ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Edited by Ema O. Ekundayo Environmental Monitoring Edited by Ema O. Ekundayo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Zec Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright jaimaa, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Environmental Monitoring, Edited by Ema O. Ekundayo p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-724-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biological Monitoring/Ecotoxicology 1 Chapter 1 Analysis of Environmental Samples with Yeast-Based Bioluminescent Bioreporters 3 Melanie Eldridge, John Sanseverino, Gisela de Arãgao Umbuzeiro and Gary S. Sayler Chapter 2 Physical Mechanisms of “Poisoning” the Living Organism by Heavy Metals 23 G.P. Petrova Chapter 3 Histological Biomarker as Diagnostic Tool for Evaluating the Environmental Quality of Guajará Bay – PA - Brazil 35 Caroline da Silva Montes, José Souto Rosa Filho and Rossineide Martins Rocha Part 2 Advances in Environmental Monitoring Research and Technologies 49 Chapter 4 Air Pollution Analysis with a Possibilistic and Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm Applied in a Real Database of Salamanca (México) 51 B. Ojeda-Magaña, R. Ruelas, L. Gómez-Barba, M. A. Corona-Nakamura, J. M. Barrón-Adame, M. G. Cortina-Januchs, J. Quintanilla-Domínguez and A. Vega-Corona Chapter 5 Real-Time In Situ Measurements of Industrial Hazardous Gas Concentrations and Their Emission Gross 65 F.Z. Dong, W.Q. Liu, Y.N. Chu, J.Q. Li, Z.R. Zhang, Y. Wang, T. Pang, B. Wu, G.J. Tu, H. Xia, Y. Yang, C.Y. Shen, Y.J. Wang, Z.B. Ni and J.G. Liu Chapter 6 Geochemical Application for Environmental Monitoring and Metal Mining Management 91 Chakkaphan Sutthirat VI Contents Chapter 7 Determination of Fluoride and Chloride Contents in Drinking Water by Ion Selective Electrode 109 Amra Bratovcic and Amra Odobasic Chapter 8 Environmental Background Radiation Monitoring Utilizing Passive Solid Sate Dosimeters 121 Hidehito Nanto, Yoshinori Takei and Yuka Miyamoto Chapter 9 PILS: Low-Cost Water-Level Monitoring 137 Samuel Russ, Bret Webb, Jon Holifield and Justin Walker Chapter 10 An Innovative Approach to Biological Monitoring Using Wildlife 157 Mariko Mochizuki, Chihiro Kaitsuka, Makoto Mori, Ryo Hondo and Fukiko Ueda Chapter 11 Public Involvement as an Element in Designing Environmental Monitoring Programs 169 William T. Hartwell and David S. Shafer Chapter 12 Monitoring Lake Ecosystems Using Integrated Remote Sensing / Gis Techniques: An Assessment in the Region of West Macedonia, Greece 185 Stefouli Marianthi, Charou Eleni and Katsimpra Eleni Chapter 13 Landscape Environmental Monitoring: Sample Based Versus Complete Mapping Approaches in Aerial Photographs 205 Habib Ramezani, Johan Svensson and Per-Anders Esseen Chapter 14 Real-Time Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in Hazardous Sites 219 Gianfranco Manes, Giovanni Collodi, Rosanna Fusco, Leonardo Gelpi, Antonio Manes and Davide Di Palma Chapter 15 Land Degradation of the Mau Forest Complex in Eastern Africa: A Review for Management and Restoration Planning 245 Luke Omondi Olang and Peter Musula Kundu Chapter 16 Concepts for Environmental Radioactive Air Sampling and Monitoring 263 J. Matthew Barnett Chapter 17 Multisyringe Flow Injection Analysis for Environmental Monitoring: Applications and Recent Trends 283 Marcela A. Segundo, M. Inês G. S. Almeida and Hugo M. Oliveira Contents VII Chapter 18 Photopolymerizable Materials in Biosensorics 299 Nickolaj Starodub Chapter 19 Visual Detection of Change Points and Trends Using Animated Bubble Charts 327 Sackmone Sirisack and Anders Grimvall Chapter 20 Environmental Monitoring of Opportunistic Protozoa in Rivers and Lakes: Relevance to Public Health in the Neotropics 341 Sônia de Fátima