Environmental Monitoring Part 5 pot

Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters 131 dosimeter within a month was estimated tobe about 12μSv. On the other hand, the averaged self-doses accumulated in the Luxel badge also increases lienarly with increasing the time except for the bigining of measurement as shown in Fig.14. The value at the bigining of measurement is different from othe two values. This deviation may be caused by the exposure to the natural radiation during the transportation of dosimeters to Nagase Landauer in Tokyo by air. Except for the data point at the bigining of measurement, the averaged self dose of the Luxel Badge is estimated to be about 9μSv. Fig. 14. Self-dose of the luxel badge dosimeter. Each data point is averaged over doses of three Luxel badge units. . Fig. 15. Typical γ-ray spectrum obtained from the DIS dosimeter. 0306090 0 20 40 60 average of five luxel badges Dose reading [Sv] Time [days] 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 20 40 60 80 100 Yield [counts/hr/kev] Energy [keV] Thorium series Uranium series K-40 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 20 40 60 80 100 Yield [counts/hr/kev] Energy [keV] Thorium series Uranium series K-40 Environmental Monitoring 132 The origin of the self-dose was identified using high pure Ge semiconductor detector in the Ogoya underground laboratory. Typical gamma-ray spectrum obtained from the DIS dosimeter is shown in Fig.15. dosimeter parts 238 U (dpm) 210 Pb (dpm) 232 Th (dpm) 40 K (dpm) DIS Whole DIS Label Spring Al frame IC long IC fat Battery 1.40 0.88 0.10 1.30 0.83 0.10 2.00 1.50 0.85 22.0 0.38 0.75 Luxel Al 2 O 3 crystal Ag filter Sn filter 2.00 0.07 1.70 1.50 0.04 5.53 Table 2. Identificated radioactive nuclides contained in each personal dosimeters. Fig. 16. Measured environmental radiation dose using the GD-450 glass dosimeter in seven points such as Tsurugi-machi (◆), Tatsunokuchi (●), outside of Mt.Shishiku (■), inside of house in Mt.Shishiku, (▲), outside of Ogoya Mines (◇), Inside of Ogoya Mines (○) and rooftop of Ishikawa Prefecture Institute of Public health and Environmental Science (□). in Ishikawa prefecture. The measurements of environmental radiation dose were carried out from March in 2008 to August 2009. The sveral peaks under 1000 keV correspond to nuclides of 232 Th and 238 U series. The 40 K peak with the energy of 1460 eV has been also detected. Measured parts and identified 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 345678910111212345678 MEASUREMENTS [mGy] TIME [month] Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters 133 radioactive nuclies are listed in Table 2. The 40 K, 232 Th and 238 U have been contained in almost all dosimeters. So, it is difined that the self-dose of each dosimeter for a month is about 10-15μSv. Data was, therefore, compensated for each dosimeter which based on the sel-dose rate of about 12μSv/month. The environmental backgroung radiation dose at 7 points for one month were monitored using the glass dosimeter (GD-450) as well as the Luxel badge and the DIS dosimeters. The monitoring results of typical environmental background radiation dose in gray (Gy) as the absorbed dose using the GD-450 from March in 2008 to August 2009 are shown in Fig.16 for 7 points in Ishikawa prefecture. Although natural background radiation doses with the GD-450 dosimeter at each point in Ishikawa prefecture were significantly different, the standard deviations were very small. Although the values were a little bit different between the GD-450 glass dosimeter and the Luxel badge (OSL dosimeter), the tendencies of the environmental dose at each point were very similar as shown in Fig.17. The higher dose at point B (Tatsunokuchi) than at other points is due to the use of radioisotopes at the Lowere Level Radiation laboratory in Kanazawa University. Morever, the values of the GD-450 dosimeter and the DIS dosimeter were very close and there was no significant difference between them as shown Fig.18. We have made the comparison of different types of RPL glass dosimeters such as Type: GD-450 for personal dosimeter and Type:SC-1 for enviromental monitoring, which were supplied from Chiyoda Technol Corp, as shown in Fig.19. It was found that there is no significant difference at each points. Fig. 17. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B: Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science) using GD-450 (blue bars) or Luxel badge (orange bars) dosimeters. 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 ABCDE FG ｍSv GD-450 Luxel Environmental Monitoring 134 Fig. 18. