitor. The experiments starts using a force of 200 kgf, to stroke the composites with a frequency of 3.0 Hz, and a capacitor of 3300 μF. The open circuit (directly on the composites) and the Ferroelectrics – Material Aspects 270 closed circuit measurements for each composite, and combined composites in parallel (//) which are showed in Figure 14. Fig. 14. Composites A///B//C//D voltage measurement with open circuit (right)and closed circuit (left). Fig. 15. Energy harvesting analysis. // means parallel connection; + represents a series connection. Lead Titanate-Based Nanocomposite:Fabrication, Characterization and Application and Energy Conversion Evaluation 271 Experimental results show that an open circuit output voltage of 17.0 V pp are generated while in closed circuit the peak to peak voltage generated is 2.13 V because of the impedance of the capacitor. Figure 15 shows the energy analysis of the experiments for different configurations of the composite films. It can be seen the increasing energy supplied when the composite films are connected in parallel. The useful energy, after 10 min, by four composite films is about ten times higher than the energy generated by one composite film. The values of energy in Figure 15 were calculated from the measurement of the output voltage against time, using the following relation: 2 1 2 UCV (6) where U is the available energy and V is the voltage measured on the capacitor. The voltage was measured during the charge of the capacitor due to the deformation of the composite films by the applied stress. 5. Conclusions Composite films made of PZT ceramic immersed in PVDF polymer matrix were obtained with 0-3 connectivity. The method of synthesis can provide different structure of the ceramic and also can provide ceramic particles with different size distribution which are important parameters for the electroactive properties of the sample. The inclusion of a semiconductor phase, separately or coating the ceramic particles improve the poling process of the composite, avoiding timing consuming and high applied electric field to polarize the ferroelectric ceramic particles immerse into the polymer matrix. The advantages of recovered particles is the better control of the homogeneity of the particle distribution avoiding percolation of conductive particles that may form a continuous path which not allow the poling process. Using small amount of ceramic (30 vol%) the composite was used as infrared detector, indicating the possibility of its use as intruder detector or fire alarm. Using the right protonation (doping) degree of the PAni, the composite display piezo and pyroelectric coefficients high as many composite materials with higher ceramic content even when poled with lower electric field and shorter poling time. The study of energy harvesting simulating people walking or vehicle traffic showed low power generated by each small composite sample (4.5 cm 2 area) but the association of four samples enhanced the converted electrical energy from the energy wasted during vehicle traffic. These preliminary results show that the composite material deserves to be deeply studied as alternative material to obtain clean energy. 6. Acknowledgment This work has financial support from the Brazilian Agencies: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq through the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais em Nanotecnologia – INCTMN. Ferroelectrics – Material Aspects 272 7. References Abothu, I. R.; et. al. (1999) Processing of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT) ceramics from microwave and conventional hydrothermal powders. Materials Research Bulletin, 34, (9), 1411– 1419. Anton, S. R. & Sodano, H. A. 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(Henningh & Mayr, 197 8; Coutures et al., 199 2; Hennings & Schreinemacher, 199 2; Stockenhuber et al., 199 3; Lemoine et al., 199 4; Ries et al.,2003) Moreover, there are reports that suggest that BT is thermodynamically unstable in H2O having a pH below 12 (Lencka & Riman, 199 3; Abicht et al., 199 7; Voltzke et al., 199 9) The BST is expected to show a similar problem since it is a BT-based material The most... image sensor Sensors and Actuators A, Vol 77, (Septemper 199 9), pp 39- 44, ISSN 092 4-4247 Balcerak, R.S ( 199 9) Uncooled IR imaging: technology for the next generation Proceedings of the 25th SPIE Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications, Vol 3 698 , pp 110118, ISBN 97 808 194 31721, Orlando, FL, USA, April 5 -9, 199 9 Barium Titanate-Based Materials – a Window of Application Opportunities 303 Radford,... A.; Wyles, J.; Wyles, R & Varesi, J ( 199 9) Sensitivity improvements in uncooled microbolometer FPAs Proceedings of the 25th SPIE Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications, Vol 3 698 , pp 1 19- 130, ISBN 97 808 194 31721, Orlando, FL, USA, April 5 -9, 199 9 Noda, M.; Mukaigawa, T.; Hashimoto, K.; Kiyomoto, T.; Xu, H.; Kubo, R.; Tanaka, H.; Usuki, T & Okuyama, M ( 199 9) Simple detector pixel of dielectric... Applications, Vol 3 698 , pp 565-573, ISBN 97 808 194 31721, Orlando, FL, USA, April 5 -9, 199 9 Noda, M ; Inoue, K ; Ogura, M ; Xu, H ; Murakami, S ; Kishihara, H & Okuyama, M (2002) An uncooled infrared sensor of dielectric bolometer mode using a new detection technique of operation bias voltage Sensors and Actuators A, Vol 97 -98 , (April 2002), pp 3 29- 336, ISSN 092 4-4247 Akedo, J & Lebedev, M ( 199 9) Microstructure... dielectric-bolometer mode of infrared sensor 2.3 DB-mode of infrared sensor using BTS thin films as active materials Because of the principle of operation, a dielectric-bolometer mode is expected to offer high sensitivity compared with other detectors (Noda et al., 199 9; Balcerak, 199 9; Radford et al., 199 9; Noda et al., 199 9) This aspect, along with other advantages offered, such as chopper free device and low operation... Deposition Method Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 38, ( 199 9), pp 5 397 -5401, ISSN 1347-4065 Akedo, J.; Minami, N.; Fukuda, K.; Ichiki, M & Maeda, R ( 199 9) Electrical properties of direct deposited piesoelectric thick film formed by gas deposition method annealing effect of the deposited films Ferroelectrics, Vol 231 ( 199 9), pp 285- 292 , ISSN 1563-5112 Akedo, J & Lebedev, M (2001) Influence of Carrier... by a sol-gel process, Materials Research Bulletin, Vol 39 (September 2004), pp 1 599 -1606, ISSN 0025-5408 Fukuda, Y.; Haneda, H.; Sakaguchi, I.; Numata, K.; Aoki, K & Nishimura, A ( 199 7) Dielectric Properties of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Thin Films and their Correlation with Oxygen Vacancy Density Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 36 ( 199 7), pp L1514-L1516, ISSN 1347-4065 Sze, S.M ( 198 1) Physics of semicondictor... 1600 1200 Sr 3p3/2 C 1s Sr 3p1/2 800 400 300 290 280 270 260 Binding Energy (eV) 12000 BST60 recovered powder C peak profile XPS data background, Sr peaks C peak C peak Intensity (a.u.) C 1s 90 00 Sr 3p3/2 6000 3000 C 1s 300 290 Sr 3p1/2 280 270 260 Binding Energy (eV) Fig 21 XPS C1s peak profile for raw and annealed powders al, 199 9) and 7 eV (Wagner et al., 197 9), respectively, than those of the reference... Wireless Components Letters, Vol 12, Issue 7, (2002), pp 237-2 39, ISSN 1531-13 09 Hwang, C.S; Park, S.O.; Cho, H.J.; Kang, C.S.; Lee S.I.; & Lee, M.Y ( 199 5) Deposition of extremely thin (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films for ultra-large-scale integrated dynamic random access memory application Applied Physics Letters, Vol 67, Issue 19, ( 199 5), pp 28 19- 2821, ISSN 1077-3118 Zhu, H.; Miao, J.; Noda, M & Okuyama, M... 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