Oliveira Santos, Hugo Delleon da Silva, Carlos Eduardo Anunciação and Marco Tulio Antonio García-Zapata Part 3 Environmental Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Network Technology 359 Chapter 21 Biosensor Arrays for Environmental Monitoring 361 Wei Song, Si Wei, Hong-Xia Yu, Maika Vuki and Danke Xu Chapter 22 Environmental Monitoring Supported by the Regional Network Infrastructures 389 Elisa Benetti, Chiara Taddia and Gianluca Mazzini Chapter 23 ICT for Water Efficiency 411 Philippe Gourbesville Chapter 24 Monitoring Information Systems to Support Adaptive Water Management 427 Raffaele Giordano, Giuseppe Passarella and Emanuele Barca Chapter 25 Autonomous Decentralized Control Scheme for Long-Term Operation of Large Scale and Dense Wireless Sensor Networks with Multiple Sinks 445 Akihide Utani Chapter 26 Collaborative Environmental Monitoring with Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks 461 Qing Ling, GangWu and Zhi Tian Chapter 27 Environmental Monitoring WSN 477 Ittipong Khemapech Chapter 28 Standardised Geo-Sensor Webs for Integrated Urban Air Quality Monitoring 513 Bernd Resch, Rex Britter, Christine Outram, Xiaoji Chen and Carlo Ratti Preface Environmental Monitoring is a book designed by InTech - Open Access Publisher in collaboration with scientists and researchers all over the world with a proven record of scientific accomplishment and knowledge in the field of environmental monitoring in particular, and environmental sciences in general. The book is designed to present recent research developments and advances in environmental monitoring to a global audience of scientists, researchers, environmental educators, administrators, technicians, managers, students and the general public. A series of chapters addressing varied topics like the monitoring of heavy metal contaminants in atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic environments; biological monitoring using wildlife/ecotoxicological monitoring; and the use of wireless sensor networks in environmental monitoring are included in this book. The book's concepts, ideas, sampling/analytical techniques described, results and research findings reflect what leading environmental scientistes and researchers around the world have done, and are currently doing in the field of environmental monitoring. Special words of appreciation are due to Ms Ivana Zec, the Publishing Process Manager who oversaw and coordinated the publishing of all materials and assisted me and the authors in completing our work easily and in a timely manner. My profound thanks also to the technical editor who prepared these manuscripts for publication in InTech - Open Access Publisher. Dr. E.O. Ekundayo Alberta Institute of Agrologists, Canada [...]... 2000) B A C Assay Chemical Standard EC50 (M) BLYES BLYAS 17 β-Estradiol 5α-Dihydrotestosterone 6.3 ± 2.4 x 10 -10 1. 1 ± 4.6 x 10 -8 Upper Limit of Detection (M) 5.0 x 10 -9 5.0 x 10 -8 Lower Limit of Detection (M) 2.5 x 10 -11 1. 0 x 10 -10 Fig 3 A S cerevisiae BLYES standard curve (n = 13 ) using 17 β-estradiol B S cerevisiae BLYAS standard curve (n = 13 ) using dihydrotestosterone as a standard Open circle:... interacts with each endocrine system In this study, EC50 values were 6.3 ± 2.4 x 10 -10 M (n = 18 ) and 1. 1 ± 0.5 x 10 -8 M (n = 13 ) for BLYES and BLYAS, using 17 β-estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone Analysis of Environmental Samples with Yeast-Based Bioluminescent Bioreporters 9 (DHT) over concentration ranges of 2.5 x 10 -12 thru 1. 0 x 10 -6 M, respectively Based on analysis of replicate standard curves, comparison... with shaking (15 0 rpm) in Yeast Minimal Media (YMM) without leucine or uracil (Routledge & Sumpter, 19 96) to an OD600 of 1. 