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B: Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science) using GD-450 (blue bars) or DIS (purple bars) dosimeters. There is no data at G for DIS. Fig. 19. Dose response at each point in Ishikawa prefecture (A: Tsurugi-machi, B: Tatsunokuchi, C: Inside of house of Mt. Shishiku, D: Outside of Mt. shishiku, E: Inside of Ogoya Mines, F: Outside of Ogoya Mines, G: Public health and Environmental Science) using GD-450 (blue bars) or SC-1 (green line) dosimeters. The unit of the GD-45 and SC-1 are represented by mSv and mGy, respectively. 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 ABCDEFG mSv GD-450 DIS 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 ABCDEFG ｍSv 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 ｍGy GD-450 SC-1 Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters 135 From the results as described above, Monitoring environmental natural background radiation dose with a personal GD-450 seems to be feasible and consequently, one can say that the GD-450 dosimeter can be suitable for monitoring environmental natural background radiaiton dose. 5. Summary Environmental natural background radiation dose values at 7 points in Ishikawa prefecture determined using the personal glass dosimeter, type GD-450 were compared with these determined some other personal dosimeters such as DIS dosimeter utilizing a MOSFET with an ioniization chamber and OSL dosimeter, Luxel budge, utilizing OSL phenomenon in Al 2 O 3 :C phosphor. The actual dose values were different from each other, however, the tendency of each dose at each point were very similar. It can be said that the personal glass dosimeter will be very useful for not only monitoring personal dose but also monitoring natural background radiation dose. 6. Acknowledgements The author wish to thank Dr.Yamamoto, Directer of the Research Center of Chiyoda Technol Corp. for his fruitful discussion and Dr.Kobayashi of Nagase Landauer Co. Ltd, Dr. Kakimoto of Ishikawa Prefecture Institute of Public health and Environment Science for their excellent assistance. The work on the environmental natural background radiation monitoring using solid state passive dosimeters was partially supported by the foundation for Open-Research Center Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology of Japan and Chiyoda Technol Corp. 7. References Kobayashi, I, (2004), The detection of the Environmental radiation for DIS and Luxel badge, Ionizing Radiation, Vol.30, pp.33-43. Koyama, S., Miyamoto, Y., Fujiwara, A., Kobayashi, H., Ajisawa, K., Komori, H., Takei, Y., Nanto, H., Kurobori, T., Kakimoto, H., Sakakura, M., Shimotsuma, Y., Miura, K., Hirao, K. And Yamamoto, T., (2010), Environmental Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Solid State Dosimeters, Sensors and Materials, Vol.22, No.7, 377-385. Miyamoto, Y., Takei, Y., Nanto, H., Kurobori, T., Konnai, A., Yanagida, T., Yoshikawa, A., Shimotsuma, T., Sakakura, M., Miura, K., Hirao, K., Nagashima, Y. and Yamamoto, T., (2011), Radiophotoluminescence from Silver-Doped phosphate Glass, Radiation Measurements, in press. Murata, Y., Yamamoto, M. and Komura, K., (2002), Determination of low-level 54 Mn in soils by ultra low-background gamma-ray spectrometry after radiochemical separation, J. Radiational Nucl. Chem, Vol.254, No.2, pp.249-257. Hsu, S.M., Yeh, S.H., Lin,M.S. and Chen, W.L., (2006), Comparison on characteristics of radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeters and thermoluminescent dosimeters, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 119, 327-331. Nanto.H, (1998), Photostimulated Luminescence in Insulators and Semiconductors, Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids, Vol.146, pp.311-321. Environmental Monitoring 136 Nanto, H., (1999), Physics of photosimulable phosphor materials, Ionizing Radiaiton, Vol. 25, No.2, pp.9-24. (in Japanese) Nanto, H., Takei, Y., Nishimura, A., Nankano, Y., Shouji, T., Yanagida, T., Kasai, S., (2006), Novel X-ray Imaging Sensor Using Cs:Br:Eu Phosphor for Computed Radiography, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 6142, pp.6142w-1-6142w9. Nanto, H., (2011), Basic princple of accumulation-type personal dosimeter for ionizing radiation and its application, Ionizing Radiation, Vol.37, No.2, pp.3-9. Ranogajec-Komor, M., Knezevic, Z., Miljanic, S. And Velic, B., (2008), Characteristics of radiophotoluminescent dosimeters for environmental monitoring, Radiation measurements, Vol.43, 392-396. Saez-Vergara, J.C., (1999), Practical Aspects on The Implementation of LiF:Mg, Cu, P in Routine Environmental Monitoring Program, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol.1-4, pp.237-244. Sarai, A., Kurata, N., Kamijo, K., Kubota, N., Takei, Y., Nanto, H., Kobayashi, I., Komori, H., and Komura, K., (2004), Detection of self-dose from an OSL dosimeter and a DIS dosimeter for environmental radiation monitoring, J. Nuclear Science and Technology, Suppl. 4, pp.474-477. Wernli, C., (1998), Direct ion strage dosimeters for individual monitoring, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol.77, pp.253-259. 9 PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring Samuel Russ, Bret Webb, Jon Holifield and Justin Walker University of South Alabama United States of America 1. Introduction The estuarine environment is important both to global ecology and to human economy. Estuaries are the place where freshwater meets saltwater, and so they typically contain a bounty of marine species, and are essential to the life cycle of many marine organisms. For similar reasons, they often contain sea ports and carry commerce of great value. In order to study estuaries in more detail, we have developed two sets of low-cost sensors using off-the-shelf technology combined with innovative new low-cost circuits. The first, nicknamed “Jag Ski”, is a highly mobile water craft for navigating estuarine and littoral areas and providing real-time data. The second, named “PILS”, is a network of stationary sensors for making long-term water-level measurements. This paper describes the construction of both, along with actual measurements. 2. Survey of literature Sensing the environment can be carried out through remote measurements (e.g. satellites (Villa & Gianietto, 2006)) and through in situ measurements (e.g. wireless sensor networks (O’Flyrm et al., 2007; Thosteson et al., 2009)). Both have been demonstrated successfully as means of measuring characteristics of water. An example of one real-time water-sensor architecture is the Land/Ocean Biogeochemical Observatory (LOBO) system developed by Satlantic and the Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) (Comeau et al., 2007; Jannasch et al., 2008) and has been installed in the field (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, 2009). Others include the Ocean Observation Initiative (OOI) (Frolov et al., 2008; National Research Council, 2003; U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, 2004), NOAA tide gauges for storm surge (Luther et al., 2007), and sonar-based water-level measurements (Silva et al., 2008). Specific to environmental monitoring in the coastal ocean, mobile field assets typically include profiling floats (Roemmich et al., 2004), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) (Rudnick et al., 2004), and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) (Freitag et al., 1998; Frye et al., 2001). This work is in line with these earlier systems. We have adapted the mobile sensor platform to a highly maneuverable manned platform to navigate shallow-water areas proficiently. The sensor network is designed for relatively low cost and for unattended measurements. It also contains novel sensors for pressure and salinity. Environmental Monitoring 138 This work is motivated by the fact that computer models of estuaries need refinement. For example, there is disagreement whether wind forcing or river discharge dominates the dynamics of Mobile Bay (Schroeder & Wiseman, 1986; Kim et al., 2008). Data obtained using the sensors will be used to parameterize a linear approximation of a static momentum balance of the estuary (Van Dorn, 1953) to improve simulation and forecasting accuracy. 3. Real-time monitoring: Jag Ski The University of South Alabama Jag Ski is a three-person Kawasaki Ultra LX personal watercraft (PWC) equipped with state of the art instrumentation developed by YSI, Incorporated, SonTek, VarTech Systems, and others (Fig. 1). In addition to the PWC, a Kawasaki Mule 3010 four-wheel drive utility vehicle can be used for launching and retrieval when a proper boat launch is not available. The Jag Ski contains an onboard small-form PC running the Windows XP operating system, a foldable waterproof keyboard, a fully submersible touch screen LCD display, and four dry-cell 18 amp hour, 12 volt marine batteries to supply enough dedicated power for twelve to fourteen hours of data collection. The PC, power supply, and other assorted equipment are housed in waterproof cases with internal foam padding. All external cabling and bulkhead connectors are fully submersible. Experience has demonstrated that items labeled water resistant and waterproof offer little protection in the corrosive, marine environment. Fig. 1. The South Alabama Jag Ski and 4x4 towing vehicle. The use of PWCs for collecting hydrography is not a new idea. There are numerous examples of PWC systems around the country (and world). Some of the earlier successful applications are discussed in (Dugan et al., 1999; Dugan et al., 2001; MacMahan, 2001; Puleo et al., 2003). The PWC has also successfully been used for larval fish sampling in shallow waters (Strydom, 