0 Yeast strains (200 µL) are spotted into the wells of 96-well plates containing dry samples and standards, beginning the exposure This generates a concentration range of 250x-0.625x for environmental samples, 1x10-7 M to 2.5x10 -13 M for E2, and 1x10-6 M to 2.5x10 -12 M for DHT Negative... estuaries Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21: 14 56 -14 61 22 Environmental Monitoring Tyler, C.R., Jobling, S & Sumpter, J.P (19 98) Endocrine disruption in wildlife: a critical review of the evidence Critical Reviews in Toxicology 28: 319 -3 61 United States-EPA (2007) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water, soil, sediment, and biosolids by HPLC/MS/MS Method 16 94 Zacharewski, T (19 97).. .Part 1 Biological Monitoring/ Ecotoxicology 1 Analysis of Environmental Samples with Yeast-Based Bioluminescent Bioreporters Melanie Eldridge1, John Sanseverino1, Gisela de Arãgao Umbuzeiro2 and Gary S Sayler1 1University of Tennessee of Campinas 1United States of America 2Brazil 2University 1 Introduction Extensive research over the past decade... addition, standard chemicals (17 β-estradiol (E2) for BLYES/BLYR and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for BLYAS) are suspended in methanol at 0. 01 M and then serially diluted 18 times to generate a concentration range of 4x10-7 M to 1x10 -12 M for E2 and 4x10-6 M to 1x10 -11 M for DHT Samples and standards (50 µL) are then spotted into the wells of 96-well plates (Figure 4) Triplicate plates are made (one for... (France) using in vivo and in vitro assays Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67 (1) : 14 9 -15 6 Cespedes, R., Lacorte, S., Raldua, D., Ginebreda, A., Barcelo, D & Pina, B (2005) Distribution of endocrine disruptors in the Llobregat River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain) Chemosphere 61: 17 10 -17 19 Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W.W & Prasher, D.C (19 94) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene-expression... National Academy of Science, USA, 10 7:4 612 -4 617 Hein, R & Tsien, R.Y (19 96) Engineering green fluorescent protein for improved brightness, longer wavelengths and fluorescence resonance energy transfer Current Biology 6: 17 8 -18 2 Heitzer, A., Malachowsky, K., Thonnard, J.E., Bienkowski, P.R., White, D.C & Sayler, G.S (19 94) Optical biosensor for environmental online monitoring of naphthalene and salicylate... Genes & Development 15 : 15 93 -16 12 Jaio, B.W., Yeung, E.K.C., Chan, C.B & Cheng, C.H.K (2008) Establishment of a transgenic yeast screening system for estrogenicity and identification of the anti-estrogenic activity of malachite green Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 10 5: 13 99 -14 09 Jardim, W., Montagner, C., Pescara, I., Umbuzeiro, G., Bergamasco, A., Eldridge, M & Sodre, F (2 011 ) An intergrated approach... al., 2 011 ) This strain is based on the BLYES strain of Sanseverino et al (2005), containing a constitutive luxCDEfrp plasmid and a luxAB plasmid that has been reengineered to be under control of the UFO1 promoter, which specifically responds to DNA damage by UV light and also arsenate The strain is able to detect very low concentrations of arsenate (1x10 -12 to 1x10-6 M), which makes them useful for environmental . BLYES 17 β-Estradiol 6.3 ± 2.4 x 10 -10 5.0 x 10 -9 2.5 x 10 -11 BLYAS 5α-Dihydrotestosterone 1. 1 ± 4.6 x 10 -8 5.0 x 10 -8 1. 0 x 10 -10 Fig. 3. A. S. cerevisiae BLYES standard curve (n = 13 ). values were 6.3 ± 2.4 x 10 -10 M (n = 18 ) and 1. 1 ± 0.5 x 10 -8 M (n = 13 ) for BLYES and BLYAS, using 17 β-estradiol and 5α-dihydrotestosterone A B C Analysis of Environmental Samples. reproducible (King et al., 19 90). Further, continuous on-line monitoring is possible (e.g. DiGrazia et al., 19 91; Heitzer et al., 19 94; Heitzer et al., 19 92; King et al., 19 90). 1. 2 Bacterial lux expression