2007). More recently, however, Hampson et al. (2011) have demonstrated the skill of using a kayak as a surveying platform for still shallower survey applications. What perhaps makes the Jag Ski so unique in the context of PWC hydrographic data collection systems is its suite of instrumentation. Prior to the Jag Ski, the use of the PWC has been mostly limited to bathymetric surveys in nearshore waters. While it certainly has its limitations, the ability of the PWC to traverse the surfzone in hydrographic surveying cannot be rivaled by most traditional vessels. The addition of a PWC to one’s hydrographic surveying deployment provides a very good overlap between land-based surveys and those conducted in deeper waters using traditional watercraft. The Jag Ski, however, was PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring 139 developed to meet broader goals and objectives in the area of coastal, water resources, and environmental engineering. The Jag Ski contains a SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) with an integrated Real Time Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System (RTK DGPS) for georeferenced measurements (Fig. 2). The M9 ADCP has a profiling range of 6 cm to 40 m, and is capable of measuring velocity magnitudes up to 20 m/s. The resolution of the velocity measurements is as low as 0.001 m/s, and vertical bin sizes can be as small as 2 cm, or as large as 4 m. The horizontal resolution of the samples is a function of the reported sample rate (generally 1 Hz) and vessel speed (preferably equal to or less than the water velocity). A nominal speed of 1 – 2 m/s is maintained when using the M9 ADCP on the Jag Ski, so a typical horizontal resolution is, accordingly, 1 – 2 m. Fig. 2. SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP and RTK DGPS base station. The M9 ADCP contains a dedicated 500 KHz vertical beam for depth measurements and bottom tracking, four slanted 1 MHz beams for sampling in deeper water, and four slanted 3 MHz beams for sampling in shallower waters (Fig. 3). This dual-frequency functionality is unique in the ADCP market, and along with its integrated GPS system for vessel-corrected measurements to account for the moving reference frame, makes it attractive for applications in Mobile Bay (Fig. 4). The bay is a broad, mostly shallow (< 4 m), drowned river mouth estuary that is incised by a navigation channel dredged to a maintenance depth of about 15 m. The depth of the channel in the main entrance to Mobile Bay can reach 20 m or more, and is flanked to the west by a broad, shallow area with depths less than 3 m. The dual frequency M9 ADCP performs well when transitioning between the two extremes. Aside from the technical capabilities of the RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP, the instrument comes with a well-developed, integrated software package for setup and data collection. The RiverSurveyor Live (RSL) software is loaded on the onboard PC, and is fully interactive using the touch screen LCD display. Some very helpful features of the software include dynamic icons that quickly report the status of various systems, like GPS and bottom Environmental Monitoring 140 tracking, the ability to see a real-time estimate of discharge, and the integrated GIS shapefile functionality for easy navigation and spatial awareness. Fig. 3. SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP head. Fig. 4. Terra/MODIS imagery of Mobile Bay taken November 8, 2002. Image courtesy: NASA Visible Earth. The initial research focus for the Jag Ski was fulfilled with the integration of the RiverSurveyor M9 ADCP. That one piece of equipment provides the capability to perform detailed beach profile surveys, detect and image scour holes near bridge foundations, and measure the spatial variability and magnitude of coastal and nearshore currents, as well as riverine flows. And as preparations were being made in April 2010 for upcoming field experiments in coastal Alabama during the months May – August, the explosion and subsequent sinking of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform later that month unveiled a new, and unexpected, application for the Jag Ski: environmental monitoring. The National Science Foundation (NSF) issued a number of awards for research, instrument acquisition, and instrument development related to the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill through their RAPID program in the months following the initial explosion and sinking of the platform. The Jag Ski received one such award, issued through the NSF Major Research Instrumentation program. The purpose of the award was to purchase an instrument that could be used to measure near-surface water quality parameters, as well as crude oil and refined fuels, in Alabama’s coastal waters. The result is a rather unique piece of equipment [...]... Ti Tl V Anatidae 65 8.33±1.48 2.67±0 .55 24.21±2.87 1. 85 0 .52 6.88±1.04 2.07±0 .56 9.17±2.14 2 .50 ±0.60 Seabird 17 8.36±4.00 1.69±0.32 40.99±6.78 1.24±0.36 3.80±0.94 0.80±0.34 2.87±0.49 1.10±0.32 Cormorant 30 1.97±0 .50 1. 65 0.37 12. 85 0.86 1.62±0.43 4.62±0.43 1.32±0.34 3.33±0.49 2. 35 0.48 Ardeidae 10 4.38±0.98 3.86±0.93 21.12±2.77 3.04±0.92 5. 35 1.39 2.94±0.88 5. 07±1. 45 3.04±0.92 Others 5 9.17±6.73 0.33±0.200... is the “known” conductivity Salt content (ppt) 10 Digital Pot Wiper Setting 71 Digital Pot Resistance (Ohms) 2784 5. 32 188.0 Bulk Conductivity at 20° C (mS/cm) 15. 6 15 51 2000 3.82 261.8 22.4 20 39 152 9 2.92 342.3 29 25 33 1294 2.47 404.6 35. 4 30 28 1098 2.10 476.8 41.7 35 25 980 1.87 53 4.0 47.9 40 22 863 1. 65 606.9 53 .9 Measured Cell Measured Cell Resistance (Ohms) Conductance (mS) Table 1 Measurements... 9.17±6.73 0.33±0.200 19.04±4.19 0.32±0.23 12 .57 ±8.98 0.83±0.83 1.97±1. 85 1. 75 1.16 Table 1 The contents of the elements in kidneys from birds of each category The results are represented as mean contents (μg/g dry wt.), and the standard error of the mean 162 Environmental Monitoring n Anatidae Seabird Cormorant Ardeidae Others 65 17 30 10 5 Factor 1 Cr, Li, Ti 0.101±0. 155 -0.261±0.078 -0.133±0.103 0.483±0.264... and 255 is 10k Ohms The measured cell resistance is the measured resistance of the cell calculated from the other 154 Environmental Monitoring three bridge resistances The measured conductance is the reciprocal of the resistance Finally, the bulk conductivity of water at different salinities is noted from (Weyl, 1964) This last column, then, is the “known” conductivity Salt content (ppt) 10 Digital Pot. .. Symposium (IGARSS 2006), pp 2 75- 278 Weyl, P (1964) On the change in electrical conductance of seawater with temperature Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 9, No 1, (Jan 1964), pp 75- 78 Winbond (2007) W25X80A Datasheet [Revised 08/09], Available from : 10 An Innovative Approach to Biological Monitoring Using Wildlife Mariko... et al., 2009), cells (Mochizuki et al., 2011b), and various experimental animals (Mochizuki et al., 2000) However, biological monitoring is important for the assessment of risk to human health  158 Environmental Monitoring Recently, we developed a solvent for use in biological monitoring using wildlife This method was established using the significant regression lines obtained from the Cd content of... SeaKeepers Society, and now the Jag Ski does, too (Fig 6) Fig 5 The YSI Portable SeaKeeper 150 0 mounted on the stern of the Jag Ski Fig 6 Initial testing of the YSI PSK on a local river 142 Environmental Monitoring The PSK contains an YSI 6600v2 sonde, a Turner Designs C3 submersible fluorometer, a Thrane & Thrane Sailor Mini-C vessel monitoring system, a diaphragm pump, and a dedicated small-form... data were obtained Pictures of the unit under test and of the data are shown below in Figs 16 and 17 Fig 16 Pressure sensor Note balloon and tubing  151 A/D Converter Value PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring Wave Sensing 650 630 610 59 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Samples (1/10 second) Fig 17 A/D converter data from the ATMega168 The sample period was 100 ms The pressure-sensor data not only measures pressure... the National Science Foundation under Grant No OCE1 058 018 9 References Clifford, M (2006) Water Level Monitoring, In : Freescale Semiconductor Application Note AN1 950 , Rev 4, Nov 2006 Comeau, A.; Lewis, M., Cullen, J., Adams, R., Andrea, J., Feener, S., McLean, S., Johnson, K., Coletti, L., Jannasch, H., Fitzwater, S., Moore, C., & Barnard, A (2007) Monitoring the spring bloom in an ice covered fjord... a wireless sensor network for water quality monitoring, Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2007), pp 8 15- 816 Puleo, J A.; Farquharson, G., Frasier, S J., & Holland, K T (2003) Comparison of optical and radar measurements of surf and swash zone velocity fields Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 108, No C3, pp 45- 1 – 45- 12 Roemmich, D.; Riser, S., Davis, R., & Desaubies, . 1.30 0.83 0.10 2.00 1 .50 0. 85 22.0 0.38 0. 75 Luxel Al 2 O 3 crystal Ag filter Sn filter 2.00 0.07 1.70 1 .50 0.04 5. 53 Table 2. Identificated radioactive. detected. Measured parts and identified 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 3 456 789101112123 456 78 MEASUREMENTS [mGy] TIME [month] Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing. health and Environmental Science) using GD- 450 (blue bars) or Luxel badge (orange bars) dosimeters. 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 ABCDE FG ｍSv GD- 450 Luxel Environmental Monitoring